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Text Truncated. Only the first 1MB is shown below. Download the file for the complete contents. æKY CopyrightNotice æC Copyright Apple Computer, Inc. 1985-1990, All rights reserved. 411 - Inside Macintosh Help - MPW 3.2 Final Release. Friday, March 29,1991 9:00:00 AM Information source: SpInsideMacintosh 1.0 HyperCard stack. Pegasus 1.2.5 Hypercard Stack IM Vol VI Inside Macintosh Volume VI Hypercard Stack æKY Help InsideMacintoshHelp æC AboutInsideMacintoshHelp Preface UserInterfaceGuidelines IntroductionToSystem7.0 RoadMap WorldwideSoftwareOverview AliasManager FontManager QuickDraw AppleEventManager GraphicsDevicesManager ResourceManager AppleTalkManager HelpManager ScrapManager ColorManager ListManager ScriptManager ControlManager MemoryManager SCSIManager DataAccessManager MenuManager ShutdownManager DeferredTaskManager NotificationManager SlotManager DeskManager OSEventManager SoundManager DeviceManager PackageManager StartManager DialogManager PaletteManager TimeManager EditionManager PowerManager ToolboxEventManager EventManager PrintingManager VerticalRetraceManager FileManager ProcessManagement WindowManager AppleDesktopBus FloatingPointPackage SerialDrivers BinaryDecimalConversion GraphicsOverView SoundDriver ColorPickerPackage InternationalUtilities StandardFilePackage ColorQuickDraw MacintoshHardware SystemErrorHandler CompatibilityGuidelines MemoryManagement SystemResourceFile ControlPanels OSUtilities TextEdit DiskDriver PictureUtilitiesPackage ToolboxUtilities DiskInitialization PPCToolbox UsingAssemblyLanguage FinderInterface SegmentLoader CommunicationsResourceManager FileTransferManager ConnectionManager TerminalManager ( The Appenices (A-D), SystemErrors and Glossary do not contain information from "Inside the Macintosh Communications Toolbox") A.ResultCodes C.SystemTraps SystemErrors B.MovesMemory D.GlobalVariables Glossary æKY AboutInsideMacintoshHelp æC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Version 1.1 B1 Added information from "Inside the Macintosh Communications Toolbox" The appenices (A - D), SystemErrors and Glossary do not contain information from "Inside the Macintosh Communications Toolbox" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Version 1.0 Final Shipped with MPW 3.2 Final and System 7.0 Final CD releases. Includes the latest changes to InsideMacintosh VI document. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Version 1.0 B2 Shipped on the ETO#3 CD release and System 7.0 B4 CD Release. This version has more current Volume VI information. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Version 1.0 B1: Volume VI chapters have been added to this version which contain information about System 7.0, new managers and changes to previous ones. New manager chapters are: AppleTalk Manager Edition Manager Event Manager GraphicDevices Manager (Replaces the Graphic Devices chapter in Volume V) Help Manager Memory Management Power Manager PPC Toolbox Process Management Changed chapters are: Alias Manager Color Picker Package Color Quikdraw Control Panels File Manager FinderInterface Font Manager Notification Manager Palette Manager Resource Manager Slot Manager Sound Manager TextEdit Time Manager New/changed documentation chapters are: Compatibility Guidelines Graphics Overview Introduction to System 7.0 Preface UserInterface Guidelines VI Worldwide Software Overview ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Version 1.0 Alpha: InsideMacintoshHelp file provides on-line documentation for the 411 project. This version contains all the chapters of InsideMacintosh Volumes I - V. æKY AliasManager æC _______________________________________________________________________________ THE ALIAS MANAGER _______________________________________________________________________________ About…the…Alias…Manager…Chapter…Volume…VI About…the…Alias…Manager…Volume…VI About…Alias…Records…Volume…VI Search…Strategies3.…Volume…VI Fast…Search Exhaustive…Search Using…the…Alias…Manager…Volume…VI Creating…Alias…Records Resolving…Alias…Records Resolvealias Matchalias Maintaining…Alias…Records Getting…Information…About…Alias…Records Customizing…Alias…Records Alias…Manager…Routines…Volume…VI Creating…and…Updating…Alias…Records Resolving…and…Reading…Alias…Records Filtering…Possible…Targets Summary…of…the…Alias…Manager…Volume…VI Alias…Manager…Constants Alias…Manager…Data…Types Alias…Manager…Routines…Summary Alias…Manager…Application-Defined…Routine Alias…Manager…Result…Codes Alias…Manager…Assembly-Language…Information _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY About…the…Alias…Manager…Chapter…Volume…VI æC »About the Alias Manager Chapter Volume VI The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ This chapter describes how your application can use the Alias Manager to establish and resolve alias records, which are data structures that describe file system objects (that is, files, directories, and volumes). You create an alias record to take a fingerprint of a file system object, usually a file, that you might need to locate again later. You can store the alias record, instead of a standard file specification, and then let the Alias Manager find the file again when it’s needed. The Alias Manager contains algorithms for locating files that have been moved, renamed, copied, or restored from backup. Note: The Alias Manager lets you exploit alias records. It does not directly manipulate Finder™ aliases, which are created and managed by the user through the Finder. The Finder Interface chapter describes Finder aliases and how your application can accommodate them. The Alias Manager is available only in system software version 7.0 or later. Call the Gestalt function, described in the Compatibility Guidelines chapter of this volume, to determine whether the Alias Manager is present. Read this chapter if you want your application to create and resolve alias records. You might store an alias record, for example, to identify a customized dictionary from within a word-processing document. When the user runs a spelling checker on the document, your application can ask the Alias Manager to resolve the record to find the correct dictionary. To use this chapter, you should be familiar with the File Manager’s conventions for identifying files, directories, and volumes, as described in the File Manager chapter in this volume. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY About…the…Alias…Manager…Volume…VI æC »About the Alias Manager Volume VI The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The Alias Manager creates and resolves alias records. The next section, “About Alias Records,” describes how you can use alias records. In general, you should use the Alias Manager to create an alias record whenever you find yourself storing a specific file description, such as filename and parent directory ID. The Alias Manager stores this information and more in the alias record, and it also provides a set of search strategies for resolving the record later. The search strategies are described later in this chapter in “Resolving Alias Records.” You can use the Alias Manager to • create alias records • resolve alias records • update alias records • get information about alias records The Alias Manager can track files and directories across volumes. If the target of an alias record is on an unmounted AppleShare® volume, the Alias Manager automatically mounts the volume when it resolves the alias. If the target object is on an unmounted ejectable volume, the Alias Manager prompts the user to insert the volume. When the Alias Manager creates an alias record, it allocates the storage, fills in the record, and returns a handle to it. Your application is responsible for storing the record and retrieving it when needed. Your application must also supply strategies for handling various alias-resolution problems, described in “Resolving Alias Records.” To help you understand and use the Alias Manager, this chapter provides • an overview of alias records • a description of how the Alias Manager resolves alias records • specific techniques for using the Alias Manager in your application _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY About…Alias…Records…Volume…VI æC »About Alias Records Volume VI The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ An alias record is a data structure that describes a file, directory, or volume. The record contains • location information, such as name and parent directory ID • verification information, such as creation date, file type, and creator • volume mounting information (that is, server and zone), if applicable By storing alias records, you can allow your users to create a robust connection to a file—that is, a connection that can survive the moving or renaming of the target file. The Finder in system software version 7.0, for example, stores alias records in aliases created by the user to represent other files or folders. The Edition Manager uses alias records to support data-sharing among separate documents. (The Finder Interface and Edition Manager chapters in this volume describe those features in detail.) An alias record is a reliable way to identify a file system object when your application is communicating with a process that might be running on a different machine. The creation of an alias record has no effect on the target of the record, except to establish a file ID if one did not previously exist for the target file. (See the File Manager chapter of this volume for a description of file IDs.) The alias record contains only two fields of public information available to your application. The bulk of the record is managed privately by the Alias Manager. TYPE AliasRecord = RECORD userType: OSType; {application’s signature} aliasSize: Integer; {size of record when created} {variable-length private data} END; Your application can use the userType field to store its own signature or any other data that fits into 4 bytes. When the Alias Manager creates an alias record, it stores 0 in that field. The Alias Manager stores the size of the record when it was created in the aliasSize field. Knowing the starting size allows you to store and retrieve data of your own at the end of the record (see “Customizing Alias Records” later in this chapter). An alias record is typically 200 to 300 bytes long. The private Alias Manager data includes all of the location, verificiation, and mounting information needed to resolve the alias record with the various search strategies described in this chapter. When you create an alias record, you have the option of recording a relative path, that is, the path to the target from another file or directory on the same volume. (Relative path doesn’t work across volumes.) The beginning point of a relative path is called the fromFile. To record a relative path, the Alias Manager saves the distances from the target and the fromFile to their common parent, that is, the lowest-level directory that appears in the pathnames of both. The Alias Manager can later use those distances in conjunction with the full pathname to conduct a relative search. Suppose, for example, that you are writing a word-processing application that allows the user to build a customized, supplemental dictionary for each document. You create the dictionary as a separate document in the same directory as the document it serves, as Figure 27-1 shows. ¿ Figure 27-1 Resolving a relative path ø When resolving the alias record by using a relative path, the Alias Manager starts at the directory that is the specified distance above the fromFile, the directory named Sample in the example in Figure 27-1. The Alias Manager then constructs a partial pathname by extracting one field of the absolute pathname for each step from the target to the common parent. In this example, the distance is one, so the pathname contains only the name of the target document, Dictionary. In some circumstances, a relative search identifies the correct target when a direct search cannot. For example, suppose the user of your word-processing application creates a working copy of a document and dictionary by copying the entire folder Sample to another disk. The user later updates the original document and dictionary by copying the folder from the working disk. All of the underlying file and directory identifications change, but the filenames and relative path remain the same. When the user later runs the spelling checker on the document, a relative-path search finds the correct target dictionary. The Alias Manager accepts and returns file specifications in the form of file system specification records (FSSpec records), described in the File Manager chapter of this volume. The FSSpec record represents a standard, complete description of a file system object. It contains a volume reference number, a parent directory ID, and a name. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Search…Strategies3.…Volume…VI æC »Search Strategies3. Volume VI The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ One of the key features of the Alias Manager is the search strategies built into the alias-resolution functions. The search strategies are designed to find the original target of an alias record, even if the target has been moved, renamed, copied, or restored from backup. The Alias Manager provides two basic alias-resolution algorithms: a fast search and an exhaustive search. This section describes the search algorithms. For descriptions of the functions that perform the searches, see “Resolving Alias Records” and “Resolving and Reading Alias Records” later in this chapter. The first step in any nonrelative search is to identify the volume on which the target resides. The volume search considers the volume’s name, creation date (which acts almost as a unique identifier for a volume), and type (for example, a hard disk, a 3.5-inch floppy disk, or an AppleShare volume). The Alias Manager first looks for a volume that matches all three criteria: name, creation date, and type. The search succeeds if the volume is mounted and if its name and creation date have not changed since the record was created. If the search fails, the Alias Manager attempts to match by creation date and type only. This step locates volumes that have been renamed. Finally, the Alias Manager attempts to match by volume name and type only. If the target is on an unmounted AppleShare volume, the Alias Manager attempts to mount the volume. It presents a name and password dialog if appropriate. If the target is on an unmounted ejectable volume, the Alias Manager displays a dialog box prompting the user to insert the volume. Your application can suppress the automatic mounting, as explained in the description of the MatchAlias function in “Alias Manager Routines.” _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Fast…Search æC »Fast Search The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The fast-search algorithm is designed to find the target of an alias record quickly. Depending on how you invoke it, the fast-search algorithm starts with either a relative search (described earlier in “About Alias Records”) or a direct search (described in this section). Fast search can perform a relative search whether or not it has identified the target volume, but it must identify the volume before it can perform a direct search. In a direct search, the fast-search algorithm first looks for the target by file ID (if the target is a file) or directory ID (if the target is a directory). (File IDs and directory IDs are described in the File Manager chapter of this volume.) Even if a file has been renamed or moved on a volume, the Alias Manager can find it quickly through its file ID. If the search by file ID or directory ID fails, fast search looks for the target by name in the original parent directory. This search locates the target if its file or directory ID has changed but it still exists by the same name in the parent directory (for example, if the target was restored from backup). Fast search compares file numbers on files found by name in the correct parent directory. If the file numbers do not match, the file is treated as a possible match, that is, it is put on the list of candidates and the search continues. If the target is not found by name in the parent directory, fast search looks for a file by file number in the parent directory. A file with the same file number but a different name replaces a file with the same name but a different file number in the list of matches. If the search by file ID or directory ID fails and if fast search cannot find the original parent directory, it searches for the target by full pathname. This search finds the target if it resides in the same location on the volume but the directory ID of its parent directory has changed (for example, if the entire parent directory was restored from backup). If the search by full pathname fails, fast search attempts to find the file by tracing partial pathnames up through all parent directories, using parent directory IDs instead of directory names. For example, consider this full pathname: Loma Prieta:MyReports:October:Sales Report If the search by full pathname fails, fast search first looks for the partial pathname :Sales Report in the directory with the ID that the directory Loma Prieta:MyReports:October had when the alias record was created. If that search fails, it looks for :October:Sales Report in the directory with the ID that Loma Prieta:MyReports had, and so on. If you did not ask for a search by relative path first but did provide a starting point for a relative search, and if the alias record contains relative path information, fast search performs a relative search after the direct search. The relative search succeeds if the relative path is the same as when the record was created and if the names of the target and its intervening parent directories have not changed. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Exhaustive…Search æC »Exhaustive Search The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The exhaustive-search algorithm scans an entire volume to look for possible matches. The Alias Manager typically performs an exhaustive search by calling the File Manager function PBCatSearch, searching for files or directories with a matching creation date, creator, and type. (See the File Manager chapter of this volume for a description of PBCatSearch.) PBCatSearch is available only on HFS volumes, not on MFS volumes. (See the File Manager chapter of this volume for a description of the two file systems.) PBCatSearch is also available only on systems running version 7.0 and later. When PBCatSearch is not available, exhaustive search performs a search of the entire volume by making a series of indexed File Manager calls, searching for objects with matching creation date, type, creator, or file number. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Using…the…Alias…Manager…Volume…VI æC »Using the Alias Manager Volume VI The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You use the Alias Manager primarily to create and resolve alias records. You can also use it to get information about and update alias records. The Alias Manager creates an alias record in memory and provides you with a handle to the record. When you no longer need a record in memory, free the memory by calling the DisposHandle procedure, described in the Memory Manager chapter of Volume II. You can store and retrieve alias records as resources of type 'alis'. Alias Manager functions accept and return file specifications in the form of FSSpec records, which contain a volume reference number, a parent directory ID, and a target name. See the File Manager chapter in this volume for a description of file identification conventions. Before calling any of the Alias Manager functions, verify that the Alias Manager is available by calling the Gestalt function with a selector of gestaltAliasMgrAttr. If Gestalt sets the gestaltAliasMgrPresent bit in the response, the Alias Manager is present. For a complete description of the Gestalt function, see the Compatibility Guidelines chapter of this volume. For more detailed descriptions of the functions described in this section, see “Alias Manager Routines” later in this chapter. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Creating…Alias…Records æC »Creating Alias Records The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You create a new alias record by calling one of three functions: NewAlias, NewAliasMinimal, or NewAliasMinimalFromFullpath. The NewAlias function creates a complete alias record that can make full use of the alias-resolution algorithms. The other two functions are streamlined variations designed for circumstances when speed is more important than robust resolution services. All three functions allocate the memory for the record, fill it in, and provide a handle to it. NewAlias always records the name and the file or directory ID of the target, its creation date, the parent directory name and ID, and the volume name and creation date. It also records the full pathname of the target and a collection of other information. You can request that NewAlias store relative path information as well by supplying a starting point for a relative path (see “About Alias Records” earlier in this chapter for a description of relative path). Call NewAlias when you want to create an alias record to store for later use. For example, suppose you are writing a word-processing application that allows the user to customize a dictionary for use with a single text file. Your application stores the custom data in a separate dictionary file in the same directory as the document. As soon as you create the dictionary file, you call NewAlias to create an alias record for that file, including path information relative to the user’s text file: MyErr := NewAlias(textFile, target, myAliasHdl); The textFile parameter is a pointer to a file system specification record that identifies the starting point for the relative search, in this case the user’s text file. If you do not want relative path information recorded, pass a value of NIL in the first parameter. The target parameter is a file system specification record that identifies the target file, in this example the dictionary file. The myAliasHdl parameter is a variable in which the Alias Manager returns the handle to the alias record that describes the target. The two variations on the NewAlias function, NewAliasMinimal and NewAliasMinimalFromFullpath, record only a minimum of information about the target. NewAliasMinimal records only the target’s name, parent directory ID, volume name and creation date, and the volume mounting information. NewAliasMinimalFromFullpath records only the full pathname of the target, including the volume name. Use NewAliasMinimal or NewAliasMinimalFromFullpath when you are willing to give up robust alias-resolution service in return for speed. The Finder, for example, stores minimal aliases in the Apple events that tell your application to open or print a document. Because the alias record is resolved almost immediately, the description is likely to remain valid, and the shorter record is probably safe. You can use NewAliasMinimalFromFullpath to create an alias record for a target that doesn’t exist or that resides on an unmounted volume. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Resolving…Alias…Records æC »Resolving Alias Records The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The Alias Manager provides two alias-resolution functions: • the high-level function ResolveAlias, which performs a fast search and identifies only one target • the low-level function MatchAlias, which can perform a fast search, an exhaustive search, or both, and which can return a list of target candidates In general, when you want to identify only the single most likely target of an alias record, you call ResolveAlias. You call MatchAlias when you want your program to control the search. This section describes the alias-resolution functions. The section “Search Strategies for Resolving Alias Records,” earlier in this chapter, describes the underlying fast and exhaustive searches. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Resolvealias æC »Resolvealias The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Typically, you call the ResolveAlias function to resolve an alias record. ResolveAlias performs a fast search (described earlier in “Strategies for Resolving Alias Records”) and exits after it identifies one target. By calling low-level functions, ResolveAlias compares some key information about the identified target with the information stored in the alias record. If any of the information is different, ResolveAlias automatically updates the record. Note: As with all other Alias Manager functions, ResolveAlias updates the record only in memory. Your application is responsible for updating alias records stored on disk when appropriate. In the dictionary example, illustrated in Figure 27-1 earlier in the chapter, the application calls ResolveAlias when the user runs the spelling checker on a document with a customized dictionary. MyErr := ResolveAlias(textFile, myAliasHdl, target, wasChanged); The textFile parameter is a pointer to a file system specification record that identifies the starting point for the relative search, in this case the user’s text file. If you do not want relative path information used in the search, pass a value of NIL in the first parameter. If you provide a relative starting point, ResolveAlias performs the relative search first. The myAliasHdl parameter is a handle to the alias record to be resolved. In this example, the alias record describes the dictionary file. The target parameter is the file system specification record where the Alias Manager places the results of its search. After ResolveAlias completes, target contains the specification for the dictionary file. The ResolveAlias function uses the wasChanged parameter to report whether or not it updated the alias record. After ResolveAlias completes, wasChanged is TRUE if the record was updated and FALSE if it was not. If you are storing the alias record, check the value of wasChanged (as well as the function’s result code) to see whether to update the stored record after resolving an alias. If ResolveAlias can’t resolve the alias record, it returns a non-zero result code. A result code of fnfErr signals that ResolveAlias has found the correct volume and parent directory but not the target file or folder. In this case, ResolveAlias constructs a valid FSSpec record that describes the target. You can use this record to explore possible solutions to the resolution failure. You can, for example, use the FSSpec record to create a replacement for a missing file with the File Manager function FSpCreate. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Matchalias æC »Matchalias The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The MatchAlias function is a low-level routine that gives your application control over the searching algorithm. You can control • whether to attempt an automatic mounting of unmounted volumes • whether to search on more than one volume • whether to perform a fast search, an exhaustive search, or both • the order of the direct and relative searches in a fast search • whether to pursue search strategies that require interaction with the user (such as asking for a password while mounting an AppleShare volume) You can also specify a maximum number of candidates that MatchAlias can identify. See “Alias Manager Routines” later in this chapter for details about controlling a search with the MatchAlias function. You can supply an optional filter function which MatchAlias calls • each time it identifies a possible match • when three seconds have elapsed without a match The filter function determines whether or not each candidate is added to the list of possible targets. It can also terminate the search. See “Filtering Possible Targets” later in this chapter for a description of the filter function. MatchAlias returns all candidates that it identifies in an array of file system specification records. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Maintaining…Alias…Records æC »Maintaining Alias Records The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You can store alias records as resources of type 'alis'. CONST rAliasType = 'alis'; To store and retrieve resources, use the standard Resource Manager functions (AddResource, GetResource, and GetNamedResource) described in the Resource Manager chapter of Volume I. To update an alias record, use the UpdateAlias function. You typically call UpdateAlias any time you know that the target of an alias record has been renamed or otherwise changed. You are most likely to call UpdateAlias after a call to the MatchAlias function. If MatchAlias identifies a single target, it sets a flag telling you whether or not the key information about the target file matches the information in the alias record. It is the responsibility of your application to update the record. The ResolveAlias function automatically updates an alias record if any of the the key information about the identified target does not match the information in the record. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Getting…Information…About…Alias…Records æC »Getting Information About Alias Records The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ To retrieve information from an alias record without actually resolving the record, call the GetAliasInfo function. You can use GetAliasInfo to retrieve the name of the target, the names of the target’s parent directories, the name of the target’s volume, or, in the case of an AppleShare volume, its zone or server name. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Customizing…Alias…Records æC »Customizing Alias Records The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ An alias record contains two kinds of information: public information available to your application and private information available only to the Alias Manager. Your application can use the first field, userType, to store its own signature or any other data that fits into 4 bytes. Your application can use the second field, aliasSize, to customize the alias record for storing additional data. The Alias Manager stores the size of the record when it is created or updated in the aliasSize field. To customize an alias record, you first increase the size of the record with the SetHandleSize procedure, described in the Memory Manager chapter of Volume II. You can then find the starting address of your own data in the record by adding the record’s starting address to the length recorded in the aliasSize field. If you expand the record through the Memory Manager, the Alias Manager preserves your data, even if it changes the size of its own data when updating the record. In general, you should customize only alias records that you have created. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Alias…Manager…Routines…Volume…VI æC »Alias Manager Routines Volume VI The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ This section describes the routines you use to create, update, resolve, and read alias records. Alias Manager routines use file system specification records (FSSpec records) to identify files, directories, and volumes. To create a FSSpec record, call the function MakeFSSpec, described in the File Manager chapter of this volume. The Alias Manager routines can return the result codes listed in this section or any other applicable file-system or memory-management result codes. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Creating…and…Updating…Alias…Records æC »Creating and Updating Alias Records The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You use the NewAlias function to create a complete alias record. FUNCTION NewAlias (fromFile: FSSpecPtr; target: FSSpec; VAR alias: AliasHandle) : OSErr; NewAlias creates an alias record that describes the specified target. It allocates the storage, fills in the record, and puts a record handle in the alias parameter. NewAlias always records the name and file or directory ID of the target, its creation date, the parent directory name and ID, and the volume name and creation date. It also records the full pathname of the target and a collection of other information relevant to locating the target, verifying the target, and mounting the target’s volume, if necessary. You can request that it store relative path information as well by supplying a starting point for a relative path (see “About Alias Records” for a description of relative path). The fromFile parameter represents the starting point for a relative path, to be used later in a relative search. If you do not need relative path information in the record, pass a fromFile value of NIL. If you want NewAlias to record relative path information, pass a pointer to a valid FSSpec record in this parameter. The two files or directories, fromFile and target, must reside on the same volume. The target parameter is a FSSpec record for the target of the alias record. NewAlias puts a handle to the newly created alias record in the alias parameter. If the function fails to create an alias record, it sets alias to NIL. You use the NewAliasMinimal function to create a short alias record quickly. FUNCTION NewAliasMinimal (target: FSSpec; VAR alias: AliasHandle) : OSErr; NewAliasMinimal creates an alias record that contains only the minimum information necessary to describe the target: the target name, the parent directory ID, the volume name and creation date, and the volume mounting information. NewAliasMinimal uses the standard alias record data structure, but fills in only parts of the record. The target parameter points to a FSSpec record for the target of the alias record. NewAliasMinimal puts a handle to the newly created alias record in the alias parameter. If the function fails to create an alias record, it sets alias to NIL. The ResolveAlias function, described in “Resolving and Reading Alias Records” later in this chapter, never updates a minimal alias record. You use the function NewAliasMinimalFromFullpath to quickly create an alias record that contains only the full pathname of the target. FUNCTION NewAliasMinimalFromFullpath (fullpathLength: Integer; fullpath: Ptr; zoneName: Str32; serverName: Str31; VAR alias: AliasHandle) : OSErr; NewAliasMinimalFromFullpath creates an alias record that identifies the target by full pathname. You can call NewAliasMinimalFromFullpath to create an alias record for a file that doesn’t exist or that resides on an unmounted volume. NewAliasMinimalFromFullpath uses the standard alias record data structure, but it fills in only the information provided in the input parameters. You can therefore use NewAliasMinimalFromFullpath to create alias records for targets on unmounted volumes. The fullpathLength parameter identifies the number of characters in the full pathname. The fullpath parameter is a pointer to a buffer that contains the full pathname of the target. The full pathname starts with the name of the volume, includes all of the directory names in the path to the target, and ends with the target name. (For a description of pathnames, see the File Manager chapter in this volume.) The parameters zoneName and serverName are strings that identify the AppleTalk zone and server name of the AppleShare volume on which the target resides. Set these parameters to null strings if you do not need them. NewAliasMinimalFromFullpath puts a handle to the newly created alias record in the alias parameter. If the function fails to create an alias record, it sets alias to NIL. You use the UpdateAlias function to update an alias record. FUNCTION UpdateAlias (fromFile: FSSpecPtr; target: FSSpec; alias: AliasHandle; VAR wasChanged: Boolean) : OSErr; UpdateAlias updates the alias record pointed to by the alias parameter so that it describes the target specified by the target parameter. UpdateAlias rebuilds the entire alias record, filling it in as the NewAlias function would. The fromFile parameter represents the starting point for a relative path, to be used later in a relative search. If you do not need relative path information in the record, pass a fromFile value of NIL. If you want UpdateAlias to record relative path information, pass a pointer to a valid FSSpec record in this parameter. The two files or directories, fromFile and target, must reside on the same volume. The target parameter is the target of the alias record. This parameter must be a valid FSSpec record. The alias parameter is a handle to the alias record to be updated. If the newly constructed alias record is exactly the same as the old one, UpdateAlias sets the wasChanged parameter to FALSE. Otherwise, it sets it to TRUE. Check this parameter to determine whether you need to save an updated record. UpdateAlias always creates a complete alias record. When you update a minimal alias record with UpdateAlias, you convert the minimal record to a complete record. Result codes paramErr –50 target, alias, or both are NIL, or the alias record is corrupt _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Resolving…and…Reading…Alias…Records æC »Resolving and Reading Alias Records The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You use the ResolveAlias function to identify the single most likely target of an alias record. FUNCTION ResolveAlias (fromFile: FSSpecPtr; alias: AliasHandle; VAR target: FSSpec; VAR wasChanged: Boolean) : OSErr; ResolveAlias performs a fast search for the target of the alias, as described earlier in “Search Strategies for Resolving Alias Records.” If the resolution is successful, ResolveAlias returns the FSSpec record for the target file system object through the target parameter, updates the alias record if necessary, and reports whether or not the record was updated through the wasChanged parameter. If the target is on an unmounted AppleShare volume, ResolveAlias automatically mounts the volume. If the target is on an unmounted ejectable volume, ResolveAlias asks the user to insert the volume. ResolveAlias exits after it finds one acceptable target. The fromFile parameter represents the starting point for a relative search. If you pass a fromFile parameter of NIL, ResolveAlias performs only a direct search. If you pass a pointer to a valid FSSpec record in the fromFile parameter, ResolveAlias performs a relative search for the target, followed by a direct search only if the relative search fails. If you want to perform a direct search followed by a relative search, you must use the MatchAlias function. The alias parameter is a handle to the alias record to be resolved and, if necessary, updated. The target parameter receives the FSSpec record of the target file system object. After it identifies a target, ResolveAlias compares some key information about the target with the information in the alias record. (The upcoming description of the MatchAlias function lists the key information.) If the information is different, ResolveAlias updates the record to match the target. If it updates the alias record, ResolveAlias sets the wasChanged parameter to TRUE. Otherwise, it sets it to FALSE. (Because ResolveAlias never updates a minimal alias, it never sets wasChanged to TRUE when resolving a minimal alias.) When it finds the specified volume and parent directory but fails to find the target file or directory in that location, ResolveAlias returns a result code of fnfErr and fills in the target parameter with a complete FSSpec record describing the target (that is, the volume reference number, parent directory ID, and file or folder name). The FSSpec record is valid, although the object it describes does not exist. This information is intended as a “hint” that lets you explore possible solutions to the resolution failure. You can, for example, use the FSSpec record to create a replacement for a missing file with the File Manager function FSpCreate. ResolveAlias displays the standard dialog boxes when it needs input from the user, such as a name and password for mounting a remote volume. The user can cancel the resolution through these dialog boxes. Result codes dirNFErr –120 Parent directory not found fnfErr –43 Target not found, but volume and parent directory found; target parameter contains a valid FSSpec record nsvErr –35 Volume not found paramErr –50 The alias parameter is NIL, or the alias record is corrupt usrCanceledErr –128 The user cancelled You use the MatchAlias function to identify a list of possible matches and pass the list through an optional selection filter. The filter can pass more than one possible match. FUNCTION MatchAlias (fromFile: FSSpecPtr; rulesMask: LongInt; alias: AliasHandle; VAR aliasCount: Integer; aliasList: FSSpecArrayPtr; VAR needsUpdate: Boolean; aliasFilterProcPtr: ProcPtr; yourDataPtr: UNIV Ptr) : OSErr; MatchAlias resolves the alias record specified by the alias parameter, following the rules specified by the rulesMask parameter, and returns a list of possible candidates in the structure specified by the aliasList parameter. MatchAlias places the number of candidates identified in the aliasCount parameter. The fromFile parameter represents the starting point for a relative search. If you do not want MatchAlias to perform a relative search, set fromFile to NIL. If you want MatchAlias to perform a relative search, pass a pointer to a file system specification record that describes the starting point for the search. The rulesMask parameter specifies a set of rules to guide the resolution. Pass the sum of all of the rules you want to invoke. Constant Description kARMsearch Perform a fast search for the alias target. If kARMsearchRelFirst is not set, perform a direct search first, followed by a relative search only if the fromFile parameter is not NIL and the list of matches is not full. kARMsearchMore Perform an exhaustive search for the alias target. On HFS volumes, the exhaustive search uses the File Manager function PBCatSearch to identify candidates with matching creation date, type, and creator. PBCatSearch is available only on HFS volumes and only on systems running version 7.0 or later. On MFS volumes or HFS volumes that do not support PBCatSearch the exhaustive search makes a series of indexed calls to File Manager functions, using the same search criteria. If you set kARMsearchMore and one or both of kARMsearch and kARMsearchRelFirst, MatchAlias performs the fast search first. kARMsearchRelFirst If kARMsearch is also set, perform a relative search before the direct search. (If kARMsearch is also set and the target is found through the direct search, MatchAlias sets the needsUpdate flag to TRUE.) If neither kARMsearch nor kARMsearchMore is set, perform only a relative search. If kARMsearch is not set but kARMsearchMore is set, perform a relative search followed by an exhaustive search. kARMmountVol Automatically try to mount the target’s volume if it is not mounted. kARMmultVols Search all mounted volumes. The search begins with the volume on which the target resided when the record was created. When you specify a fast search of all mounted volumes, MatchAlias performs a formal fast search only on the volume described in the alias record. On all other volumes, it looks for the target by ID or by name in the directory with the specified parent directory ID. When you specify an exhaustive search of multiple volumes, MatchAlias performs the same search on all volumes. When resolving an alias record created by NewAliasMinimalFromFullpath, MatchAlias ignores this flag. kARMnoUI Stop if a search requires user interaction, such as a password dialog box when mounting a remote volume. If user interaction is needed and kARMnoUI is in effect, the search fails. You must specify at least one of the first three parameters: kARMsearch, kARMsearchMore, and kARMsearchRelFirst. The alias parameter is a handle to the alias record to be resolved. Your application can specify a maximum number of possible matches by setting the aliasCount parameter. MatchAlias changes the aliasCount parameter to the actual number of candidates identified. If MatchAlias finds the parent directory on the correct volume but does not find the target, it sets the aliasCount parameter to 1, puts the file system specification record for the target in the results list, and returns fnfErr. The FSSpec record is valid, although the object it describes does not exist. This information is intended as a “hint” that lets you explore possible solutions to the resolution failure. You can, for example, use the FSSpec record to create a replacement for a missing file with the File Manager function FSpCreate. The aliasList parameter points to the array that holds the results of the search. The needsUpdate flag is a signal to your application that the record might need to be updated. After it identifies a target, MatchAlias compares some key information about the target with the same information in the record. If the information does not match, MatchAlias sets the needsUpdate flag to TRUE. The key information is • the name of the target • the directory ID of the target’s parent • the file ID or directory ID of the target • the name and creation date of the volume on which the target resides MatchAlias also sets the needsUpdate flag to TRUE if it identifies a list of possible matches rather than a single match or if kARMsearchRelFirst is set but the target is identified through either a direct search or an exhaustive search. Otherwise, MatchAlias sets the needsUpdate flag to FALSE. MatchAlias always sets the needsUpdate flag to FALSE when resolving an alias created by NewAliasMinimal. If you want to update the alias record to reflect the final results of the resolution, call UpdateAlias. The aliasFilter parameter points to a filter function supplied by your application. The Alias Manager executes this function each time it identifies a possible match and after the search has continued for three seconds without a match. Your filter function returns a Boolean value that determines whether the possible match is discarded (TRUE) or added to the list of possible targets (FALSE). It can also terminate the search by setting the variable parameter quitFlag. See “Filtering Possible Targets” later in the chapter for a description of the filter function, which follows this syntax: FUNCTION MyMatchAliasFilter (cpbPtr: CInfoPBPtr; VAR quitFlag: Boolean; myDataPtr: Ptr): Boolean; The yourDataPtr parameter can point to any data that your application might need in the filter function. Use the myDataPtr parameter to pass global or local data to your filter function. Result codes nsvErr –35 The volume is not mounted fnfErr –43 No target was found paramErr –50 target, alias, or both are NIL, or the alias record is corrupt usrCanceledErr –128 The user cancelled the operation You can use the GetAliasInfo function to get information from an alias record without actually resolving the record. FUNCTION GetAliasInfo (alias: AliasHandle; index: AliasInfoType; VAR theString: Str63 ) : OSErr; GetAliasInfo retrieves the information specified by the index parameter from the record pointed to by the alias parameter and places it in the parameter theString. The alias parameter is a handle to the alias record to be read. The index parameter specifies the kind of information to be retrieved. If index is a positive integer, GetAliasInfo retrieves the parent directory that has the same hierarchical level above the target as the index parameter (for example, an index value of 2 returns the name of the parent directory of the target’s parent directory). You can therefore assemble the names of the target and all of its parent directories by making repeated calls to GetAliasInfo with incrementing index values, starting with a value of 0. When index is greater than the number of levels between the target and the root, GetAliasInfo returns an empty string. You can also set the index parameter to one of these values: Constant Value Description asiZoneName –3 If the record represents a target on an AppleShare volume, retrieve the server’s zone name. Otherwise, return an empty string. asiServerName –2 If the record represents a target on an AppleShare volume, retrieve the server name. Otherwise, return an empty string. asiVolumeName –1 Return the name of the volume on which the target resides. asiAliasName 0 Return the name of the target. asiParentName 1 Return the name of the parent directory of the target of the record. If the target is a volume, return the volume name. GetAliasInfo places the requested information in the parameter theString. GetAliasInfo returns the information stored in the alias record, which might not be current. To ensure that the information is current, you can resolve and update the alias record before calling GetAliasInfo. GetAliasInfo cannot provide all kinds of information on a minimal alias. Result codes paramErr –50 alias, theString, or both are NIL; the index is less than asiZoneName; or the alias record is corrupt _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Filtering…Possible…Targets æC »Filtering Possible Targets The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You can write your own filter function to examine possible targets identified by the MatchAlias function. MatchAlias calls your filter function each time it identifies a possible match and when three seconds have elapsed without a match. The filter function takes three parameters and returns a Boolean value: FUNCTION MyMatchAliasFilter (cpbPtr: CInfoPBPtr; VAR quitFlag: Boolean; myDataPtr: Ptr): Boolean; The cpbPtr parameter points to the catalog information parameter block record (as returned by the File Manager function PBGetCatInfo) of the possible match. MatchAlias sets this parameter to NIL if it is calling your function to give it the periodic chance to terminate the search. (Do not use this pointer without checking for NIL.) Your filter function sets the quitFlag parameter to terminate the search. The myDataPtr parameter points to any customized data that your application passed when it called MatchAlias. This parameter allows your filter function to access any data that your application has set up on its own. The Boolean return value determines whether the possible match is discarded (TRUE) or added to the list of possible targets (FALSE). _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Summary…of…the…Alias…Manager…Volume…VI æC »Summary of the Alias Manager Volume VI The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Click the arrow in the lower-right corner of this wondow to see the summary sections of the constants, data types, and routines for the Alias Manager. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Alias…Manager…Constants æC »Alias Manager Constants The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ CONST rAliasType = 'alis'; {alias record resource type} {rulesMask for MatchAlias} kARMmountVol = $0001; {mount the volume automatically} kARMnoUI = $0002; {suppress user interface} kARMmultVols = $0008; {search on multiple volumes} kARMsearch = $0100; {perform a fast search} kARMsearchMore = $0200; {perform an exhaustive search} kARMsearchRelFirst = $0400; {perform a relative search first} {index values for GetAliasInfo} asiZoneName = –3; {get zone name} asiServerName = –2; {get server name} asiVolumeName = –1; {get volume name} asiAliasName = 0; {get target name} asiParentName = 1; {get parent directory name} _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Alias…Manager…Data…Types æC »Alias Manager Data Types The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ TYPE AliasHandle = ^AliasPtr; AliasPtr = ^AliasRecord; AliasRecord = RECORD userType: OSType; {application’s signature} aliasSize: Integer; {size of record when created} {variable-length private data} END; AliasInfoType = Integer; {alias record information type} AliasFilterProcPtr = ProcPtr; {application-defined routine; } { see sample } { FUNCTION MyMatchAliasFilter} _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Alias…Manager…Routines…Summary æC »Alias Manager Routines Summary The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Creating and Updating Alias Records FUNCTION NewAlias (fromFile: FSSpecPtr; target: FSSpec; VAR alias: AliasHandle) : OSErr; FUNCTION NewAliasMinimal (target: FSSpec; VAR alias: AliasHandle) : OSErr; FUNCTION NewAliasMinimalFromFullpath (fullpathLength: Integer; fullpath: Ptr; zoneName: Str32; serverName: Str31; VAR alias: AliasHandle) : OSErr; FUNCTION UpdateAlias (fromFile: FSSpecPtr; target: FSSpec; alias: AliasHandle; VAR wasChanged: Boolean) : OSErr; Resolving and Reading Alias Records FUNCTION ResolveAlias (fromFile: FSSpecPtr; alias: AliasHandle; VAR target: FSSpec; VAR wasChanged: Boolean) : OSErr; FUNCTION MatchAlias (fromFile: FSSpecPtr; rulesMask: LongInt; alias: AliasHandle; VAR aliasCount: Integer; aliasList: FSSpecArrayPtr; VAR needsUpdate: Boolean; aliasFilterProcPtr: ProcPtr; yourDataPtr: UNIV Ptr) : OSErr; FUNCTION GetAliasInfo (alias: AliasHandle; index: AliasInfoType; VAR theString: Str63) : OSErr; _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Alias…Manager…Application-Defined…Routine æC »Alias Manager Application-Defined Routine The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ FUNCTION MyMatchAliasFilter (cpbPtr: CInfoPBPtr; VAR quitFlag: Boolean; myDataPtr: Ptr): Boolean; _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Alias…Manager…Result…Codes æC »Alias Manager Result Codes The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ nsvErr –35 The volume is not mounted fnfErr –43 No target was found paramErr –50 One or more parameters are NIL, or a handle is corrupt dirNFErr –120 Parent directory not found usrCanceledErr –128 The user cancelled the operation _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Alias…Manager…Assembly-Language…Information æC »Alias Manager Assembly-Language Information The Alias Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Alias Record Data Structure userType 4 bytes file type of target file aliasSize 2 bytes size of record in bytes {variable-length private data} _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY AppleDesktopBus æC THE APPLE DESKTOP BUS _______________________________________________________________________________ About…The…AppleDesktopBus…Chapter About…the…Apple…Desktop…Bus ADB…Manager…Routines Writing…ADB…Device…Drivers Summary…of…the…ADB _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY About…The…AppleDesktopBus…Chapter æC »ABOUT THIS CHAPTER AppleDesktopBus _______________________________________________________________________________ This chapter tells you how to accomplish low-level communication with peripheral devices that are connected to the Apple Desktop Bus (ADB). Reader’s guide: The standard mouse and keyboard drivers automatically take care of all required ADB access functions. When the user manipulates the mouse or keyboard, the system calls the appropriate driver and the application never uses the ADB Manager. Hence you need the information in this chapter only if you are writing a special driver, such as a driver for a new user-input device. The ADB is a simple local-area network that connects low-speed input-only devices to the operating system. In the Macintosh II and Macintosh SE computers, the ADB is used to communicate with one or more keyboards, the mouse, and other user input devices. Keys located on multiple keyboards are distinguished by the keyboard event message, as described in the Toolbox Event Manager chapter. Note: An ADB, using the same operating protocols, is also part of the Apple IIgs computer. This chapter contains three principal sections: • a description of the Apple Desktop Bus and how it works • a description of the ADB Manager. This section of system ROM contains the routines that a driver must use to access devices connected to the ADB. • a discussion of the special requirements for drivers that support devices connected to the ADB You should already be familiar with • the hardware interface to the Apple Desktop Bus, described in the Macintosh Family Hardware Reference • events generated by ADB keyboard devices (described in the Toolbox Event Manager chapter) if your driver communicates with one or more keyboards _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY About…the…Apple…Desktop…Bus æC »ABOUT THE APPLE DESKTOP BUS AppleDesktopBus _______________________________________________________________________________ The Apple Desktop Bus connects up to 16 low-speed input-only devices to the Macintosh II or Macintosh SE computer. Each device can maintain up to four variable-size registers, whose contents can be read from or written to by the ADB network. Each register may contain from two to eight bytes. Two of the device registers have an assigned meaning and a standardized format: register 0, used for interrupt information, and register 3, containing the device’s identification number. The other two device registers have no assigned meaning, and may have different meanings for read and write operations. The system communicates with the Apple Desktop Bus through the system’s Versatile Interface Adapter chip (VIA). The VIA is described in the Macintosh Hardware chapter. Warning: The ADB does not support connecting a device while the computer is running. The result may be to reinitialize all devices on the bus without informing the system. The system always controls the bus. It issues commands to specific devices on the bus and they respond by accepting data, sending data, or changing their configuration. These commands are discussed below. Note: Devices connected to the ADB contain their own single-chip microprocessors, which handle both device routines and the ADB interface. If the system sends commands to a device with a duty cycle of more than 50%, the device’s microprocessor may become overloaded. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Bus Commands Each bus command consists of a byte that the system sends to a device connected to the ADB. Applications may place bus commands on the network by calling the routine ADBOp, discussed under “ADB Manager Routines” later in this chapter. There are four bus commands; their bit layouts are shown in Figure 1. All other bit layouts are reserved. •••Refer to Figure 1.••• Figure 1–ADB Command Formats The individual commands are discussed below. Warning: Values of the low bytes of the ADB command formats other than those shown in Figure 1 are reserved, and should not be used. »SendReset The SendReset command forces a hardware reset of all devices connected to the ADB. Such a reset clears all pending device actions and places the devices in their startup state. All devices are able to accept new ADB commands and user inputs immediately thereafter. All devices ignore the high-order four bits of the SendReset command. »Flush The Flush command flushes data from the single device specified by the network address in its high-order four bits. Network addresses are discussed below, under “Device Addressing”. It purges any pending user inputs and make the device ready to accept new commands and input data. »Listen The Listen command is used to send instructions to devices connected to the ADB. It transfers data from a buffer in system RAM to a register in the device specified by the network address in its high-order four bits. The device register is specified by the low-order two bits of the Listen command. »Talk The Talk command is used to fetch user inputs from devices connected to the ADB. It is the complement of the Listen command. It transfers data from a register in the device specified by the network address in its high-order four bits to a buffer in system RAM. The device register is specified by the low-order two bits of the Talk command. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Device Registers Each device connected to the ADB contains four registers, each of which may store from two to eight bytes of data. Each register is identified by the value of the low-order two bits in a Listen or Talk command. Registers 0 and 3 have dedicated functions; registers 1 and 2 are used for purposes specific to each device, and need not be present in a device. Note: ADB device registers are virtual registers; they need not be implemented physically. The device firmware must only respond to register commands as if a register were present. »Register 0 Device register 0 is reserved for input data. If the device has user-input data to be fetched, it places the data in register 0 and requests service. It continues to request service until the system retrieves its data. The system responds to data-input requests with the following polling sequence: • It generates a Talk command for register 0 in each device connected to the ADB. • If the device has data to send, it responds. The system does not poll the next device until the data is exhausted. • If the device has no data to send, or if its data is exhausted, the VIA generates an interrupt. The system then polls the next device. • This process continues until no devices request service. »Register 3 Device register 3 is reserved for device identification data and operating flags. Application programs may set this data with Listen commands and read it with Talk commands. Register 3 stores 16 bits, divided into the fields shown in Figure 2. •••Refer to Figure 2.••• Figure 2–Format of Device Register 3 Except for commands that contain certain reserved device handler ID values (listed below), every command to register 3 changes the entire register contents. Hence to change part of the register, you should first fetch its current contents with a Talk command and then send it an updated value with Listen. You can change part of the contents of register 3 by using special device handler ID values, as described below. The device handler ID field indicates the device’s type. With certain devices, an application can change the device’s mode of operation by sending it a new ID value. If the device supports the new mode, it stores the new value in this field. Warning: You are assigned handler IDs by Apple Software Licensing, so they do not conflict with the values of other devices that may be connected to the ADB at the same time. When certain reserved values are sent to the device handler ID field by a Listen command, they are not stored in the field; instead, they cause specific device actions. Hence these values cannot be used as device ID values. They are the following: Value Action $00 Change bits 8–13 of register 3 to match the rest of the command; leave Device Handler ID value unchanged. $FD Change Device Address to match bits 8–11 if the device activator has been depressed; leave Device Handler ID value and flags unchanged. $FE Change Device Address to match bits 8–11 if the result produces no address duplication on the bus; leave Device Handler ID value and flags unchanged. $FF Initiate device self-test. If self-test succeeds, leave register 3 unchanged; if self-test fails, clear Device Handler ID field to $00. Other Device Handler ID values may be stored in the field. Note: Device Handler ID values below $20 are reserved by Apple. The Device Address field indicates the device’s location within the 16 possible device locations of the ADB. An application may change its value with a Listen command. When this field is interrogated with a Talk command, it returns a random value. This helps you separate multiple devices that have the same ADB address; for further information, see “Device Addressing”, below. The Service Request Enable bit is set by the device to request an interrupt poll. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Device Addressing There are 16 possible direct addresses, $00–$0F, for devices connected to the ADB. However, it is possible to connect more than one device to an address; this might happen, for example, in a system with two alternate keyboards. When several devices share a single ADB address, but there are free addresses available in the net, the system will automatically reassign addresses until they are all different. It will do this every time the ADB Manager is initialized or reinitialized. To find out a device’s new address, use the calls GetIndADB or GetADBInfo, described later in this chapter. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Standard ADB Device Drivers The Macintosh II and Macintosh SE systems contain two standard ADB drivers: • the mouse driver, which supports the ADB mouse. The Apple mouse has an original ADB address of 3. • the universal keyboard driver, which supports all Apple ADB keyboards. The Apple keyboard has an original ADB address of 2, with a Device Handler ID of 1 for the Macintosh II keyboard and 2 for the Apple Extended Keyboard. These keyboards are described in the Toolbox Event Manager chapter. These drivers reside in the system ROM. In addition, ADB address 0 is reserved for the ADB chip itself. You can change the ADB addresses of the mouse or keyboard, as described above under “Device Registers,” but Apple does not recommend doing so. Assembly-language note: The ADB address of the keyboard on which the last-typed character was entered is now stored in the global variable KbdLast. The type of the keyboard on which the last-typed character was entered is stored in the global variable KbdType. The value of KbdType is the Device Handler ID value in Register 3 of the device; values below $20 are reserved by Apple. The requirements for writing new ADB device drivers are discussed later in this chapter. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY ADB…Manager…Routines æC »ADB MANAGER ROUTINES AppleDesktopBus _______________________________________________________________________________ The ADB Manager consists of six routines located in the 256K ROM. You would use them only if you needed to access bus devices directly or communicate with a special device. Some of these routines access and update information in the ADB device table, a structure placed in the system heap by ROM code during system startup. It lists for each device the device’s type, its original ADB address, its current ADB address, the address of the routine that services the device, and the address of the area in RAM used for temporary data storage by its driver. The ADB device table is accessible only through ADB Manager routines. PROCEDURE ADBReInit; Trap macro _ADBReInit ADBReInit reinitializes the entire Apple Desktop Bus. It clears the ADB device table to zeros and places a SendReset command on the bus to reset all devices to their original addresses. ADBReInit has no parameters. Because it does not deallocate ADB resources on the system heap, ADBReInit should not be used for routine bus initialization. Apple strongly recommends against adding devices while the system is running; therefore, you should never call ADBReInit. ADBReInit also calls a routine pointed to by the low memory global JADBProc at the beginning and end of its execution. You can insert your own preprocessing/postprocessing routine by changing the value of JADBProc; ADBReInit conditions it by setting D0 to 0 for preprocessing and to 1 for postprocessing. Your procedure must restore the value of D0 and branch to the original value of JADBProc on exit. JADBProc should be used to de-allocate memory used by the driver (see MacDTS Sample Code “TbltDrvr” for an example), and then it should chain to the procedure originally found in JADBProc. The complete ADBReInit sequence is therefore the following: • JSR to JADBProc with D0 set to 0 • reinitialize the Apple Desktop Bus • clear the ADB device table • JSR to JADBProc with D0 set to 1 FUNCTION ADBOp (data: Ptr; compRout: ProcPtr; buffer: Ptr; commandNum: INTEGER) : OSErr; Trap macro _ADBOp On entry: A0: pointer to parameter block D0: commandNum (byte) Parameter block --> 0 buffer pointer --> 4 compRout pointer --> 8 data pointer On exit: D0: result code (byte) The completion routine pointed to by compRout will be passed the following parameters on entry: D0: commandNum (byte) A0: pointer to buffer, data stored as a Pascal string (maximum 8 bytes data preceded by one length byte) A1: pointer to completion routine (compRout) A2: pointer to optional data area (data) ADBOp transmits over the bus the command byte whose value is given by commandNum. The structure of the command byte is given earlier in Figure 1. ADBOp executes only when the ADB is otherwise idle; otherwise it is held in a command queue. It returns an error if the command queue is full. The length of the data buffer pointed to by buffer is contained in its first byte, like a Pascal string. The optional data area pointed to by data is for local storage by the completion routine pointed to by compRout. ADBop should be used sparingly; it is not intended for polling a device. The host automatically polls devices with data to deliver. Result codes noErr No error –1 Unsuccessful completion FUNCTION CountADBs: INTEGER; Trap macro _CountADBs On exit: D0: number of devices (byte) CountADBs returns a value representing the number of devices connected to the ADB by counting the number of entries in the device table. It has no arguments and returns no error codes. FUNCTION GetIndADB (VAR info: ADBDataBlock; devTableIndex: INTEGER) : ADBAddress; Trap macro _GetIndADB On entry: A0: pointer to parameter block D0: entry index number; range = 1..CountADBs (byte) Parameter block <-- 0 device type byte (handler ID) <-- 1 original ADB address byte <-- 2 service routine address pointer (compRout) <-- 6 data area address pointer (data) On exit: D0: positive value: current ADB address (byte) negative value: error code (byte) GetIndADB returns information from the ADB device table entry whose index number is given by devTableIndex. ADBDataBlock has this form: TYPE ADBDataBlock = PACKED RECORD devType: SignedByte; {device type (handler ID)} origADBAddr: SignedByte; {original ADB address} dbServiceRtPtr: Ptr; {service routine address (compRout)} dbDataAreaAddr: Ptr {data area address (data)} END; GetIndADB returns the current ADB address of the device. If it is unable to complete execution successfully, GetIndADB returns a negative value. FUNCTION GetADBInfo (VAR info: ADBDataBlock; ADBAddr: ADBAddress) : OsErr; Trap macro _GetADBInfo On entry: A0: pointer to parameter block D0: ADB address of the device (byte) Parameter block <-- 0 device handler ID byte <-- 1 original ADB address byte <-- 2 service routine address pointer (compRout) <-- 6 data area address pointer (data) On exit: D0: result code (byte) GetADBInfo returns information from the ADB device table entry of the device whose ADB address is given by ABDAddr. The structure of ADBDataBlock is given above under “GetIndADB”. Result codes noErr No error FUNCTION SetADBInfo (VAR info: ADBSetInfoBlock; ADBAddr: ADBAddress) : OsErr; Trap macro _SetADBInfo On entry: A0: pointer to parameter block D0: ADB address of the device (byte) Parameter block --> 0 service routine address pointer (compRout) --> 4 data area address pointer (data) On exit: D0: result code (byte) SetADBInfo sets the service routine address and the data area address in the ADB device table entry for the device whose ADB address is given by ABDAddr. ADBSetInfoBlock has this form: TYPE ADBSetInfoBlock = RECORD siServiceRtPtr: Ptr; {service routine address (compRout)} siDataAreaAddr: Ptr {data area address (data)} END; Result codes noErr No error Warning: You should send a Flush command to the device after calling it with SetADBInfo, to prevent it sending old data to the new data area address. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Writing…ADB…Device…Drivers æC »WRITING ADB DEVICE DRIVERS AppleDesktopBus _______________________________________________________________________________ Drivers for devices connected to the ADB have the following special requirements: • Each ADB device driver must reside in a resource of type 'ADBS'. (An example 'ADBS' resource is available in MacDTS Sample Code “TbltDrvr.”) This type has two sections: initialization and driver code. • The initialization section of each ADB device driver must support the installation procedure described below. When the system calls an ADB device driver, it passes it the following values: • Register A0 points to the data buffer, which is formatted as a Pascal string (buffer). • Register A1 points to the driver’s completion routine (compRout). • Register A2 points to the optional data area (data). • Register D0 contains the ADB command that resulted in the driver being called (commandNum). The ADB driver should handle the ADB command passed to it and store any resulting input data by an appropriate action, such as by posting an event or moving the cursor. Note: Events posted from keyboards connected to the ADB now have an expanded structure. For more information, see the Toolbox Event Manager chapter. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Installing an ADB Driver The Start Manager (described in this volume) finds all the ADB devices connected to the system and places their device types and ADB addresses in the ADB device table. It then calls the initialization section of each ADB device driver by executing the initialization code in its 'ADBS' resource. As a minimum, the initialization section of each ADB device driver must do the following: • The driver must allocate all the memory required by the driver code in one or more nonrelocatable blocks in the system heap area. • The driver must install its own preprocessing/postprocessing routine (if any) as described above under “ADBReInit”. • Finally, the driver must initialize the service routine address and data area address of its entry in the ADB device table, using SetADBInfo. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Summary…of…the…ADB æC »SUMMARY OF THE ADB MANAGER AppleDesktopBus _______________________________________________________________________________ Data Types TYPE ADBDataBlock = PACKED RECORD devType: SignedByte; {Handler ID} origADBAddr: SignedByte; {original ADB address} dbServiceRtPtr: Ptr; {service routine address (compRout)} dbDataAreaAddr: Ptr {data area address (area)} END; ADBSetInfoBlock = RECORD siServiceRtPtr: Ptr; {service routine address} siDataAreaAddr: Ptr {data area address} END; _______________________________________________________________________________ Routines Initializing the ADB Manager PROCEDURE ADBReInit; Communicating Through the ADB FUNCTION ADBOp (data: Ptr; compRout: ProcPtr; buffer: Ptr; commandNum: INTEGER) : OSErr; Getting ADB Device Information FUNCTION CountADBs: INTEGER; FUNCTION GetIndADB (VAR info: ADBDataBlock; devTableIndex: INTEGER) : ADBAddress; FUNCTION GetADBInfo (VAR info: ADBDataBlock; ADBAddr: ADBAddress) : OsErr; Setting ADB Device Information FUNCTION SetADBInfo (VAR info: ADBSetInfoBlock; ADBAddr: ADBAddress) : OsErr; _______________________________________________________________________________ Assembly-Language Information Variables JADBProc Pointer to ADBReInit preprocessing/postprocessing routine KbdLast ADB address of the keyboard last used (byte) KbdType Keyboard type of the keyboard last used (byte) Routines Trap macro On entry On Exit _ADBReInit _ADBOp A0: pointer to parameter block D0: result code (byte) buffer (pointer) compRout (pointer) data (pointer) D0: commandNum (byte) _CountADBs D0: result code (byte) _GetIndADB A0: pointer to parameter block D0: positive value: device type (byte) current ADB original ADB address (byte) address (byte) service routine address (pointer) negative value: data area address (pointer) error code (byte) D0: entry index number; range = 1..CountADBs (byte) _GetADBInfo A0: pointer to parameter block D0: result code (byte) device handler ID (byte) original ADB address (byte) service routine address (pointer) data area address (pointer) D0: current ADB address of the device (byte) _SetADBInfo A0: pointer to parameter block D0: result code (byte) service routine address (pointer) data area address (pointer) D0: current ADB address of the device (byte) Further Reference: _______________________________________________________________________________ Toolbox Event Manager Technical Note #143, Don’t Call ADBReInit on the SE with System 4.1 Technical Note #160, Key Mapping Technical Note #206, Space Aliens Ate My Mouse “Macintosh Family Hardware Reference” æKY AppleEventManager æC _______________________________________________________________________________ THE APPLE EVENT MANAGER _______________________________________________________________________________ About…the…Apple…Event…Manager…Chapter…Volume…VI About…the…Apple…Event…Manager…Volume…VI Introduction…to…Apple…Events…Volume…VI Types…of…Apple…Events Components…of…Apple…Events Data…Structures…Within…Apple…Events Responding…to…Apple…Events Requesting…Services…Through…Apple…Events Using…the…Apple…Event…Manager…Volume…VI Accepting…an…Apple…Event Installing…Entries…Into…the…Apple…Event…Dispatch…Tables Handling…the…Required…Apple…Events Required…Apple…Events Handling…the…Open…Application…Event Handling…the…Open…Documents…Event Handling…the…Print…Documents…Event Handling…the…Quit…Application…Event Handling…Apple…Events…Sent…by…the…Edition…Manager Handling…the…Create…Publisher…Event Getting…Data…out…of…an…Apple…Event Getting…Data…out…of…a…Parameter Getting…Data…out…of…an…Attribute Getting…Data…out…of…a…Descriptor…List Writing…Apple…Event…Handlers Replying…to…an…Apple…Event Disposing…of…Apple…Event…Data…Structures Interacting…With…the…User Creating…an…Apple…Event Adding…Parameters…to…an…Apple…Event Specifying…a…Target…Address Sending…an…Apple…Event Dealing…With…Timeouts Writing…an…Idle…Function Writing…a…Reply…Filter…Function Writing…and…Installing…Coercion…Handlers The…Application…Died…Event Apple…Event…Manager…Routines…Volume…VI Creating…and…Managing…the…Apple…Event…Dispatch…Tables Dispatching…Apple…Events Getting…Parameters…and…Attributes…From…Apple…Events Counting…the…Items…in…Descriptor…Lists Getting…Items…From…Descriptor…Lists Getting…Data…From…AE…Records Requesting…User…Interaction Requesting…More…Time…to…Respond…to…Apple…Events Suspending…and…Resuming…Apple…Event…Handling Creating…Apple…Events Creating…and…Duplicating…Descriptor…Records Creating…Descriptor…Lists…and…AE…Records Adding…Items…to…Descriptor…Lists Adding…Data…to…AE…Records Adding…Parameters…and…Attributes…to…Apple…Events Sending…Apple…Events Getting…the…Sizes…and…Descriptor…Types…of…Descriptor…Records Deleting…Descriptor…Records Deallocating…Memory…for…Descriptor…Records Coercing…Descriptor…Types Creating…and…Managing…the…Coercion…Handler…Tables Creating…and…Managing…the…Special…Handler…Tables Summary…of…the…Apple…Events…Manager…Volume…VI Apple…Events…Manager…Constants Apple…Events…Manager…Data…Types Apple…Events…Manager…Routines…Summary Apple…Events…Manager…Result…Codes Apple…Events…Manager…Assembly-Language…Information _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY About…the…Apple…Event…Manager…Chapter…Volume…VI æC »About the Apple Event Manager Chapter Volume VI The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ This chapter describes Apple® events and how your application can use the Apple Event Manager to receive and process the required set of Apple events sent by the Finder™. This chapter also describes how to use the Apple Event Manager to send Apple events to other applications and how to process Apple events received from other applications. As explained in the Event Manager chapter in this volume, the Event Manager in system software version 7.0 introduces high-level events, along with a number of new Event Manager routines that let applications communicate with each other by sending high-level events. Using Event Manager routines, your application can create and process its own high-level events. However, effective interapplication communication requires that applications agree on a standard set of conventions—a common vocabulary. To provide such a standard, Apple Computer, Inc., has defined a protocol called the Apple Event Interprocess Messaging Protocol (AEIMP). High-level events that adhere to this protocol are called Apple events. You can help ensure effective communication with other applications by using this protocol.. System software uses Apple events to communicate information to your application; you should support the required set of Apple events sent by the Finder to your application. In addition, you can support Apple events that are common to many applications. Using the routines of the Apple Event Manager, you can use Apple events to communicate with other applications in a standard way. Using Apple events to ensure better cooperation between your application and other applications helps users to get the most out of any one application or to use the best features from many applications—in effect, combining the features of many applications to achieve the desired result. By following the standards specified by AEIMP, you can also define your own Apple events. You can choose to publish these so that other applications can use them, or you may choose to keep them unpublished for exclusive use by your own applications. The Apple Event Manager is available only in system software version 7.0. To determine whether the Apple Event Manager is available, use the Gestalt function described in the Compatibility Guidelines chapter of this volume. The interapplication communications architecture of system software version 7.0 consists of three main components: the Apple Event Manager, the Event Manager, and the Program-to-Program Communications (PPC) Toolbox. See the Introduction to the System Software Version 7.0 Environment chapter in this volume for an overview of the relationships among these components. If you intend to use high-level events that do not rely on AEIMP, read the Event Manager chapter of this volume. This chapter describes the information you need to know to support Apple events in your application. To allow your application to send Apple events to applications on remote computers, you may wish to use the PPCBrowser function, which is described in the Program-to-Program Communications Toolbox chapter of this volume. While the Apple events used by the Edition Manager are discussed in this chapter, you must refer to the Edition Manager chapter of this volume for a full discussion of how to implement the Edition Manager’s publish and subscribe features. For descriptions of all publicly available Apple events, see the Apple Event Registry, available from Macintosh® Developer Technical Support. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY About…the…Apple…Event…Manager…Volume…VI æC »About the Apple Event Manager Volume VI The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Apple events provide your application with a standard mechanism for communicating with other applications. You can use Apple events and the Apple Event Manager to • respond to the required Apple events (Open Application, Open Documents, Print Documents, and Quit Application) that are sent by the Finder • respond to the Apple events sent by the Edition Manager and allow users to share data among documents created by multiple applications • provide services to other applications • request services from other applications By supporting the required Apple events, your application can take advantage of the more reliable launch and termination mechanisms built into system software version 7.0. You can also take advantage of the services provided by the Edition Manager by responding to the Apple events sent by the Edition Manager. These and additional core Apple events can be used by nearly all applications to communicate with system software or with other applications. You can also support functional-area Apple events related to your application in order to provide services to other applications or to request services from other applications. Finally, if your application defines Apple events for all the actions that a user can perform, you can record user actions by generating the corresponding Apple event for each action, saving a copy of the Apple event, and then sending the Apple event to your own application for handling. Apple events that are recorded in this way can later be played back to automate tasks previously performed by the user. To support Apple events in your application, you must • decide which Apple events (in addition to the required ones) to support • set bits in the 'SIZE' resource to indicate that your application supports high-level events • create an Apple event dispatch table • include code to handle high-level events in your main event loop • handle the Apple events your application receives and wishes to support • create the Apple events you wish your application to generate This chapter begins with an introduction to Apple events and then describes • the required Apple events that your application must support to be 7.0-friendly • how to use the Apple Event Manager to send and process Apple events _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Introduction…to…Apple…Events…Volume…VI æC »Introduction to Apple Events Volume VI The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Applications typically use Apple events to request services from and provide services to other applications. For example, the Open Documents event, sent by the Finder, requests that your application open specified documents. When your application supports this Apple event, it should respond by opening those documents in the manner that your application normally opens documents. A transaction involving Apple events is initiated by a client application, which sends an Apple event to request a service (for example, printing a list of files, spell-checking a list of words, or performing a numerical calculation). The application providing the service is called a server application. These applications can reside on the same local computer or on remote computers connected to a network. Figure 6-1 shows a common Apple event, the Open Documents event. You see that the Finder application is the client; it requests that the SurfWriter application open the documents named Dec. Invoice and Nov. Invoice. The SurfWriter application responds to the Finder’s request by opening windows containing the specified documents. ¿ Figure 6-1 An Open Documents event ø The Finder is also the source application of the Open Documents event. A source application is one that sends an Apple event to another application or to itself. In Figure 6-1, the SurfWriter application is the target application of the event. The target application is the one addressed to receive the Apple event. The terms client application and source application are not always synonymous, nor are the terms server application and target application. Typically, an Apple event client sends an Apple event requesting a service from an Apple event server; in this case, the server is the target application of the Apple event. The Apple event server may send back a different Apple event as a response—in which case, the client becomes the target of the responding Apple event. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Types…of…Apple…Events æC »Types of Apple Events The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Apple events fall into one of several broad categories. • Required Apple events consist of four core Apple events that the Finder sends to applications. These events are called Open Documents, Open Application, Print Documents, and Quit Application. They are a subset of the core Apple events and are described in detail later in this chapter. • Core Apple events are used by nearly all applications to communicate. The suite of core Apple events is described in the Apple Event Registry; Apple recommends that all applications support the core Apple events. • Functional-area Apple events are supported by applications with related features. Apple events related to text manipulation for word-processing applications and Apple events related to graphics manipulation for drawing applications are examples of functional-area Apple events. Functional-area Apple events are defined by Apple in consultation with interested developers and are published in the Apple Event Registry. Apple recommends that all developers support functional-area Apple events appropriate for their types of applications. • Custom Apple events are defined by a developer for use by the developer’s own applications. You should register all of your custom Apple events with Macintosh Developer Technical Support. You can choose to publish your Apple events in the Apple Event Registry so that other applications can share them, or you may choose to keep them unpublished for exclusive use by your own applications. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Components…of…Apple…Events æC »Components of Apple Events The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ An Apple event consists of attributes (which identify the Apple event and denote its task) and, often, parameters (which contain data to be used by the target application). An application uses the Apple Event Manager to create an Apple event. Using arguments you pass to the AECreateAppleEvent function and to other Apple Event Manager routines, the Apple Event Manager constructs the necessary data structures containing attributes and parameters and converts these structures into an Apple event. Applications must use the Apple Event Manager’s AESend function to transmit the Apple event. After receiving an Apple event, applications must use Apple Event Manager routines to extract the attributes and parameters of the event. Attributes are a fundamental component of Apple events. Apple event attributes are records that identify the event class, event ID, target application, and other characteristics of an Apple event. Taken together, the attributes of an Apple event denote the task to be performed on any data specified in the Apple event’s parameters. You do not have any direct way to access the data stored in these records. You must use Apple Event Manager routines to extract or specify the attributes. An Apple event parameter is a record containing data that the target application uses. Unlike Apple event attributes (which contain information that can be used by both the Apple Event Manager and the target application), Apple event parameters contain data used only by the target application. For example, an attribute like the event ID is used by the Apple Event Manager to call a handler from the server application’s dispatch table, and the server application must have a handler to process the event identified by that attribute. By comparison, the list of documents contained in a parameter to an Open Documents event is used only by the server application. As with attributes, you do not have any direct way to access the data structure of a parameter. You have to use Apple Event Manager functions to extract or put data into parameters. Note that Apple event parameters are different from the parameters of Apple Event Manager functions. Apple event parameters are records private to the Apple Event Manager; function parameters are arguments you pass to the function or that the function returns to you. You typically specify the Apple event parameters (as well as the attributes) in parameters to Apple Event Manager functions. For example, the AEGetParamPtr function uses a buffer to return the data contained in an Apple event parameter. You specify which Apple event parameter in one of the parameters of the AEGetParamPtr function. Apple events are identified by their event class and event ID attributes. The event class is the attribute that identifies a group of related Apple events. The event class appears in the message field of the event record for an Apple event. For example, the four required Apple events (in fact, all core Apple events) have the value 'aevt' in the message fields of their event records. The value 'aevt' can also be represented by the kCoreEventClass constant. Several event classes are shown here. Event class Value Description kCoreEventClass 'aevt' A core Apple event kAEFinderEvents 'FNDR' An event that the Finder accepts kSectionEventMsgClass 'sect' An event sent by the Edition Manager The event ID is the attribute that identifies the particular Apple event within its event class. In conjunction with the event class, the event ID uniquely identifies the Apple event and communicates what action the Apple event should perform. (The event IDs appear in the where field of the event record for an Apple event.) For example, the event ID of an Open Documents event has the value 'odoc' (which can also be represented by the kAEOpenDocuments constant). The kCoreEventClass constant in combination with the kAEOpenDocuments constant identifies the Open Documents event to the Apple Event Manager. Shown here are the event IDs for the four required Apple events. Event ID Value Description kAEOpenApplication 'oapp' Open your application kAEOpenDocuments 'odoc' Open documents kAEPrintDocuments 'pdoc' Print documents kAEQuitApplication 'quit' Quit your application The target application’s address is another required attribute. As previously described, the target application is the one addressed to receive the Apple event. Your application can send an Apple event to itself or to another application (on the same computer or on a remote computer connected to the network). As with attributes, there are various types of Apple event parameters. A direct parameter contains the data to be acted upon by the server application. For example, a list of documents is contained in the direct parameter of the Print Documents event. Direct parameters are usually required parameters—parameters that the server application needs in order to carry out the task denoted by the Apple event. Some Apple events also take additional parameters, which the server application uses in addition to the data specified in the direct parameter. For example, an Apple event for arithmetic operations may include additional parameters that specify operands in an equation. Additional parameters may be required or optional. An optional parameter is a supplemental parameter that also can be used to specify data to the server application. Optional parameters need not be included in an Apple event; default values for optional parameters are part of the event definition. The server application that handles the event must supply default values if the optional parameters are omitted. Figure 6-2 shows in greater detail the components of the Open Documents event that was introduced in Figure 6-1. ¿ Figure 6-2 Major components of an Open Documents event ø To process the information contained in the Open Documents event, the SurfWriter application uses the AEProcessAppleEvent function. The AEProcessAppleEvent function provides an easy way for your application to identify the event class and event ID of the Apple event and to direct the Apple Event Manager to call the code in your program that handles the Apple event. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Data…Structures…Within…Apple…Events æC »Data Structures Within Apple Events The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Applications must use Apple Event Manager functions to create and send an Apple event. The Apple Event Manager constructs its own internal data structures to contain the information in an Apple event. To gain access to this data, the target application also must use Apple Event Manager functions. Neither the sender nor the receiver of an Apple event can directly manipulate the data inside an Apple event; each must rely on Apple Event Manager functions to do so. This section describes the data structures that the Apple Event Manager uses to create and to process Apple events. Descriptor records are the fundamental structures from which Apple events are constructed. A descriptor record is a data structure of type AEDesc; it consists of a handle to data and a descriptor type that identifies the type of the data referred to by the handle. TYPE AEDesc = RECORD descriptorType: DescType; {type of data being passed} dataHandle: Handle {handle to data being passed} END; The data referred to by the dataHandle field in the descriptor record is private to the Apple Event Manager. You can supply or extract this data only by using Apple Event Manager routines. The descriptor type is a structure of type DescType, which in turn is of data type ResType—that is, a four-character string. Constants are usually used in place of these four-character strings when referring to descriptor types. Descriptor types represent various data types. Here is a list of descriptor type constants, their values, and the types of data they represent. Descriptor type Value Description typeBoolean 'bool' Boolean value typeChar 'TEXT' Unterminated string typeSMInt 'shor' 16-bit integer typeInteger 'long' 32-bit integer typeSMFloat 'sing'; SANE Single typeFloat 'doub'; SANE Double typeLongInteger 'long' 32-bit integer typeShortInteger 'shor' 16-bit integer typeLongFloat 'doub' SANE Double typeShortFloat 'sing' SANE Single typeExtended 'exte' SANE Extended typeComp 'comp' SANE Comp typeMagnitude 'magn' Unsigned 32-bit integer typeAEList 'list' List of descriptor records typeAERecord 'reco' List of keyword-specified descriptor records typeAppleEvent 'aevt' Apple event record typeTrue 'true' TRUE Boolean value typeFalse 'fals' FALSE Boolean value typeAlias 'alis' Alias record typeEnumerated 'enum' Enumerated data typeType 'type' Four-character code for event class or event ID typeAppParameters 'appa' Process Manager launch parameters typeProperty 'prop' Apple event property typeFSS 'fss ' File system specification typeKeyword 'keyw' Apple event keyword typeSectionH 'sect' Handle to a section record typeTemporaryID 'tid ' Temporary ID typeWildCard '****' Matches any type typeApplSignature 'sign' Application signature typeSessionID 'ssid' Session ID typeTargetID 'targ' Target ID record typeProcessSerialNumber 'psn ' Process serial number typeNull 'null' NULL or nonexistent data Figure 6-3 illustrates a descriptor record with a descriptor type of typeType, which specifies that the data in the descriptor record must consist of a four-character code. The data in this particular descriptor record is specified by the constant kCoreEventClass, whose value is 'aevt'. ¿ Figure 6-3 A descriptor record with event class data ø A descriptor record that contains the address of the target or source of an Apple event is called an address descriptor record. TYPE AEAddressDesc = AEDesc; {address descriptor record} As you will see later, the address can be specified as an application signature, a process serial number, a session ID, a target ID record, or a data type that you define. Data for attributes and parameters are contained in descriptor records. The attributes and parameters themselves are identified by keywords. The AEKeyword data type is defined as a four-character code. TYPE AEKeyword = PACKED ARRAY[1..4] OF Char; {keyword for a descriptor } { record} Constants are typically used for keywords. Shown here is a list of these keyword constants, their four-character codes, and the attributes and parameters they represent. Attribute keyword Value Description keyAddressAttr 'addr' Address of target application keyEventClassAttr 'evcl' Event class of Apple event keyEventIDAttr 'evid' Event ID of Apple event keyEventSourceAttr 'esrc' Source of the Apple event keyInteractLevelAttr 'inte' Settings for allowing the Apple Event Manager to bring a server to the foreground keyMissedKeywordAttr 'miss' First required parameter remaining in an Apple event keyOptionalKeywordAttr 'optk' List of optional parameters for the Apple event keyReturnIDAttr 'rtid' Return ID for reply Apple event keyTimeoutAttr 'timo' Length of time in ticks that the client will wait for a reply or a result from the server keyTransactionIDAttr 'tran' Transaction ID identifying a series of Apple events Parameter keyword Value Description keyDirectObject '––––' Direct parameter keyErrorNumber 'errn' Error number parameter keyErrorString 'errs' Error string parameter keyProcessSerialNumber 'psn ' Process serial number parameter A data structure of type AEKeyDesc consists of a keyword and a descriptor record. This data structure, called a keyword-specified descriptor record, is used by the Apple Event Manager to fully identify and describe an attribute or a parameter of an Apple event. TYPE AEKeyDesc = {keyword-specified descriptor record} RECORD descKey: AEKeyword; {keyword} descContent: AEDesc {descriptor record}; END; Figure 6-4 illustrates a keyword-specified descriptor record for the event class attribute of an Open Documents event. The keyEventClassAttr keyword identifies its descriptor record as containing event class data. The data is of the typeType descriptor type, and the data identifies the event class as kCoreEventClass. ¿ Figure 6-4 A keyword-specified descriptor record for the event class attribute of an Open Documents event ø When extracting data from an Apple event, you use Apple Event Manager functions to return data in a buffer specified by a pointer, or to return descriptor records containing the data, or to return lists of descriptor records (called descriptor lists) containing the data. As previously noted, the descriptor record (of data type AEDesc) is the fundamental structure in Apple events, and it contains a handle to data. A descriptor list is a data structure of type AEDescList defined by the data type AEDesc—that is, a descriptor list is a descriptor record that contains a list of other descriptor records. TYPE AEDescList = AEDesc; {list of descriptor records} An example of a descriptor list that you will be using is the direct parameter for the Open Documents event. As illustrated in Figure 6-5, this descriptor list is a list of descriptor records that contain alias records to filenames. (The Alias Manager chapter of this volume describes alias records in detail.) ¿ Figure 6-5 A descriptor list for a list of aliases ø Closely related to a descriptor list is a structure of data type AERecord; in fact, it is defined by the data type AEDescList. TYPE AERecord = AEDescList; {list of keyword-specified } { descriptor records} While a descriptor list is a descriptor record that contains a list of other descriptor records, an AE record of data type AERecord contains a list of keyword-specified descriptor records describing parameters. A descriptor list of data type AERecord contains no attributes, only parameters. There is one final data structure to consider: the Apple event record. An Apple event record is a structure of data type AppleEvent defined as an AE record. It is used for describing a full-fledged Apple event. TYPE AppleEvent = AERecord; {list of attributes and parameters } { necessary for an Apple event} An Apple event record is basically a descriptor record (of descriptor type typeAppleEvent) with a handle to a list of keyword-specified descriptor records. These descriptor records describe the attributes and parameters for an Apple event. When you use the AECreateAppleEvent function, the Apple Event Manager creates an Apple event record containing the attributes for an Apple event’s event class, event ID, target address, return ID, and transaction ID. You then use Apple Event Manager functions such as AEPutParamDesc to add parameters to the Apple event. Figure 6-6 shows an example of an Apple event—a structure containing a list of keyword-specified descriptor records that name the attributes and parameters of an Open Documents event. ¿ Figure 6-6 Data structures within an Open Documents event ø The internal structure of an Apple event record is nearly identical to an AE record. They differ in the content referred to by the data handles that they contain: the former has a list of attributes and, possibly, parameters referred by its handle; the latter contains only parameters. However, you can pass an Apple event record to any Apple Event Manger function that expects an AE record. Since both are structures of data type AEDescList, which is derived from the data type AEDesc, you can pass Apple event records, AE records, descriptor lists, and descriptor records to any Apple Event Manager functions that expect records of data type AEDesc. The data in Apple event records, AE records, and descriptor lists—all of which are descriptor records—is private to the Apple Event Manager. The Apple Event Manager maintains these different data structures because it stores different kinds of information in their handles. Although all the information you need is available by calling the appropriate Apple Event Manager functions, the Apple Event Manager needs a way to tell these different descriptor records apart. It does this by looking at their data types. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Responding…to…Apple…Events æC »Responding to Apple Events The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ A client application uses the Apple Event Manager to create and send an Apple event requesting a service. A server application responds by using the Apple Event Manager to process the Apple event, to extract data from the attributes and parameters of the Apple event, and to return a result to the client application. The server provides its own routines for performing the action requested by the client’s Apple event. As its first step in supporting Apple events, your application must be able to respond to the required Apple events sent by the Finder. If you plan to implement publish and subscribe capabilities, your application must respond to the Apple events sent by the Edition Manager. You can also respond to Apple events sent by your own application or by other applications. This section provides a quick overview of the steps your application takes in responding to Apple events. To respond to Apple events, your application must • test for high-level events in its event loop • use the AEProcessAppleEvent function to process Apple events • provide handler routines for the Apple events it supports • use Apple Event Manager functions to extract the parameters and attributes from Apple events • use the AEInteractWithUser function—if your application requires input from the user when your application is responding to an Apple event—to bring your application to the foreground to interact with the user • return a result for the client Note that in order for your application to respond to Apple events sent from remote computers, the user of your application must allow network users to link to your application. The user does this by selecting your application from the Finder and choosing Sharing from the File menu and then clicking the Allow Remote Program Linking checkbox. If the user has not yet started program linking, the Sharing command offers to display the Sharing Setup control panel so that the user can start program linking. The user must also authorize remote users for program linking by using the Users and Groups control panel. Program linking and setting up authenticated sessions are described in the Program-to-Program Communications chapter in this volume. An Apple event (like all high-level events) is identified by a message class of kHighLevelEvent in the what field of the event record. You test the what field of the event record to determine whether an event is a high-level event. If the what field contains the kHighLevelEvent constant and your application defines any high-level events other than Apple events, test the message field of the event record to determine whether the high-level event is something other than an Apple event. If the high-level event is not one that you’ve defined for your application, assume that it is an Apple event. (Note that you are encouraged to use Apple events instead of defining your own high-level events whenever possible.) After determining that an event is an Apple event, use the AEProcessAppleEvent function to let the Apple Event Manager identify the event. Figure 6-7 shows how the SurfWriter application accepts and begins to process an Apple event sent by the Finder. ¿ Figure 6-7 Accepting and processing an Open Documents event ø The AEProcessAppleEvent function begins processing the Apple event. The AEProcessAppleEvent function identifies the Apple event by examining the data in the event class and event ID attributes. The AEProcessAppleEvent function in turn uses that data to call the Apple event handler that your application provides for that event. An Apple event handler is a function that extracts the pertinent data from the Apple event, performs the action requested by the Apple event, and returns a result. For example, if the event has an event class of kCoreEventClass and an event ID of kAEOpenDocuments, the AEProcessAppleEvent function calls your application’s routine for handling the Open Documents event. You install Apple event handlers by using the AEInstallEventHandler function. This function creates an Apple event dispatch table that the Apple Event Manager uses to map Apple events to handlers in your application. After being called by the AEProcessAppleEvent function to process an Apple event, the Apple Event Manager reads the Apple event dispatch table and, if your application has installed a handler for that Apple event, calls your handler to finish responding to the event. Figure 6-8 shows how the flow of control passes from your application to the Apple Event Manager and back to your application. ¿ Figure 6-8 The Apple Event Manager calling the handler for an Open Documents event ø Your Apple event handlers must generally perform the following tasks: • extract the parameters and attributes for the Apple event • check that all the required parameters have been extracted • set user interaction level preferences if necessary and, if your application needs to interact with the user, use the AEInteractWithUser function to bring it to the foreground • perform the action requested by the Apple event • dispose of any copies of descriptor records that have been created • return a result for the client You must use Apple Event Manager functions to extract the data from Apple events. You can also use Apple Event Manager functions to get data out of descriptor records, descriptor lists, and AE records. Most of these routines are available in two forms: one that uses a buffer to return a copy of the desired data and one that returns a copy of the descriptor record containing the data. The following list shows the main functions you can use to access the data of an Apple event. Function Description AEGetParamPtr Uses a buffer to return the data contained in a parameter; used, for example, to extract the result code from the keyErrorNumber parameter of a reply Apple event. AEGetParamDesc Returns the descriptor record or descriptor list for a parameter; used, for example, to extract the descriptor list for a list of alias records specified in the direct parameter of the Open Documents event. AEGetAttributePtr Uses a buffer to return the data contained in an attribute; used, for example, to determine the source of an Apple event by extracting the data from the keyEventSourceAttr attribute. AEGetAttributeDesc Returns the descriptor record for a parameter; used, for example, to make a copy of a descriptor record containing the address of an application. AECountItems Returns the number of descriptor records in a descriptor list; used, for example, to determine the number of alias records for documents specified in the direct parameter of the Open Documents event. AEGetNthPtr Uses a buffer to return the data for a descriptor record that is contained in a descriptor list; used, for example, to extract a document’s alias record from the descriptor list specified in the direct parameter of the Open Documents event. AEGetNthDesc Returns a descriptor record from a descriptor list; used, for example, to get the descriptor record containing an alias record from the list specified in the direct parameter of the Open Documents event. You can specify the descriptor type of the resulting data for these functions; if this is different from the descriptor type of the attribute or parameter, the Apple Event Manager attempts to coerce it to the specified type. In the direct parameter of the Open Documents event, for example, each descriptor record in the descriptor list is an alias record; each alias record specifies a document to be opened. As explained in the File Manager chapter of this volume, all your application usually needs is the file system specification (FSSpec) record of the document. When you extract the descriptor from the descriptor list, you can request that the Apple Event Manager return the data to your application as a file system specification record instead of as an alias record. After extracting all known parameters, your handler should check that it retrieved all the required parameters by checking whether the keyMissedKeywordAttr attribute exists. If the attribute exists, then your handler has not retrieved all the required parameters, and it should return an error. In some cases, the server may need to interact with the user when it handles an Apple event. For example, your handler for the Print Documents event may need to display a print options dialog box and get settings from the user before printing. Your handler should always use the AEInteractWithUser function before displaying a dialog box or alert box or otherwise interacting with the user. By specifying one of these flags to the AESetInteractionAllowed function, you can set your application’s user interaction level preferences. Flag Description kAEInteractWithSelf User interaction with your server application in response to an Apple event may be allowed only when the client application is your own application—that is, only when your application is sending the Apple event to itself. kAEInteractWithLocal User interaction with your server application in response to an Apple event may be allowed only if the client application is on the same computer as your application; this is the default if the AESetInteractionAllowed function is not used. kAEInteractWithAll User interaction with your server application in response to an Apple event may be allowed for any client application on any computer. For a server application to allow user interaction in response to the client’s Apple event, two conditions must be met. First, the client application must request that your server application allow user interaction. Second, your server application must allow user interaction in response to the Apple event sent from that client application as described in the previous list. If these conditions are met and your application needs to interact with the user, the AEInteractWithUser function brings your application to the foreground if it isn’t already in the foreground. Your application can then display its dialog box or alert box or otherwise interact with the user. AEInteractWithUser brings your server application to the front either directly or after the user responds to a notification request. When your application acts on an Apple event, it should perform the standard action requested by that event. For example, if the Apple event is the Open Documents event, your application should open the specified documents in titled windows just as if the user had selected each document from the Finder and then chosen Open from the File menu. You should strive to create routines that can be called in response to both user events and Apple events. To do this, you need to isolate code for interacting with the user from the code that performs the requested action—such as opening a document. You then call the code that performs the requested action from your Apple event handler. When you extract a descriptor record by using the AEGetParamDesc, AEGetAttributeDesc, AEGetNthDesc, or AEGetKeyDesc functions, the Apple Event Manager creates a copy of the descriptor record for you to use. When your handler is finished using a copy of a descriptor record, you should dispose of it—and thereby deallocate the memory it uses—by calling the AEDisposeDesc function. The required Apple events ask your application to perform tasks—open your application, open or print documents, or quit your application. Other Apple events may ask your application to return data. For example, if your application is a spelling checker, the client probably expects data in the form of a list of misspelled words to be returned from your application. If a reply is requested, the Apple Event Manager prepares a reply Apple event for the client by passing a default reply Apple event to your handler. The default reply Apple event has no parameters when it is passed to your handler. Your handler can add any parameters to the reply Apple event. If your application is a spelling checker, for example, you can return a list of misspelled words in a parameter. Your handler routine should always set its function result either to noErr if it successfully handles the Apple event or to a nonzero result code if an error occurs. If an error occurs, the Apple Event Manager adds a keyErrorNumber parameter to the reply Apple event; this parameter contains the result code that your handler returns. The client should check whether the keyErrorNumber parameter exists to determine whether your handler performed the requested action. In addition to returning a result code, your handler can also return an error string in the keyErrorString parameter of the reply Apple event. The client can use this string in an error message to the user. If the source requested a reply, the Apple Event Manager returns the reply Apple event to the source. The reply Apple event is identified by the event class kCoreEventClass and by the event ID kAEAnswer. When you have finished using the reply Apple event, you should dispose of it—and thereby deallocate the memory it uses—by calling the AEDisposeDesc function. When your handler returns a result code to the Apple Event Manager, you have finished your response to the client’s Apple event. Figure 6-9 shows the entire process of responding to an Apple event. The next section describes how to send an Apple event. ¿ Figure 6-9 Responding to an Open Documents eventi.Open Documents event ø _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Requesting…Services…Through…Apple…Events æC »Requesting Services Through Apple Events The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Your application can use Apple events to request services from other applications. By using Finder events, for example, your application can simulate the behavior of the Finder by requesting that the Finder perform such operations as launching an application on your behalf. By using functional-area Apple events, your application can request services from applications related to your own—for example, asking a spelling checker application to check the text in a document created by your application. All publicly available Apple events are defined and published in the Apple Event Registry. Consult the Apple Event Registry for the format and function of Apple events that your application may wish to send. The previous section describes how a server application responds to a client application’s request for services. This section briefly describes the steps your application must take to act as a client application and request such services. To request a service through an Apple event, your application must • create an Apple event by calling the AECreateAppleEvent function • use Apple Event Manager functions to add parameters and any other necessary attributes to the Apple event • call the AESend function to send the Apple event • dispose of any copies of descriptor records that you have created • process the reply Apple event (optional) Use the AECreateAppleEvent function to create an Apple event record. Using the arguments you pass to the AECreateAppleEvent function, the Apple Event Manager constructs the data structures describing the event class, the event ID, and the target address attributes of an Apple event. The event class and event ID, of course, identify the particular event you wish to send. The target address identifies the application to which you wish to send the Apple event. To act as a server application for your application, the target must support high-level events and must be open. The server can be your own application, another application running on the user’s computer, or an application running on another user’s computer connected to the network. Your application should offer some facility to launch a server application if it is not already running. It is recommended that you use the Open Selection event (identified by the event class kAEFinderEvents and the event ID kAEOpenSelection) to request that the Finder launch applications; however, the Process Manager also provides a means for your application to launch other applications. See the Apple Event Registry for information on Finder events, and see the Process Management chapter in this volume for information on using the Process Manager. Your application should also offer a facility to allow the user to choose among the various applications available as servers. The PPCBrowser function allows users to select target applications on the user’s computer as well as those available on computers connected to the network. The PPCBrowser function presents a standard user interface for choosing a target application, much as the Standard File Package provides a standard user interface for opening and saving files. See the Program-to-Program Communications Toolbox chapter of this volume for details on using the PPCBrowser function. If the server application is on a remote computer on a network, the user of that computer must allow program linking to the server application. The user of the server application does this by selecting the application from the Finder and choosing Sharing from the File menu and then clicking the Allow Remote Program Linking checkbox. If the user has not yet started program linking, the Sharing command offers to display the Sharing Setup control panel so that the user can start program linking. The user must also authorize remote users for program linking by using the Users and Groups control panel. Program linking and setting up authenticated sessions are described in the Program-to-Program Communications chapter in this volume. There are two other attributes you specify in the AECreateAppleEvent function: the reply ID and the transaction ID. For the reply ID attribute, you’ll usually specify the kAutoGenerateReturnID constant to the AECreateAppleEvent function. This ensures that the Apple Event Manager generates a unique return ID for the reply Apple event returned from the server. For the transaction ID attribute, you’ll usually specify the kAnyTransactionID constant, which indicates that this Apple event is not one of a series of interdependent Apple events. The Apple event record created with the AECreateAppleEvent function serves as a template for the Apple event you want to send. To add the remaining attributes and parameters necessary for your Apple event, you must use these additional Apple Event Manager functions. Function Description AEPutParamPtr Takes a keyword, descriptor type, and a pointer to data, converts them into a parameter, and adds the parameter to or replaces it in an Apple event record; used, for example, to place numbers into the parameters of an Apple event requesting that the server perform a calculation. AEPutParamDesc Takes a keyword and a descriptor record, converts them into a parameter, and adds the parameter to or replaces it in an Apple event record; used, for example, to place a descriptor list containing alias records into the direct parameter of an Apple event that requests a server to manipulate files. AEPutAttributePtr Takes a keyword, descriptor type, and a pointer to data, converts them into an attribute, and adds the attribute to or replaces it in an Apple event record; used, for example, to change the event ID of an Apple event record that is waiting to be sent. AEPutAttributeDesc Takes a keyword and a descriptor record, converts them into an attribute, and adds the attribute to or replaces it in an Apple event record; used, for example, to replace the descriptor record used for the target address attribute in an Apple event record waiting to be sent. Descriptor records and descriptor lists are the basic components from which an Apple event record is constructed; these are passed to the AEPutParamDesc and AEPutAttributeDesc functions. Use the following functions to create descriptor records and descriptor lists. Function Description AECreateDesc Takes a descriptor type and a pointer to data and converts them into a descriptor record; used, for example, to create a descriptor record that is used as an attribute or a parameter in an Apple event record. AEPutPtr Takes a descriptor type and a pointer to data, converts them into a descriptor record, and adds the record to a descriptor list; used, for example, to place into a descriptor list a number that is used as the parameter of an Apple event requesting a calculation. AEPutDesc Adds a descriptor record to a descriptor list; used, for example, to add into the descriptor list an alias record that is used as the direct parameter of an Apple event requesting file manipulation. After you add all the attributes and parameters required for the Apple event, use the AESend function to send the Apple event. The Apple Event Manager uses the Event Manager to transmit the Apple event to the server application. The AESend function requires that you specify whether and how your application should wait for a reply from the server. When the server receives your Apple event, the Apple Event Manager prepares a reply Apple event for your application by passing a default reply Apple event to the server. The Apple Event Manager returns any nonzero result code from the server’s handler in the keyErrorNumber parameter of the reply Apple event. If your application wants to return an error string, add it to the reply Apple event in the keyErrorString parameter. The server can also use this reply Apple event to return any data you requested—for example, the results of a numerical calculation or a list of misspelled words. You specify how your application should wait for a reply by using one of these flags in the sendMode parameter of the AESend function. Flag Description kAENoReply Your application does not want a reply Apple event; the server processes your Apple event as soon as it has the opportunity. kAEQueueReply Your application wants a reply Apple event; the reply appears in your event queue as soon as the server has the opportunity to process and respond to your Apple event. kAEWaitReply Your application wants a reply Apple event and is willing to give up the processor while waiting for the reply; for example, if the server application is on the same computer as your application, your application yields the processor to allow the server to respond to your Apple event. If you specify the kAEWaitReply flag, you may provide an idle function. This function should process any events that occur while your application is waiting for a reply. You supply a pointer to your idle function as a parameter to the AESend function. So that your application can process other Apple events while it is waiting for a reply, you can also specify an optional filter function to the AESend function that filters Apple events. If your Apple event may require the user to interact with the server application (for example, to specify print or file options), you can communicate your user-interaction preferences to the server by specifying one of the following flags in the sendMode parameter of the AESend function. Flag Description kAENeverInteract The server application should never interact with the user in response to this Apple event. If this flag is set, AEInteractWithUser does not bring the server application to the foreground (this is the default when an Apple event is sent to a remote application). kAECanInteract The server application can interact with the user in response to this Apple event—by convention, if the user needs to supply information to the server. If this flag is set and the server allows interaction, AEInteractWithUser brings the server application to the foreground (this is the default when an Apple event is sent to a local application). kAEAlwaysInteract The server application can interact with the user in response to this Apple event—by convention, even if no information is needed from the user. If this flag is set and the server allows interaction, AEInteractWithUser brings the server application to the foreground. The Apple Event Manager does not distinguish between this flag and the kAECanInteract flag—distinguishing between them is the responsibility of the server application. kAECanSwitchLayer If both the client and server allow interaction and this flag is set, AEInteractWithUser brings the server directly to the foreground if adherence to the principle of user control allows. If the action would be contrary to this principle, AEInteractWithUser uses the Notification Manager to request that user bring the server application to the foreground. If both the client and server allow interaction and this flag is not set, AEInteractWithUser always uses the Notification Manager to request that the user bring the server application to the foreground. The server can set its own interaction preferences. The interaction of your client’s preferences and the server’s is explained in “Interacting With the User” later in this chapter. After you send an Apple event, your application is responsible for disposing of the Apple event record—and thereby deallocating the memory it uses—by calling the AEDisposeDesc function. If you create one descriptor record and add it to another, the Apple Event Manager creates a copy of the newly created one and adds that copy to the existing one. For example, you might use the AECreateDesc function to create a descriptor record that you wish to add to an Apple event. When you use the AEPutParamDesc function, it creates a copy of your newly created descriptor record and adds that copy as a parameter to an existing Apple event. Your application should dispose of all the descriptor records that are created in order to add parameters and attributes to an Apple event. You normally dispose of your Apple event and its reply after you receive a result from the AESend function. You should dispose of these even if AESend returns an error result. If your application requests a reply Apple event, your application must also dispose of the reply Apple event when finished processing it. Your application can request a reply Apple event. If you specify the kAEWaitReply flag, the reply Apple event is returned in a parameter you pass to the AESend function. If you specify the kAEQueueReply flag to the AESend function, the reply Apple event is returned in the event queue. In this case, the reply is identified by the event class kCoreEventClass and the event ID kAEAnswer; your application processes reply events that it receives in its event queue in the same manner that server applications process Apple events, as described earlier in “Responding to Apple Events.” Your application should check for the keyErrorNumber parameter of the reply Apple event to ensure that the server performed the requested action. Any error messages that the server returns for you to display to your user will appear in the keyErrorString parameter. When your handler is finished using a copy of a descriptor record used in the reply Apple event, you should dispose of them both—and thereby deallocate the memory they use—by calling the AEDisposeDesc function. The next section, “Using the Apple Event Manager,” describes in greater detail the routines necessary for sending and responding to Apple events. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Using…the…Apple…Event…Manager…Volume…VI æC »Using the Apple Event Manager Volume VI The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The following sections explain in more detail how to use the Apple Event Manager to receive, accept, and send Apple events. The first two sections describe how to accept and process Apple events and how to install entries into the Apple event dispatch table. The following section fully explains how your application should handle the required Apple events, and it provides code that shows sample handlers for the required Apple events. Additional sections describe how to • handle events that support publish and subscribe features • get data out of an Apple event • write handlers that perform the action requested by an Apple event • reply to an Apple event • dispose of Apple event data structures • interact with the user when processing an Apple event • create an Apple event • send an Apple event • write an idle function • write a reply filter function • write and install coercion handlers • use the Application Died event to ascertain the termination of an application that has been launched by your application The Apple Event Manager is available only in system software version 7.0. Use the Gestalt function with the gestaltAppleEventsAttr selector to determine whether the Apple Event Manager is available. In the response parameter, the bit defined by the constant gestaltAppleEventsPresent is set if the Apple Event Manager is available. CONST gestaltAppleEventsAttr = 'evnt'; {Gestalt selector} gestaltAppleEventsPresent = 0; {if this bit is set, then } {Apple Event Mgr’s available} _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Accepting…an…Apple…Event æC »Accepting an Apple Event The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ To accept Apple events (or any other high-level events), you must set the appropriate flags in your application’s 'SIZE' resource and include code to handle high-level events in your application’s main event loop. Two flags in the 'SIZE' resource determine whether an application receives high-level events: • The isHighLevelEventAware flag must be set for your application to receive any high-level events. • The localAndRemoteHLEvents flag must be set for your application to receive high-level events sent from another computer on the network. Note that in order for your application to respond to Apple events sent from remote computers, the user of your application must also allow network users to link to your application. The user does this by selecting your application from the Finder and choosing Sharing from the File menu and then clicking the Allow Remote Program Linking checkbox. If the user has not yet started program linking, the Sharing command offers to display the Sharing Setup control panel so that the user can start program linking. The user must also authorize remote users for program linking by using the Users and Groups control panel. Program linking and setting up authenticated sessions are described in the Program-to-Program Communications chapter in this volume. For a complete description of the 'SIZE' resource, see the Event Manager chapter in this volume. Apple events (and other high-level events) are identified by a message class of kHighLevelEvent in the what field of the event record. You can test the what field of the event record to determine whether the event is a high-level event. Listing 6-1 is an example of a procedure called from an application’s main event loop that handles events, including high-level events. The procedure determines the type of event received and then calls another routine to take the appropriate action. ¿ Listing 6-1 A DoEvent procedure PROCEDURE DoEvent (event: EventRecord); BEGIN CASE event.what OF {determine the type of event} mouseDown: DoMouseDown (event); . . {handle other kinds of events} . {handle high-level events, including Apple events} kHighLevelEvent: DoHighLevelEvent (event); END; END; Listing 6-2 is an example of a DoHighLevelEvent procedure that handles Apple events and also handles the high-level event identified by the event class mySpecialHLEventClass and the event ID mySpecialHLEventID. Note that, in most cases, you should use Apple events to communicate with other applications. ¿ Listing 6-2 A DoHighLevelEvent procedure for handling Apple events and other high-level events PROCEDURE DoHighLevelEvent (event: EventRecord); VAR myErr : OSErr; BEGIN IF event.message = LongInt(mySpecialHLEventClass) AND event.where = LongInt(mySpecialHLEventID) THEN BEGIN {it's a high-level event that doesn't use AEIMP} myErr := HandleMySpecialHLEvent(event); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); {perform the necessary error handling} END; ELSE {otherwise, assume that the event is an Apple event} BEGIN myErr := AEProcessAppleEvent(event); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); END; END; If your application accepts high-level events that do not follow the Apple Event Interprocess Messaging Protocol (AEIMP), you must dispatch these high-level events before calling AEProcessAppleEvent. To dispatch a high-level event that does not follow AEIMP, for each event you should check the event class, the event ID, or both to see if the event is one that your application can handle. After receiving a high-level event (and, if appropriate, checking whether it is a type of high-level event other than an Apple event), your application typically calls the AEProcessAppleEvent function. The AEProcessAppleEvent function determines the type of Apple event received, gets the event buffer that contains the parameters and attributes of the Apple event, and calls the corresponding Apple event handler routine in your application. You should provide a handler routine for each Apple event that your application supports. Your handler routine for a particular Apple event is responsible for performing the action requested by the Apple event, and your handler can optionally return data in the reply Apple event. After your handler finishes processing the Apple event and adds any parameters to the default reply, it should return a result code to AEProcessAppleEvent. If the client application is waiting for a reply, the Apple Event Manager returns the reply Apple event to the client. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Installing…Entries…Into…the…Apple…Event…Dispatch…Tables æC »Installing Entries Into the Apple Event Dispatch Tables The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ When your application receives an Apple event, use the AEProcessAppleEvent function to retrieve the data buffer of the event and to route the Apple event to the appropriate Apple event handler in your application. Your application supplies an Apple event dispatch table to provide a mapping between the Apple events your application supports and the Apple event handlers provided by your application. To install entries into your application’s Apple event dispatch table, use the AEInstallEventHandler function. You usually install entries for all of the Apple events that your application accepts into your application’s Apple event dispatch table. For each Apple event your application supports, you should install entries in your Apple event dispatch table that specify • the event class of the Apple event • the event ID of the Apple event • the address of the Apple event handler for the Apple event • a reference constant You provide this information to the AEInstallEventHandler function. In addition, you indicate to the AEInstallEventHandler function whether the entry should be added to your application’s Apple event dispatch table or the system Apple event dispatch table. The system Apple event dispatch table is a table in the system heap that contains handlers that are available to all applications and processes running on the same computer. The handlers in your application’s Apple event dispatch table are available only to your application. If AEProcessAppleEvent cannot find a handler for the Apple event in your application’s Apple event dispatch table, it looks in the system Apple event dispatch table for a handler. If it doesn’t find a handler there either, it returns the errAEEventNotHandled result code. Listing 6-3 illustrates how to add entries for the required Apple events to your application’s Apple event dispatch table. ¿ Listing 6-3 Inserting entries for required Apple events into an application’s Apple event dispatch table myErr := AEInstallEventHandler (kCoreEventClass, kAEOpenApplication, @MyOAPP, 0, FALSE); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); myErr := AEInstallEventHandler (kCoreEventClass, kAEOpenDocuments, @MyODOC, 0, FALSE); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); myErr := AEInstallEventHandler (kCoreEventClass, kAEPrintDocuments, @MyPDOC, 0, FALSE); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); myErr := AEInstallEventHandler (kCoreEventClass, kAEQuitApplication, @MyQUIT, 0, FALSE); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); The code in Listing 6-3 creates an entry for all required Apple events in the Apple event dispatch table. The first entry creates an entry for the Open Application event. The entry indicates the event class and event ID of the Open Application event, the address of the handler for that event, and specifies 0 as the reference constant. This entry is installed into the application’s Apple event dispatch table. The reference constant is passed to your handler by the Apple Event Manager each time your handler is called. Your application can use this reference constant for any purpose. If your application doesn’t use the reference constant, use 0 as the value. The last parameter to the AEInstallEventHandler function is a Boolean value that determines whether the entry is added to the system Apple event dispatch table or to your application’s Apple event dispatch table. To add the entry to your application’s dispatch table, use FALSE as the value of this parameter. If you specify TRUE, the entry is added to the system’s Apple event dispatch table. If you add a handler to the system Apple event dispatch table, the handler that you specify must reside in the system heap. Note: When an application calls a system Apple event handler, the A5 register is set up for the calling application. For this reason, if you provide a system Apple event handler, it should never use A5 global variables or anything that depends on a particular context; otherwise, the application that calls the system handler may crash. For any entry in your Apple event dispatch table, you can specify a wildcard value for the event class, event ID, or both. You specify a wildcard by supplying the typeWildCard constant when installing an entry into the Apple event dispatch table. A wildcard value matches all possible values. For example, if you specify an entry with the typeWildCard event class and the kAEOpenDocuments event ID, the Apple Event Manager dispatches Apple events of any event class and an event ID of kAEOpenDocuments to the handler for that entry. If you specify an entry with the kCoreEventClass event class and the typeWildCard event ID, the Apple Event Manager dispatches Apple events of the kCoreEventClass event class and any event ID to the handler for that entry. If you specify an entry with the typeWildCard event class and the typeWildCard event ID, the Apple Event Manager dispatches all Apple events of any event class and any event ID to the handler for that entry. If the AEProcessAppleEvent function cannot find a handler for an Apple event in either the application’s Apple event dispatch table or the system Apple event dispatch table, it returns the result code errAEEventNotHandled to the Apple event server. If the client is waiting for a reply, AESend also returns this result code as its function result. If your application supports the Edition Manager, you should also add entries to your application’s Apple event dispatch table for the Apple events that your application receives from the Edition Manager. Listing 6-4 shows how to add entries for these Apple events to your application’s Apple event dispatch table. ¿ Listing 6-4 Inserting entries for Apple events sent by the Edition Manager into an application’s Apple event dispatch table myErr := AEInstallEventHandler(sectionEventMsgClass, sectionReadMsgID, @MyHandleSectionReadEvent, 0, FALSE); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); myErr := AEInstallEventHandler(sectionEventMsgClass, sectionWriteMsgID, @MyHandleSectionWriteEvent, 0, FALSE); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); myErr := AEInstallEventHandler(sectionEventMsgClass, sectionScrollMsgID, @MyHandleSectionScrollEvent, 0, FALSE); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); See “Handling Apple Events Sent by the Edition Manager” later in this chapter for the parameters associated with these events. See the Edition Manager chapter in this volume for information on how your application should respond to the Apple events sent by the Edition Manager. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Handling…the…Required…Apple…Events æC »Handling the Required Apple Events The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ This section describes the required Apple events—the Apple events your application must support to be 7.0-friendly—and the descriptor types for all parameters of the required Apple events. It also describes how to write the handlers for these events, and it provides sample code. To support the required Apple events, you must set the necessary flags in the 'SIZE' resource of your application, install entries into your application’s Apple event dispatch table, add code to the event loop of your application to recognize high-level events, and call the AEProcessAppleEvent function, as described in the preceding two sections. You must also write handlers to handle each Apple event; this section describes how to write these handlers. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Required…Apple…Events æC »Required Apple Events The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ When a user opens or prints a file from the Finder, the Finder sets up the information your application can use to determine which files to open or print. In version 7.0, if your application supports high-level events, the Finder communicates this information to your application through the required Apple events. The Finder sends one of the required Apple events to your application to request that it open or print a list of documents, inform it that the Finder has just opened your application, or inform it that the Finder is about to terminate your application. These are the required Apple events. Apple event Requested action Open Application Perform tasks associated with opening your application Open Documents Open the specified documents Print Documents Print the specified documents Quit Application Perform tasks—such as releasing memory, requesting the user to save documents, and so on—associated with quitting; the Finder sends this event to an application immediately after sending it a Print Documents event or if the user chooses Restart or Shut Down from the Finder’s Special menu. The Finder uses the required Apple events as part of the new mechanisms in system software version 7.0 for launching and terminating applications. This new method of communicating Finder information to your application replaces the mechanisms used in earlier versions of system software. Applications that do not support high-level events can still use the CountAppFiles, GetAppFiles, and ClrAppFiles procedures (or the GetAppParms procedure) to get the Finder information. See the Segment Loader chapter of Volume II for information on these routines. To make your application 7.0-friendly and compatible with earlier versions of system software, it must support both the old and new mechanisms. Use the Gestalt function to determine whether the Apple Event Manager is present. If it is and the isHighLevelEventAware flag is set in your application’s 'SIZE' resource, your application receives the Finder information through the required Apple events. If your application accepts high-level events, the Finder sends it an Open Application, Open Documents, or Print Documents event immediately after launching your application. Upon receiving any of these events, your application should perform the action requested by the event. Note: This section describes the required Apple events as they are sent by the Finder. When sent by other applications or processes, these same Apple events—which are among the core Apple events described in the Apple Event Registry—can include optional parameters not listed here. To be 7.0-friendly, your application only needs to handle the required parameters that are described in this section. Open Application—perform tasks associated with opening an application Event class kCoreEventClass Event ID kAEOpenApplication Parameters None Requested action Perform any tasks—such as opening an untitled document window—that you would normally perform when a user opens your application. Open Documents—open the specified documents Event class kCoreEventClass Event ID kAEOpenDocuments Required parameter Keyword: keyDirectObject Descriptor type: typeAEList Data: A list of alias records for the documents to be Requested action Open the documents specified in the keyDirectObject parameter. Print Documents—print the specified documents Event class kCoreEventClass Event ID kAEPrintDocuments Required parameter Keyword: keyDirectObject Descriptor type: typeAEList Data: A list of alias records for the documents to Requested action Print the documents specified in the keyDirectObject parameter without opening windows for the documents. The documents should remain open afterward. Quit Application—perform tasks associated with quitting Event class kCoreEventClass Event ID kAEQuitApplication Parameters None Requested action Perform any tasks that your application would normally perform when the user chooses Quit. Such tasks typically include asking the user if he or she wants to save documents that have been changed. The Finder sends this event to an application immediately after sending it a Print Documents event or if the user chooses Restart or Shut Down from the Finder’s Special menu. Your application needs to recognize only two descriptor types to handle the required Apple events: descriptor lists and alias records. The Open Documents event and Print Documents event use descriptor lists to store a list of documents to open. Each document is specified as an alias record in the descriptor list. You can retrieve the data that specifies the document to open as an alias record, or you can request that the Apple Event Manager coerce the alias record to a file system specification (FSSpec) record. The file system specification record provides a standard method of identifying files in version 7.0. See the File Manager chapter in this volume for a complete description of how to specify files using file system specification records. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Handling…the…Open…Application…Event æC »Handling the Open Application Event The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ To handle the Open Application event, your application should do just what it does when the user opens your application. For example, your application might open a new untitled document window in response to an Open Application event. Listing 6-5 shows a handler that processes the Open Application event. The Open Application event does not have any required parameters. This handler first calls an application-defined function called MyGotRequiredParams. This function checks whether the Apple event contains any required parameters. By definition, the Open Application event should not contain any required parameters so, if the Apple event does contain any, the handler returns an error. Otherwise the handler opens a new document window. ¿ Listing 6-5 A handler for the Open Application event FUNCTION MyHandleOApp (theAppleEvent, reply: AppleEvent; handlerRefcon: LongInt) : OSErr; VAR myErr: OSErr; BEGIN myErr := MyGotRequiredParams (theAppleEvent); IF myErr <> noErr THEN MyHandleOApp := myErr ELSE BEGIN DoNew; MyHandleOApp := noErr; END; END; The MyGotRequiredParams function checks that all required parameters have been extracted from the Apple event. See Listing 6-11 in “Writing Apple Event Handlers” later in this chapter for a description of the MyGotRequiredParams function. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Handling…the…Open…Documents…Event æC »Handling the Open Documents Event The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ To handle the Open Documents event, your application should open the documents specified in the Apple event. The Open Documents event contains a list of documents to open in its direct parameter. Your application extracts this information and then opens the specified documents. Listing 6-6 shows a handler for the Open Documents event. The handler illustrates how to open the documents referred to in the direct parameter. ¿ Listing 6-6 A handler for the Open Documents event FUNCTION MyHandleODoc (theAppleEvent, reply: AppleEvent; handlerRefcon: LongInt) : OSErr; VAR myFSS: FSSpec; docList: AEDescList; myErr: OSErr; index, itemsInList: LongInt; actualSize: Size; keywd: AEKeyword; returnedType: DescType; BEGIN {get the direct parameter--a descriptor list--and put it into docList} myErr := AEGetParamDesc(theAppleEvent, keyDirectObject, typeAEList, docList); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); {check for missing required parameters} myErr := MyGotRequiredParams(theAppleEvent); IF myErr <> noErr THEN {an error occurred} BEGIN {do the necessary error handling} MyHandleODoc := myErr; Exit (MyHandleODoc); END; {count the number of descriptor records in the list} myErr := AECountItems (docList, itemsInList); {now get each descriptor record from the list, get the alias record } { out of it, and open the associated file} FOR index := 1 TO itemsInList DO BEGIN myErr := AEGetNthPtr(docList, index, typeFSS, keywd, returnedType, @myFSS, Sizeof(myFSS), actualSize); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); myErr := MyOpenFile(@myFSS); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); END; myErr := AEDisposeDesc(docList); MyHandleODoc := noErr; END; The handler in Listing 6-6 first uses the AEGetParamDesc function to get the direct parameter (specified by the keyDirectObject keyword) out of the Apple event. The handler requests that AEGetParamDesc return a descriptor list in the docList variable. The handler then checks to make sure that it has retrieved all of the required parameters by calling the MyGotRequiredParams function (see Listing 6-11 for a description of this routine). Once the handler has retrieved the descriptor list from the Apple event, it uses AECountItems to count the number of descriptors in the list. Using the returned number as an index, the handler can get the data of each descriptor record in the list. This handler requests that the AEGetNthPtr function coerce the data in the descriptor record to a file system specification record. The handler can then use the file system specification record as a parameter to its own routine for opening files. For more information on the AEGetParamDesc function, see “Getting Data out of Parameters” later in this chapter. Also see “Getting Data out of Descriptor Lists” for further information on the AEGetNthPtr and AECountItems functions. After extracting the file system specification record that describes the document to open, your application can use this record to open the file. For example, in Listing 6-6, the code passes the file system specification record to its routine for opening files, the MyOpenFile function. The MyOpenFile function is designed so that it can be called both in response to the Open Documents event and to events generated by the user. For example, when the user chooses Open from the File menu, the code that handles the mouse-down event uses the StandardGetFile procedure to let the user choose a file; it then calls MyOpenFile, passing the file system specification record returned by StandardGetFile. By isolating code that performs a requested action from code that interacts with the user, you can easily adapt your application to handle Apple events that request the same action. Note that your handler should use the AEDisposeDesc function to dispose of the descriptor list when your handler no longer requires the data in it. Your handler should also return a result code. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Handling…the…Print…Documents…Event æC »Handling the Print Documents Event The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ To handle the Print Documents event, your application should print the documents specified in the Apple event. The Print Documents event contains a list of documents to print in its direct parameter. Your application extracts this information and then prints the specified documents. Your application should not open any windows for the documents. Also note that your application should remain open after processing the Print Documents event; the Finder sends your application a Quit Application event immediately after sending it a Print Documents event. Listing 6-7 shows a handler for the Print Documents event. This handler is similar to the handler for the Open Documents event. The code illustrates how to print the documents referred to in the direct parameter. ¿ Listing 6-7 A handler for the Print Documents event FUNCTION MyHandlePDoc (theAppleEvent, reply: AppleEvent; handlerRefcon: LongInt) : OSErr; VAR myFSS: FSSpec; docList: AEDescList; myErr: OSErr; index, itemsInList: LongInt; actualSize: Size; keywd: AEKeyword; returnedType: DescType; BEGIN {get the direct parameter--a descriptor list--and put it into docList} myErr := AEGetParamDesc(theAppleEvent, keyDirectObject, typeAEList, docList); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); {check for missing required parameters} myErr := MyGotRequiredParams(theAppleEvent); IF myErr <> noErr THEN {an error occurred} BEGIN {do the necessary error handling} MyHandlePDoc := myErr; Exit(MyHandlePDoc); END; {count the number of descriptor records in the list} myErr := AECountItems (docList, itemsInList); {now get each descriptor record from the list, get the alias record } { out of it, and print the associated file} FOR index := 1 TO itemsInList DO BEGIN myErr := AEGetNthPtr(docList, index, typeFSS, keywd, returnedType, @myFSS, Sizeof(myFSS), actualSize); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); MyPrintFile(@myFSS); END; myErr := AEDisposeDesc(docList); MyHandlePDoc := noErr; END; _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Handling…the…Quit…Application…Event æC »Handling the Quit Application Event The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ To handle the Quit Application event, your application should take any actions that are necessary before it is terminated (such as saving any open documents). Listing 6-8 shows an example of a handler for the Quit Application event. The Finder sends your application a Quit Application event immediately after a Print Documents event. The Finder also sends your application a Quit Application event if the user chooses Restart or Shut Down from the Finder’s Special menu. ¿ Listing 6-8 A handler for the Quit Application event FUNCTION MyHandleQuit (theAppleEvent, reply: AppleEvent; handlerRefcon: LongInt) : OSErr; VAR userCanceled : Boolean; BEGIN {check for missing required parameters} myErr := MyGotRequiredParams (theAppleEvent); IF myErr <> noErr THEN {an error occurred} BEGIN {do the necessary error handling} MyHandleQuit := myErr; Exit (MyHandleQuit); END; userCanceled := MyPrepareToTerminate; IF userCanceled THEN MyHandleQuit := userCanceledErr ELSE MyHandleQuit := noErr; END; The handler in Listing 6-8 calls another function supplied by the application, the MyPrepareToTerminate function. This function saves the documents for any open windows and returns a Boolean value that indicates whether the Quit request was canceled by the user. This is another example of isolating code for interacting with the user from the code that performs the requested action. Structuring your application in this way allows your application to use the same routine when responding to a user event (such as choosing the Quit command from the File menu) or to the corresponding Apple event. (For a description of the MyGotRequiredParams function, see “Writing Apple Event Handlers” later in this chapter.) Note that your handler must not call the ExitToShell procedure. In Listing 6-8, the application calls the ExitToShell procedure only if the handler returns noErr as its function result. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Handling…Apple…Events…Sent…by…the…Edition…Manager æC »Handling Apple Events Sent by the Edition Manager The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ If your application provides publish and subscribe capabilities, it should handle the Apple events sent by the Edition Manager in addition to the required Apple events. Your application should also handle the Create Publisher event. The Create Publisher event is described in the next section. The Edition Manager sends your application Apple events to communicate information about the publishers and subscribers in your application’s documents. Specifically, the Edition Manager uses Apple events to notify your application • when the information in an edition is updated • when your application needs to write the data from a publisher to an edition • when your application should locate a particular publisher and scroll the document to that location The Apple events sent by the Edition Manager to your application are the Section Read event, Section Write event, and Section Scroll event. Section Read—read information into the specified section Event class SectionEventMsgClass Event ID SectionReadMsgID Required parameter Keyword: keyDirectObject descriptor type: typeSectionH Data: A handle to the section record of the whose Requested action Update the subscriber with the new information from the edition. Section Write—write the specified section to an edition Event class SectionEventMsgClass Event ID SectionWriteMsgID Required parameter Keyword: keyDirectObject descriptor type: typeSectionH Data: A handle to the section record of the Requested action Write the publisher’s data to its edition. Section Scroll—scroll the document to the specified section Event class SectionEventMsgClass Event ID SectionScrollMsgIDi.SectionScrollMsgID event ID 6-; Required parameter Keyword: keyDirectObject descriptor type: typeSectionH Data: A handle to the section record of the to Requested action Scroll the document to the publisher identified by the specified section record. See the Edition Manager chapter in this volume for details on how your application should respond to these events. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Handling…the…Create…Publisher…Event æC »Handling the Create Publisher Event The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ If your application supports publish and subscribe capabilities, it should also handle the Create Publisher event. Create Publisher—create a publisher Event class kAEMiscStdSuite Event ID kAECreatePublisher Required parameter none Optional parameter Keyword: keyDirectObject descriptor type: typeObjectSpecifier Data: The part of the document to publish. If is Optional parameter Keyword: keyAEEditionFileLoc descriptor type: typeAlias Data: An alias record that contains the Requested action Create a publisher for the specified data using the specified location for the edition container. If the data isn’t specified, publish the current selection. If the location of the edition isn’t specified, use the default location. When your application receives the Create Publisher event, it should create a publisher by writing the publisher's data to an edition. The data of the publisher, and the location and name of the edition, are defined by the Apple event. If the Create Publisher event includes a keyDirectObject parameter, then your application should publish the data contained in the parameter. If the keyDirectObject parameter is missing, then your application should publish the current selection. If the document doesn’t have a current selection, your handler for the event should return a non-zero result code. If the Create Publisher event includes a keyAEEditionFileLoc parameter, then your application should use the location and name contained in the parameter as the default location and name of the edition. If the keyAEEditionFileLoc parameter is missing, then your application should use the default location and name your application normally uses to specify the edition container. Listing 6-9 shows a handler for the Create Publisher event. This handler checks for the keyDirectObject parameter and the keyAEEditionFileLoc parameter. If either of these are not specified, the handler uses default values. The handler uses the DoNewPublisher function, an application-defined function, to create the publisher and its edition, create a section record, and update other data structures associated with the document. See Listing 4-4 in the Edition Manager chapter for an example of the DoNewPublisher function. Note that the handler uses the AEInteractWithUser function to determine if user interaction is allowed. If user interaction is allowed, the handler sets the promptForDialog variable to TRUE, indicating that the DoNewPublisher function should display the publisher dialog box. If user interaction is not allowed, the handler sets the promptForDialog variable to FALSE, and the DoNewPublisher function does not prompt the user for the location or name of the edition. ¿ Listing 6-9 Handler for the Create Publisher event FUNCTION MyHandleCreatePublisherEvent(theAppleEvent, reply: AppleEvent; handlerRefcon: LongInt) : OSErr; VAR myErr: OSErr; returnedType: DescType; thePublisherDataDesc: AEDesc; actualSize: LongInt; promptForDialog: Boolean; thisDocument: MyDocumentInfoPtr; preview: Handle; previewFormat: FormatType; defaultLocation: EditionContainerSpec; BEGIN MyGetDocumentPtr(thisDocument); myErr := AEGetParamDesc(theAppleEvent, keyDirectObject, typeObjectSpecifier, thePublisherDataDesc); CASE myErr OF errAEDescNotFound: BEGIN {use the current selection as the publisher } { set up info for later when DoNewPublisher displays preview} preview := MyGetPreviewForSelection(thisDocument); previewFormat := 'TEXT'; END noErr: {Use the data in keyDirectObject parameter as the publisher } { (which is returned in thePublisherDataDesc variable) } { set up info for later when DoNewPublisher displays preview} MySetInfoForPreview(thePublisherDataDesc, thisDocument, preview, previewFormat); OTHERWISE DoError(myErr); END; myErr := AEGetParamPtr(theAppleEvent, keyAEEditionFileLoc, typeFSS, returnedType, @defaultLocation.theFile, SizeOf(FSSpec), actualSize); CASE myErr OF errAEDescNotFound: {use the default location as the edition container} myErr := MyGetDefaultEditionSpec(thisDocument, defaultLocation); noErr: BEGIN {The keyAEEditionFileLoc parameter } { contained a default location} defaultLocation.thePart := kPartsNotUsed; defaultLocation.theFileScript := smSystemScript; END OTHERWISE DoError(myErr); END; myErr := MyGotRequiredParams(theAppleEvent); IF myErr <> noErr THEN BEGIN {handle the error appropriately} MyHandleCreatePublisherEvent := myErr; END; promptForDialog := (AEInteractWithUser(kAEDefaultTimeout, NIL, @MyIdleFunction) = noErr); myErr := DoNewPublisher(thisDocument, promptForDialog, preview, previewFormat, defaultLocation); {add keyErrorNumber and keyErrorString parameters if desired} MyHandleCreatePublisherEvent := myErr; END; _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Getting…Data…out…of…an…Apple…Event æC »Getting Data out of an Apple Event The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The Apple Event Manager stores the parameters and attributes of an Apple event in a format that is internal to the Apple Event Manager. You use Apple Event Manager functions to retrieve the data from an Apple event and return it to your application in a format your application can use. The Apple Event Manager provides functions that retrieve data from parameters and attributes. Most of these functions are available in two forms: one that returns the desired data in a specified buffer and one that returns a descriptor record containing the same data. For example, the AEGetParamPtr function returns the data of a specified parameter, and the AEGetParamDesc function returns the descriptor record of a specified parameter. You can also use Apple Event Manager functions to get data out of descriptor records, descriptor lists, and AE records. You use similar functions to put data into descriptor records, descriptor lists, and AE records. When your handler receives an Apple event, you’ll typically use the AEGetParamPtr, AEGetAttrPtr, AEGetParamDesc, or AEGetAttrDesc function to get the data out of the Apple event. Some Apple Event Manager functions let your application request that the data be returned using any descriptor type, even if it is different from the original descriptor type. If the original data is of a different descriptor type, the Apple Event Manager attempts to coerce the data to the requested descriptor type. For example, the AEGetParamPtr function lets you specify the desired descriptor type of the resulting data. VAR theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; returnedType: DescType; multResult: LongInt; actualSize: Size; myErr: OSErr; myErr := AEGetParamPtr(theAppleEvent, keyMultResult, typeLongInteger, returnedType, @multResult, SizeOf(multResult), actualSize); In this example, the desired type is specified in the third parameter by the typeLongInteger descriptor type. This requests that the Apple Event Manager coerce the data to the type defined by this descriptor type (a long integer) if it is not already of this type. To ensure that no coercion is performed and that the descriptor type of the result is of the same type as the original, you can specify typeWildCard for the desired descriptor type. The Apple Event Manager returns the descriptor type of the resulting data in the fourth parameter. This is useful information when you specify typeWildCard as the desired descriptor type; you can determine the descriptor type of the resulting data by examining the fourth parameter. The Apple Event Manager can coerce many different types of data into another. For example, the Apple Event Manager can convert alias records to file system specification records, integers to Boolean data types, and characters to numeric data types, in addition to other data type conversions. You can also provide your own coercion handlers to coerce other data types. See “Writing and Installing Coercion Handlers” later in this chapter for information on the coercion provided by the Apple Event Manager and how to provide your own coercion handlers. Parameters are keyword-specified descriptor records. You can use AEGetParamDesc to get the descriptor record of a parameter, or you can use AEGetParamPtr to get the data out of the descriptor record of a parameter. Attributes are also keyword-specified descriptor records, and you can use similar routines to get the descriptor record of an attribute or to get the data out of an attribute. The following sections show examples of how to use the AEGetParamPtr, AEGetAttrPtr, AEGetParamDesc, or AEGetAttrDesc function to get the data out of an Apple event. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Getting…Data…out…of…a…Parameter æC »Getting Data out of a Parameter The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You can use the AEGetParamPtr or AEGetParamDesc function to get the data out of a parameter. Use the AEGetParamPtr function to return the data contained in a parameter. Use the AEGetParamDesc function when you need to get the descriptor record of a parameter. You often use the AEGetParamDesc function to extract the descriptor list from a parameter. You can also use the AEGetKeyPtr function to return the data contained in a parameter. The AEGetKeyPtr function provides an additional feature; you can use this function to get data out of an AE record. See “Getting Data and Keyword-Specified Descriptor Records From AE Records” later in this chapter for information on this function. For example, you use an Apple Event Manager function to get the data out of a Section Read event. The Edition Manager sends your application a Section Read event to tell your application to read updated information from an edition into the specified subscriber. The direct parameter of the Apple event contains a handle to the section record of the subscriber. You can use the AEGetParamPtr function to get the data out of the Apple event. You specify the Apple event that contains the desired parameter, the keyword of the desired parameter, the descriptor type the function should use to return the data, a buffer to store the data, and the size of this buffer as parameters to the AEGetParamPtr function. The AEGetParamPtr function returns the descriptor type of the resulting data and the actual size of the data, and it places the requested data in the specified buffer. VAR SectionH: sectionHandle; theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; returnedType: DescType; actualSize: Size; myErr: OSErr; myErr := AEGetParamPtr(theAppleEvent, keyDirectObject, typeSectionH, returnedType, @sectionH, SizeOf(sectionH), actualSize); In this example, the keyDirectObject keyword specifies that the AEGetParamPtr function should extract information from the direct parameter; AEGetParamPtr returns the data in the buffer specified by the sectionH variable. You can request that the Apple Event Manager return the data using the descriptor type of the original data or you can request that the Apple Event Manager coerce the data into a descriptor type that is different from the original. You can specify the desired descriptor type as typeWildCard if you don’t want any coercion performed—in which case, the AEGetParamPtr function returns the original descriptor type of the parameter. The typeSectionH descriptor type specifies that the returned data should be coerced to a handle to a section record. In this example, the Apple Event Manager automatically coerces the data from a temporary ID to a handle to a section record when you specify the typeSectionH descriptor type. You can use the information returned in the sectionH variable to identify the subscriber and read in the information from the edition. In this example, the AEGetParamPtr function returns in the returnedType variable the descriptor type of the resulting data. In most cases, the descriptor type of the resulting data matches the requested descriptor type, unless the Apple Event Manager wasn’t able to coerce the data to the specified descriptor type. If the coercion fails, the Apple Event Manager returns the errAECoercionFail result code. The AEGetParamPtr function returns the actual size of the data in the actualSize variable. If the value returned in the actualSize variable is greater than the amount your application allocated for the buffer to hold the returned data, your application can increase the size of its buffer to this amount, and get the data again. You can also choose to use the AEGetParamDesc function when your application doesn’t know the size of the data. You can use the AEGetParamDesc function to return the descriptor record of a parameter. This function is useful, for example, when extracting descriptor lists from a parameter. You specify the Apple event that contains the desired parameter, the keyword of the desired parameter, the descriptor type the function should use to return the descriptor record, and a buffer to store the returned descriptor record as parameters to the AEGetParamDesc function. The AEGetParamDesc function returns the descriptor record using the specified descriptor type. For example, the direct parameter of the Open Documents event contains a descriptor list that specifies the documents to open. You can use the AEGetParamDesc function to get the descriptor list out of the direct parameter. VAR docList: AEDescList; theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; myErr: OSErr; myErr := AEGetParamDesc(theAppleEvent, keyDirectObject, typeAEList, docList); In this example, the Apple event specified by the variable theAppleEvent contains the desired parameter. The keyDirectObject keyword specifies that the AEGetParamDesc function should get the descriptor record of the direct parameter. The typeAEList descriptor type specifies that the descriptor record should be returned as a descriptor list. In this example, the AEGetParamDesc function returns a descriptor list in the docList variable. The descriptor list contains a list of descriptor records. To get the descriptor records and their data out of a descriptor list, use the AECountItems function to find the number of descriptor records in the list, and then make repetitive calls to the AEGetNthPtr function to get the data out of each descriptor record. See “Getting Data out of a Descriptor List” later in this chapter for more information. Note that the AEGetParamDesc function copies the descriptor record from the parameter. When you’re done with a descriptor record that you obtained from AEGetParamDesc, you must dispose of it by calling the AEDisposeDesc function. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Getting…Data…out…of…an…Attribute æC »Getting Data out of an Attribute The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You can use the AEGetAttributePtr or AEGetAttributeDesc function to get the data out of the attributes of an Apple event. You can get the data out of an attribute using the AEGetAttributePtr function. You specify the Apple event that contains the desired attribute, the keyword of the desired attribute, the descriptor type the function should use to return the data, a buffer to store the data, and the size of this buffer as parameters to the AEGetAttributePtr function. The AEGetAttributePtr function returns the descriptor type of the returned data and the actual size of the data, and it places the requested data in the specified buffer. For example, this code gets the data out of the keyEventSourceAttr attribute of an Apple event. VAR theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; returnedType: DescType; sourceOfAE: Integer; actualSize: Size; myErr: OSErr; myErr := AEGetAttributePtr(theAppleEvent, keyEventSourceAttr, typeShortInteger, returnedType, sourceOfAE, SizeOf(sourceOfAE), actualSize); The keyEventSourceAttr keyword specifies the attribute to get the data from. The typeShortInteger descriptor type specifies that the data should be returned as a short integer; the returnedType variable contains the actual descriptor type that is returned. You also must specify a buffer to hold the returned data, and specify the size of this buffer. The AEGetAttributePtr function returns the actual size of the data returned in the actualSize variable. You can check this value to make sure you got all the data. As with the AEGetParamPtr function, you can request that AEGetAttributePtr return the data using the descriptor type of the original data, or you can request that the Apple Event Manager coerce the data into a descriptor type that is different from the original. In this example, the AEGetAttributePtr function returns the requested data in the sourceOfAE variable, and you can determine the source of the Apple event by examining this value. The next example shows how to use the AEGetAttributePtr function to get data out of the keyMissedKeywordAttr attribute. After your handler extracts all known parameters from an Apple event, it should check whether the keyMissedKeywordAttr attribute exists. If it does, then your handler did not get all of the required parameters. Note that if AEGetAttributePtr returns the errAEDescNotFound result code, then the keyMissedKeywordAttr does not exist—which indicates that your application has extracted all of the required parameters. If AEGetAttributePtr returns noErr, then the keyMissedKeywordAttr does exist—which indicates that your handler did not get all of the required parameters. myErr := AEGetAttributePtr(theAppleEvent, keyMissedKeywordAttr, typeWildCard, returnedType, NIL, 0, actualSize); The data in the keyMissedKeywordAttr attribute contains the first required parameter, if any, that your handler didn’t retrieve. If you want this data returned, specify a buffer to hold the data and specify the size of the buffer. Otherwise, as in this example, specify NIL as the buffer and 0 as the size of the buffer. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Getting…Data…out…of…a…Descriptor…List æC »Getting Data out of a Descriptor List The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You can use the AECountItems function to count the number of items in a descriptor list, and you can use AEGetNthDesc or AEGetNthPtr to get a descriptor record or its data out of a descriptor list. The Open Documents event contains a direct parameter that specifies the list of documents to open. The list of documents is contained in a descriptor list. After extracting the descriptor list from the parameter, you can determine the number of items in the list and then extract each descriptor record from the descriptor list. See Figure 6-6 in “Data Structures Within Apple Events” earlier in this chapter for a depiction of the Open Documents event. For example, when your handler receives an Open Documents event, you can use the AEGetParamDesc function to return the direct parameter as a descriptor list. You can then use AECountItems to return the number of descriptor records in the list. VAR theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; docList: AEDescList; itemsInList: LongInt; myErr: OSErr; myErr := AEGetParamDesc(theAppleEvent, keyDirectObject, typeAEList, docList); myErr := AECountItems(docList, itemsInList); The AEGetParamDesc function returns in the docList variable the descriptor list from the direct parameter of the Open Documents event. You specify this list to the AECountItems function. You specify the descriptor list whose items you want to count in the first parameter to AECountItems. The Apple Event Manager returns the number of items in the list in the second parameter. When extracting the descriptor records from a list, you often use the number of items as a loop index. Here’s an example: FOR index := 1 TO itemsInList DO BEGIN {for each descriptor record in the list, get its data} END; The format of the descriptor records in a descriptor list is private to the Apple Event Manager. You must use the AEGetNthPtr or AEGetNthDesc function to extract descriptor records from a descriptor list. You specify the descriptor list that contains the desired descriptor records and an index as parameters to the AEGetNthPtr function. The index represents a specific descriptor record in the descriptor list. The AEGetNthPtr returns the data from the descriptor record represented by the specified index. You also specify the descriptor type the function should use to return the data, a buffer to store the data, and the size of this buffer. The AEGetNthPtr function returns the keyword of the parameter, the descriptor type of the returned data, and the actual size of the data, and it places the requested data in the specified buffer. Here’s an example that uses the AEGetNthPtr function to extract an item from the descriptor list in the direct parameter of the Open Documents event. myErr := AEGetNthPtr(docList, index, typeFSS, keywd, returnedType, @myFSS, Sizeof(myFSS), actualSize); The docList variable specifies the descriptor list from the direct parameter of the Open Documents event. The index variable specifies the index of the descriptor record to extract. You can use the typeFSS descriptor type, as in this example, to specify that the data be returned as a file system specification record. The Apple Event Manager automatically coerces the original data type of the descriptor record from an alias record to a file system specification record. The AEGetNthPtr function returns the keyword of the parameter in the keywd variable. The function returns in the returnedType variable the descriptor type of the resulting data. You specify a buffer to hold the desired data and the size (in bytes) of the buffer as parameters to the AEGetNthPtr function. In this example, the myFSS variable specifies the buffer. The function returns the actual size of the data in the actualSize variable. If this size is larger than the size of the buffer you provided, you know that you didn’t get all of the data for the descriptor record. Listing 6-10 shows a more complete example of extracting the items from a descriptor list in the Open Documents event. ¿ Listing 6-10 Extracting items from a descriptor list VAR index: LongInt; itemsInList: LongInt; docList: AEDescList; keywd: AEKeyword; returnedType: DescType; myFSS: FSSpec; actualSize: Size; myErr: OSErr; FOR index := 1 TO itemsInList DO BEGIN myErr := AEGetNthPtr(docList, index, typeFSS, keywd, returnedType , @myFSS, Sizeof(myFSS), actualSize); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); myErr := MyOpenFile(@myFSS); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); END; myErr := AEDisposeDesc(docList); _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Writing…Apple…Event…Handlers æC »Writing Apple Event Handlers The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ For each Apple event your application supports, you must provide a function called an Apple event handler. The AEProcessAppleEvent function calls one of your Apple event handlers when it processes an Apple event. Your Apple event handlers should perform any action requested by the Apple event, add parameters to the reply Apple event if appropriate, and return a result code. The Apple Event Manager uses dispatch tables to route Apple events to the appropriate Apple event handler. You must supply an Apple event handler for each entry in your application’s Apple event dispatch table. Each handler must be a function that uses this syntax: FUNCTION MyEventHandler (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; reply: AppleEvent; handlerRefcon: LongInt) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent is the Apple event to handle. Your handler uses Apple Event Manager functions to extract any parameters and attributes from the Apple event and then performs the necessary processing. The reply parameter is the default reply provided by the Apple Event Manager. (“Replying to an Apple Event,” later in this chapter, describes how to add parameters to the default reply.) The handlerRefcon parameter is the reference constant stored in the Apple event dispatch table entry for the Apple event. Your handler can ignore this parameter if your application does not use the reference constant. After extracting all known parameters from the Apple event, every handler should determine whether the Apple event contains any further required parameters. Your handler can check that it retrieved all the required parameters by checking whether the keyMissedKeywordAttr attribute exists. If the attribute exists, then your handler has not retrieved all the required parameters. If additional required parameters exist, then your handler should immediately return an error. If the attribute does not exist, then the Apple event does not contain any more required parameters. Listing 6-11 shows a function that checks for a keyMissedKeywordAttr attribute. A handler calls this function after getting all the required parameters it knows about from an Apple event. ¿ Listing 6-11 A function that checks for a keyMissedKeywordAttr attribute FUNCTION MyGotRequiredParams (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent) : OSErr; VAR returnedType: DescType; actualSize: Size; myErr: OSErr; BEGIN myErr := AEGetAttributePtr (theAppleEvent, keyMissedKeywordAttr, typeWildCard, returnedType, NIL, 0, actualSize); IF myErr = errAEDescNotFound THEN {you got all the required } { parameters} MyGotRequiredParams := noErr ELSE IF myErr = noErr THEN {you missed a required parameter} MyGotRequiredParams := errAEEventNotHandled ELSE {the call to AEGetAttributePtr failed} MyGotRequiredParams := myErr; END; The code in Listing 6-11 uses the AEGetAttributePtr function to get the keyMissedKeywordAttr attribute. This attribute contains the first required parameter, if any, that your handler didn’t retrieve. If AEGetAttributePtr returns the errAEDescNotFound result code, the Apple event doesn’t contain a keyMissedKeywordAttr attribute. If the Apple event doesn’t contain this attribute, then your handler has extracted all of the required parameters. If the AEGetAttributePtr function returns noErr as the result code, then the attribute does exist, meaning that your handler has not extracted all of the required parameters. In this case, your handler should return an error and not process the Apple event. The first remaining required parameter is specified by the data of the keyMissedKeywordAttr attribute. If you want this data returned, specify a buffer to hold the data. Otherwise, specify NIL as the buffer and 0 as the size of the buffer. If you specify a buffer to hold the data, you can check the value of the actualSize parameter to see if the data is larger than the buffer you allocated. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Replying…to…an…Apple…Event æC »Replying to an Apple Event The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Your handler routine for a particular Apple event is responsible for performing the action requested by the Apple event, and can optionally return data in a reply Apple event. The Apple Event Manager passes a default reply Apple event to your handler. The default reply Apple event has no parameters when it is passed to your handler. Your handler can add parameters to the reply Apple event. If the client application requested a reply, the Apple Event Manager returns the reply Apple event to the client. The reply Apple event is identified by the kCoreEventClass event class and by the kAEAnswer event ID. When your handler finishes processing an Apple event, it returns a result code to AEProcessAppleEvent. The AEProcessAppleEvent function returns this result code as its function result. If your handler returns a nonzero result code, the Apple Event Manager also returns this result code to the client application by putting the result code into a keyErrorNumber parameter for the reply Apple event. The client can check for the existence of this parameter to determine whether the handler performed the requested action. The client application specifies whether it wants a reply Apple event or not by specifying flags (represented by constants) in the sendMode parameter of the AESend function. If the client specifies the kAEWaitReply flag in the sendMode parameter, the AESend function does not return until the timeout expires or the server returns a reply. When the server returns a reply, the reply parameter to AESend contains the reply Apple event that your handler returned to the AEProcessAppleEvent function. If the client specified the kAEQueueReply flag, the client receives the reply event in its normal processing of other events. If the client specified the kAENoReply flag, your handler may return a reply Apple event to AEProcessAppleEvent, but this reply is not returned to the client. Your handler routine should always set its function result to noErr if it successfully handles the Apple event or to a nonzero result code if an error occurs. The Apple Event Manager automatically adds any nonzero result code that your handler returns to a keyErrorNumber parameter in the reply Apple event. In addition to returning a result code, your handler can also return an error string in the keyErrorString parameter of the reply Apple event. Your handler should provide meaningful text in the keyErrorString parameter, so that the client can display this string to the user if desired. Listing 6-12 shows how to add the keyErrorString parameter to the reply Apple event. See “Adding Parameters to an Apple Event” later in this chapter for a description of the AEPutParamPtr function. ¿ Listing 6-12 Adding the keyErrorString parameter to the reply Apple event FUNCTION MyHandler (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; reply: AppleEvent; handlerRefcon: LongInt) : OSErr; VAR myErr: OSErr; errStr: Str255; BEGIN {if an error occurs when handling an Apple event, set the } { function result and error string accordingly} IF myErr <> noErr THEN BEGIN MyHandler := myErr; {result code to be returned - the Apple Event } { Manager adds this result code to the reply } { Apple event as the keyErrorNumber parameter} {add error string parameter to the default reply} errStr := 'Reason why error occurred'; myErr := AEPutParamPtr(reply, keyErrorString, typeChar, Ptr(@errStr[1]), length(errStr)); Exit(MyHandler); END; END; If your handler needs to return data to the client, it can add parameters to the reply Apple event. For example, Listing 6-13 shows how a handler for the Multiply event (an imaginary Apple event that asks the server to multiply two numbers) might return the results of the multiplication to the client. ¿ Listing 6-13 Adding parameters to the reply Apple event FUNCTION MyMultHandler (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; reply: AppleEvent; handlerRefcon: LongInt) : OSErr; VAR myErr: OSErr; number1, number2: LongInt; replyResult: LongInt; actualSize: Size; returnedType: DescType; BEGIN {get the numbers to multiply from the parameters of the Apple event } { put the numbers in the number1 and number2 variables } { then perform the requested multiplication} myErr := MyDoMultiply(theAppleEvent, number1, number2, replyResult); {return the result of the multiplication in the reply Apple event} IF myErr = noErr THEN BEGIN myErr := AEPutParamPtr(reply, keyDirectObject, typeLongInteger, @replyResult, SizeOf(replyResult)); MyMultHandler := myErr; END; {if an error occurs, set the function result and error string } { accordingly, as shown in Listing 6-12} END; _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Disposing…of…Apple…Event…Data…Structures æC »Disposing of Apple Event Data Structures The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Whenever you use Apple Event Manager functions to create a descriptor record, descriptor list, or Apple event record, the Apple Event Manager allocates memory for these data structures. Likewise, when you extract a descriptor record by using Apple Event Manager functions, the Apple Event Manager creates a copy of the descriptor record for you to use. Whenever you are done using a descriptor record or descriptor list that you have created or extracted from an Apple event, you must dispose of the descriptor record—and thereby deallocate the memory it uses—by calling the AEDisposeDesc function. Also, when you are done using the Apple event specified in the AESend function and finished with the reply Apple event, you should dispose of their descriptor records using the AEDisposeDesc function. You should dispose of them even if AESend returns a nonzero result code. Once you are done using them, you should dispose of any Apple event data structures created or returned by these functions: AECreateAppleEvent AECreateList AEGetNthDesc AECreateDesc AEGetKeyDesc AEGetParamDesc AECoerceDesc AEGetAttributeDesc AECoercePtr AEDuplicateDesc AEGetKeyDesc Even if you add a descriptor record to an Apple event (for example, when you create a descriptor record by calling AECreateDesc and then put a copy of it into a parameter of an Apple event by calling AEPutParamDesc), you’re still responsible for disposing of the original descriptor record. In one case, the Apple Event Manager does take care of disposing of the Apple event data structures for you: when your handler returns to AEProcessAppleEvent, the Apple Event Manager disposes of the Apple event and the reply Apple event. Note that your handler is still responsible for disposing of any Apple event data structures created when extracting data from the Apple event. The Apple event and reply Apple event that your handler receives are only copies of the originals. The client application is responsible for disposing of the original data structures. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Interacting…With…the…User æC »Interacting With the User The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ When your application receives an Apple event, it may need to interact with the user. For example, your application may need to display a dialog box asking for additional input or confirmation from the user. You must make sure that your application is in the foreground before interacting with the user. To do this, use the AEInteractWithUser function before actually interacting with the user. The AEInteractWithUser function checks the user interaction preferences set by the client application and the server application and, if user interaction is allowed, brings your application to the front (either directly or by posting a notification request) if it is not already in the front. If both the client and server applications allow user interaction, AEInteractWithUser usually posts a notification request; AEInteractWithUser brings the server to the front after the user responds to the notification request. The AEInteractWithUser function can also bring the server application directly to the front—but only when doing so is in accordance with the principle of user control and if the client allows it. Both the client and server specify their preferences for user interaction: the client specifies whether the server should be allowed to interact with the user, and the server specifies when it will allow user interaction while processing an Apple event. An application that sends an Apple event indicates its preferences for how the server application should interact with the user by setting various flags in the sendMode parameter to AESend. The Apple Event Manager translates these flags into the corresponding flags in the keyInteractLevelAttr attribute of the Apple event, and sets them. The server application sets its preferences by using the AESetInteractionAllowed function. This function lets your application specify whether it allows interaction with the user as a result of receiving an Apple event from itself; from itself and other processes on the local machine; or from itself, local processes, and processes from another computer on the network. Your application calls the AEInteractWithUser function before interacting with the user. If AEInteractWithUser returns the noErr result code, then your application is currently in the front and your application is free to interact with the user. If AEInteractWithUser returns the errAENoUserInteraction result code, then the conditions didn’t allow user interaction and your application should not interact with the user. The client application sets user interaction preferences by setting flags in the sendMode parameter to the AESend function. The Apple Event Manager automatically adds the specified flags to the keyInteractLevelAttr attribute of the Apple event. These flags are represented by constants and are described here. Flag Description kAENeverInteract The server application should never interact with the user in response to this Apple event. If this flag is set, AEInteractWithUser does not bring the server application to the foreground (this is the default when an Apple event is sent to a remote application). kAECanInteract The server application can interact with the user in response to this Apple event—by convention, if the user needs to supply information to the server. If this flag is set and the server allows interaction, AEInteractWithUser brings the server application to the foreground (this is the default when an Apple event is sent to a local application). kAEAlwaysInteract The server application can interact with the user in response to this Apple event—by convention, even if no information is needed from the user. If this flag is set and the server allows interaction, AEInteractWithUser brings the server application to the foreground. The Apple Event Manager does not distinguish between this flag and the kAECanInteract flag—distinguishing between them is the responsibility of the server application. If the client application doesn’t specify any of the user interface flags, the Apple Event Manager sets either the kAENeverInteract or the kAECanInteract flag in the keyInteractLevelAttr attribute of the Apple event, depending on the location of the server application. If the server application is on a remote computer, the Apple Event Manager sets the kAENeverInteract flag as the default. If the server application is on the local computer, the Apple Event Manager sets the kAECanInteract flag as the default. In addition, the client application can set another flag in the sendMode parameter to AESend to request that the Apple Event Manager immediately bring the server application to the front (instead of posting a notification request)—if user interaction is allowed and if the user interface guidelines permit. Flag Description kAECanSwitchLayer If both the client and server allow interaction and this flag is set, AEInteractWithUser brings the server directly to the foreground if adherence to the principle of user control allows. If the action would be contrary to this principle, AEInteractWithUser uses the Notification Manager to request that user bring the server application to the foreground. If both the client and server allow interaction and this flag is not set, AEInteractWithUser always uses the Notification Manager to request that the user bring the server application to the foreground. When a server application calls AEInteractWithUser, the function first checks to see if the kAENeverInteract flag in the keyInteractLevelAttr attribute of the Apple event is set. (The Apple Event Manager sets this attribute according to the flags specified in the sendMode parameter of AESend.) If the kAENeverInteract flag is set, AEInteractWithUser immediately returns the errAENoUserInteraction result code. If the client specified kAECanInteract or kAEAlwaysInteract, AEInteractWithUser checks the server’s preferences for user interaction. The server sets its user interaction preferences by using the AESetInteractionAllowed function. You use this function to tell the Apple Event Manager the processes for which your application is willing to interact with the user. myErr := AESetInteractionAllowed(level); The level parameter is of type AEInteractAllowed. TYPE AEInteractAllowed = (kAEInteractWithSelf, kAEInteractWithLocal, kAEInteractWithAll); You can specify one of these values for the interaction level. Flag Description kAEInteractWithSelf User interaction with your server application in response to an Apple event may be allowed only when the client application is your own application—that is, only when your application is sending the Apple event to itself. kAEInteractWithLocal User interaction with your server application in response to an Apple event may be allowed only if the client application is on the same computer as your application; this is the default if the AESetInteractionAllowed function is not used. kAEInteractWithAll User interaction with your server application in response to an Apple event may be allowed for any client application on any computer. If the server application does not set the user interaction level, AEInteractWithUser uses kAEInteractWithLocal as the value. If the application sent itself an Apple event (that is, the application is both the client and the server), AEInteractWithUser always allows user interaction. If the client application is a process on the local machine, and the server set the interaction level to the kAEInteractWithLocal or kAEInteractWithAll flag, then AEInteractWithUser allows user interaction. If the client is a process on a remote computer on the network, AEInteractWithUser allows user interaction only if the server specified the kAEInteractWithAll flag for the interaction level. In all other cases, AEInteractWithUser does not allow user interaction. When AEInteractWithUser allows user interaction (based on the client and server’s preferences), AEInteractWithUser brings the server application to the front—either directly or after the user responds to a notification request—and then returns a noErr result code. If AEInteractWithUser cannot bring the server application to the front within the specified timeout value, AEInteractWithUser returns the errAETimeout result code. Your application may want to provide the user with a method of setting the interaction level. For example, some users may not want to be interrupted while background processing of an Apple event occurs, or they may not want to respond to dialog boxes when your application is handling Apple events sent from another computer. Listing 6-14 illustrates the use of the AEInteractWithUser function. You call this function before your application displays a dialog box or otherwise interacts with the user when processing an Apple event. You specify a timeout value, a pointer to a Notification Manager record, and the address of an idle function as parameters to AEInteractWithUser. ¿ Listing 6-14 Using the AEInteractWithUser function myErr := AEInteractWithUser (kAEDefaultTimeOut, NIL, @MyIdleFunction); IF myErr <> noErr THEN {the attempt to interact failed, do any error handling} DoError(myErr) ELSE {interact with the user by displaying a dialog box } { or by interacting in any other way that is necessary} You can set a timeout value, in ticks, in the first parameter to AEInteractWithUser. Use the kAEDefaultTimeout constant if you want the Apple Event Manager to use a default value for the timeout value. The Apple Event Manager uses a timeout value of about one minute if you specify this constant. You can also specify the kNoTimeOut constant if your application is willing to wait an indefinite amount of time for a response from the user. Usually you should provide a timeout value, so that your application can complete processing of the Apple event in a reasonable amount of time. You can provide a pointer to a Notification Manager record in the second parameter, or you can specify NIL to use the default record provided by AEInteractWithUser. The AEInteractWithUser function only uses a Notification Manager record when user interaction is allowed and the kAECanSwitchLayer flag in the keyInteractLevelAttr attribute is not set. The last parameter to AEInteractWithUser specifies an idle function provided by your application. Your idle function should handle any update events, null events, operating-system events, or activate events while your application is waiting to be brought to the front. See “Writing an Idle Function” later in this chapter for more information. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Creating…an…Apple…Event æC »Creating an Apple Event The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You create an Apple event by using the AECreateAppleEvent function. You specify the event class and event ID, the target address, the return ID, and the transaction ID to the function. The AECreateAppleEvent function creates and returns an Apple event with the attributes set as your application requested. You should not directly manipulate the contents of the Apple event; rather, use Apple Event Manager functions to add additional attributes or parameters to it. This example creates a Multiply event using the AECreateAppleEvent function. You specify the event class, the event ID, the address of the server application, a return ID, a transaction ID, and a buffer to store the returned Apple event as parameters to AECreateAppleEvent. myErr := AECreateAppleEvent(kArithmeticClass, kMultEventID, targetAddress, kAutoGenerateReturnID, kAnyTransactionID,theAppleEvent); The event class here is identified by the kArithmeticClass constant and specifies that this event belongs to a specific class of Apple events for arithmetic operations. The event ID specifies the particular Apple event within the class; in this case, an Apple event to perform multiplication. You specify the target of the Apple event in the third parameter to AECreateAppleEvent. The target address can identify an application on the local computer or another computer on the network. You can specify the address using a target ID record or session ID. For processes on the local computer, you can also use a process serial number or application signature to specify the address. See “Specifying a Target Address” later in this chapter for more information. You specify the return ID of the Apple event in the fourth parameter. The return ID provides a way to associate this Apple event to the server’s reply. The AECreateAppleEvent function assigns the specified return ID value to the keyReturnIDAttr attribute of the Apple event. If a server returns an Apple event in response to this event, the server should use the same return ID. When you receive an Apple event, you can check the keyReturnIDAttr attribute to determine whether the event is a response to an outstanding Apple event. You can use the kAutoGenerateReturnID constant to request that the Apple Event Manager generate a return ID that is unique to this session for the Apple event. The fifth parameter specifies the transaction ID attribute of the Apple event. A transaction refers to a sequence of Apple events that are sent back and forth between the client and server applications, beginning with the client’s initial request for a service. All Apple events that are part of one transaction must have the same transaction ID. You can use a transaction ID to indicate that an Apple event is one of a sequence of Apple events related to a single transaction. The kAnyTransactionID constant indicates that the Apple event is not part of a transaction. The AECreateAppleEvent function creates an Apple event with only the specified attributes and no parameters. To add parameters or additional attributes, use other Apple Event Manager functions. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Adding…Parameters…to…an…Apple…Event æC »Adding Parameters to an Apple Event The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You can use the AEPutParamPtr or AEPutParamDesc functions to add parameters to an Apple event. When you use either of these functions, the Apple Event Manager adds the specified parameter to the Apple event. Use the AEPutParamPtr function when you want to add data specified in a buffer as the parameter of an Apple event. You specify the Apple event, the keyword of the parameter to add, the descriptor type, a buffer that contains the data, and the size of this buffer as parameters to the AEPutParamPtr function. The AEPutParamPtr function creates the descriptor record and adds the parameter to the Apple event. For example, this code adds a parameter to the Multiply event using the AEPutParamPtr function. CONST keyOperand1 = 'OPN1'; VAR number1: Integer; theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; number1 := 10; myErr := AEPutParamPtr(theAppleEvent, keyOperand1, typeInteger, @number1, SizeOf(number1)); In this example, the Apple Event Manager adds the parameter containing the first number to the specified Apple event. Use the AEPutParamDesc function to add data specified in a descriptor record to an Apple event. The descriptor record you specify must have been previously created using the AECreateDesc or AEDuplicateDesc function. You specify the descriptor type, a buffer that contains the data, and the size of this buffer as parameters to the AECreateDesc function. The AECreateDesc function returns the descriptor record that describes the data. This example creates a descriptor record for the second parameter of the Multiply event: VAR number2: Integer; multParam2Desc: AEDesc; number2 := 8; myErr := AECreateDesc(typeInteger, @number2, SizeOf(number2), multParam2Desc); In this example, the AECreateDesc function creates a descriptor record with the typeInteger descriptor type and the data identified in the number2 variable. Once you have created a descriptor record, you can use AEPutParamDesc to add the data to a parameter of an Apple event. You specify the Apple event to add the parameter to, the keyword of the parameter, and the descriptor record of the parameter as parameters to the AEPutParamDesc function. This example adds a second parameter to the Multiply event using the AEPutParamDesc function. CONST keyOperand2 = 'OPN2'; myErr := AEPutParamDesc(theAppleEvent, keyOperand2, multParam2Desc); This example adds the keyOperand2 keyword and the descriptor record created in the previous example as the second parameter to the specified Apple event. The previous examples showed how to add parameters to the imaginary Multiply event. After adding parameters to an Apple event, you can send the Apple event using the AESend function. See “Sending an Apple Event” later in this chapter for information on using this function. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Specifying…a…Target…Address æC »Specifying a Target Address The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ When you create an Apple event, you must specify the address of the target. The target address identifies the particular application or process that you want to send the Apple event to. You can send Apple events to applications on the local machine or on remote computers on the network. These are the descriptor types that identify the four methods of addressing an Apple event. typeApplSignature The application signature of the target typeSessionID The session ID of the target typeTargetID The target ID record of the target typeProcessSerialNumber The process serial number of the target To address an Apple event to a target on a remote computer on the network, you must use either the typeSessionID or typeTargetID descriptor type. If your application sends an Apple event to itself, it should address the Apple event using a process serial number. Use the kCurrentProcess constant to specify the process serial number of your application. This is the fastest way for your application to send an Apple event to itself. You can use any of the four address types when sending an Apple event to another application on the local computer. To allow the user to choose the target of an Apple event, use the PPCBrowser function. The PPCBrowser function presents a standard user interface for choosing a target application, much as the Standard File Package provides a standard user interface for opening and saving files. The PPCBrowser function returns information about the application the user chose in a targetID record. (Listing 6-16 later in this section shows how to use the PPCBrowser function to let the user choose a target.) The Event Manager chapter in this volume describes all four types of addresses. Your application can also use another address type, if it also provides a coercion handler that coerces the address type into one of the four address types that the Apple Event Manager recognizes. See “Writing and Installing Coercion Handlers” later in this chapter for more information. You specify the address using an address descriptor record (a descriptor record of data type AEAddressDesc). You must create a descriptor record of this type and then supply the address descriptor record as a parameter to the AECreateAppleEvent function. You can use the AECreateDesc function to add any of the four target addresses to an address descriptor record. Listing 6-15 shows four possible ways to create an address, each using a different address type. ¿ Listing 6-15 Creating a target address PROCEDURE SetTargetAddresses(VAR targetAddress1, targetAddress2, targetAddress3, targetAddress4: AEAdressDesc; toTargetID: TargetID; thePSN: ProcessSerialNumber; theSignature: OSType; theSessionID: sessionID); VAR myErr: OSErr; BEGIN myErr := AECreateDesc(typeTargetID, @toTargetID, SizeOf(toTargetID), targetAddress1); myErr := AECreateDesc(typeProcessSerialNumber, @thePSN, SizeOf(thePSN), targetAddress2); myErr := AECreateDesc(typeApplSignature, @theSignature, SizeOf(theSignature), targetAddress3); myErr := AECreateDesc(typeSessionID, @theSessionID, SizeOf(theSessionID), targetAddress4); END; You specify the descriptor type for the address, a pointer to the buffer containing the address, and the size of the buffer to the AECreateDesc function to create an address descriptor record. The AECreateDesc function returns an address descriptor record with the specified characteristics. After creating an address, you can specify the address in the AECreateAppleEvent function. See “Creating an Apple Event” earlier in this chapter for an example using the AECreateAppleEvent function. When you specify an address to the AECreateAppleEvent function, the Apple Event Manager stores the address in the keyAddressAttr attribute of the Apple event. You can use the PPCBrowser function to create a target ID. Listing 6-16 shows how to use the information returned from the PPCBrowser function to create a target ID. You can then use AECreateDesc to create the address descriptor record for an Apple event. ¿ Listing 6-16 Specifying a target address in an Apple event FUNCTION GetTargetAddress(myPrompt: Str255; myAppStr: Str255; VAR myPortInfo: PortInfoRec; VAR targetAddress: AEAddressDesc; VAR toTargetID: targetID) : OSErr; BEGIN {use PPCBrowser to let user choose the target} myErr := PPCBrowser(myPrompt, myAppStr, FALSE, toTargetID.location, myPortInfo, NIL, ''); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); ELSE BEGIN toTargetID.name := myPortInfo.name; {create the descriptor record for the target address} myErr := AECreateDesc(typeTargetID, @toTargetID, SizeOf(toTargetID), targetAddress); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); END; GetTargetAddress := myErr; END; See the Program-to-Program Communications Toolbox chapter for more information on using the PPCBrowser function. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Sending…an…Apple…Event æC »Sending an Apple Event The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ To send an Apple event, you first create an Apple event, add parameters and attributes to the Apple event, and then use the AESend function to send it. When you send an Apple event, you specify various options to indicate how the server should handle the Apple event. You request a user interaction level from the server and specify whether the server can directly switch to the foreground if user interaction is needed, whether your application is willing to wait for a reply Apple event, whether reconnection is allowed, and whether your application wants a return receipt for the Apple event. You specify these options in the sendMode parameter to AESend. Here are the constants that represent these options. CONST kAENoReply = $00000001; {client doesn't want reply} kAEQueueReply = $00000002; {client wants to receive } { reply in event queue} kAEWaitReply = $00000003; {client wants to receive } { the reply directly and } { will give up the processor} kAENeverInteract = $00000010; {server should not } { interact with user} kAECanInteract = $00000020; {server can interact } { with user when needed} kAEAlwaysInteract = $00000030; {server can always } { interact with user} kAECanSwitchLayer = $00000040; {interaction may directly } { bring server to the front} kAEDontReconnect = $00000080; {if error, don't reconnect} kAEWantReceipt = nReturnReceipt; {client wants a return } { receipt} If your application wants a reply Apple event, specify the kAEQueueReply or kAEWaitReply flag. If your application wants to receive the reply Apple event in its event queue, use kAEQueueReply. If your application wants to receive the reply Apple event in the reply parameter of AESend and is willing to give up the processor while waiting for the reply, use kAEWaitReply. If your application does not want a reply Apple event and does not need to wait for the server to handle the Apple event, specify kNoReply. In most cases, your application should use kAEWaitReply or kAENoReply. You should not use kAEQueueReply if your application is sending an Apple event to itself. If your application specifies kAENoReply or kAEQueueReply, the AESend function returns immediately after using the Event Manager to send the event. In this case, a noErr result code from AESend indicates that the Apple event was successfully sent by the Event Manager; it does not mean that the server accepted or handled the Apple event. Also, the reply parameter to AESend does not contain valid data on return from AESend if your application specifies kAENoReply or kAEQueueReply. The kAENoReply flag indicates that the Apple Event Manager will not return the reply Apple event to your application. The kAEQueueReply flag indicates that your application wants to receive the reply in its event queue rather than through the reply parameter of AESend. If your application specifies kAEWaitReply, the Apple Event Manager uses the Event Manager to send the event. The Apple Event Manager then calls the WaitNextEvent function on behalf of your application, causing your application to yield the processor. This gives the server application a chance to receive and handle the Apple event. Your application continues to yield the processor until the server handles the Apple event or the request times out. You use one of the three flags—kAENeverInteract, kAECanInteract, or kAEAlwaysInteract—to specify whether the server should interact with the user when handling the Apple event. Specify kAENeverInteract if the server should not interact with the user when handling the Apple event. You might specify this constant if you don’t want the user to be interrupted while the server is handling the Apple event. Use the kAECanInteract flag if the server should interact with the user when necessary—for example, if the user needs to supply information to the server. Use the kAEAlwaysInteract flag if the server should interact with the user even when no information is needed from the user. Note that it is the responsibility of the server and client applications to agree on how to interpret the kAEAlwaysInteract flag. If the client application does not set any one of the user interaction flags, the Apple Event Manager sets a default, depending on the location of the target of the Apple event. If the server application is on a remote computer, the Apple Event Manager sets the kAENeverInteract flag as the default. If the target of the Apple event is on the local computer, the Apple Event Manager sets the kAECanInteract flag as the default. The server application should call AEInteractWithUser if it needs to interact with the user. If user interaction is allowed, the Apple Event Manager brings the server to the front if it is not already the foreground process. If the kAECanSwitchLayer flag is set and the principle of user control permits, the Apple Event Manager directly brings the server application to the front. If the action is contrary to the principle of user control, the Apple Event Manager posts a notification request to inform the user to bring the server application to the front. You should specify the kAECanSwitchLayer flag only when the client and server applications reside on the same computer. In general, you should not set this flag if it would be confusing or inconvenient to the user for the server application to unexpectedly come to the front. Specify the kAEDontReconnect flag if the Apple Event Manager should not reconnect if it receives a session closed error from the PPC Toolbox. If you don’t set this flag, the Apple Event Manager automatically attempts to reconnect and reestablish the session. Specify the kAEWantReceipt flag if your application wants notification that the server did not accept the Apple event. If you specify this flag, the AESend function returns the errAEEventNotHandled result code if the server did not accept the Apple event. Listing 6-17 illustrates how to send a Multiply event (an imaginary Apple event for multiplying two long integers). It first creates an Apple event, adds parameters containing the numbers to multiply, then sends it, specifying various options. It also illustrates how to handle the reply Apple event that contains the result. Note: If you want to send Apple events, your application must also handle the required Apple events. See “Handling the Required Apple Events” earlier in this chapter for information on how to support the required Apple events. ¿ Listing 6-17 Sending an Apple event FUNCTION MySendMultiplyEvent (serverAddress: AEAddressDesc; firstOperand: LongInt; secondOperand: LongInt; replyResultLongInt: LongInt) : OSErr; CONST kArithmeticClass = 'ARTH'; {event class for arithmetic } { Apple events} kMultipyEventID = 'MULT'; {event ID for Multiply event} keyMultOperand1 = 'OPN1'; {keyword for first parameter } keyMultOperand2 = 'OPN2'; {keyword for second parameter } VAR theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; reply: AppleEvent; returnedType: DescType; actualSize: LongInt; BEGIN myErr := AECreateAppleEvent(kArithmeticClass, kMultiplyEventID, ServerAddress, kAutoGenerateReturnID, kAnyTransactionID, theAppleEvent); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); {failed to create the event} {add the first operand} myErr := AEPutParamPtr(theAppleEvent, keyMultOperand1, typeLongInteger, @firstOperand, SizeOf(firstOperand)); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); {failed to add first parameter - be sure to} { dispose of the event before leaving routine} {add the second operand with the proper keyword} myErr := AEPutParamPtr(theAppleEvent, keyMultOperand2, typeLongInteger, @secondOperand, SizeOf(secondOperand)); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); {Be sure to dispose of the event and first } { parameter before leaving routine} myErr := AESend(theAppleEvent, reply, kAEWaitReply + kAENeverInteract, kAENormalPriority, 120, @myIdleFunction, NIL); IF myErr = noErr THEN {Apple event successfully sent} BEGIN {check if it was successfully handled } { get result code returned by the server’s handler} myErr := AEGetParamPtr(reply, keyErrorNumber, typeLongInteger, returnedType, @errNumber, Sizeof(errNumber) ); IF (myErr = errAEDescNotFound) | (errNumber = noErr) THEN {If keyErrorNumber doesn’t exist or server returned noErr } BEGIN { then the Apple event was successfully handled. } { The reply Apple event contains the result in } { the direct parameter} myErr := AEGetParamPtr(reply, keyDirectObject, typeInteger, returnedType, @replyResultLongInt, SizeOf(replyResultLongInt), actualSize); MySendMultiplyEvent := noErr; Exit(MySendMultiplyEvent); END; ELSE BEGIN {server returned an error, so get error string} myErr := AEGetParamPtr(reply, keyErrorString, typeChar, returnedType, @errStr, Sizeof(errStr)); IF myErr = noErr THEN MyDisplayError(errStr); END; END; ELSE BEGIN {either the Apple event wasn’t successfully dispatched, } { the request timed out, the user canceled, or other error} END; END; MySendMultiplyEvent := myErr; END; The code in Listing 6-17 first creates an Apple event with kArithmeticClass as the event class and kMultipyEventID as the event ID. It also specifies the server of the Apple event. See “Specifying a Target Address” in an earlier section for information on various ways to specify a target address. See “Creating Apple Events” earlier in this chapter for more information on how to create an Apple event. The Multiply event shown in Listing 6-17 contains two parameters, each of which specifies a number to multiply. See “Adding Parameters to an Apple Event” earlier in this chapter for examples of how to specify the parameters for the AEPutParamPtr function. After adding the parameters to the event, the code uses AESend to send the event. The first parameter to AESend specifies the Apple event to send—in this example, the Multiply event. The next parameter specifies the reply Apple event. This example specifies kAEWaitReply in the third parameter, indicating that the client is willing to yield the processor for the specified timeout value (120 ticks, or 2 seconds). The kAENeverInteract flag indicates that the server should not interact with the user when processing the Apple event. The Multiply event is sent using normal priority, meaning it is placed at the end of the event queue. You can specify the kAEHighPriority flag to place the event in the front of the event queue. The next to last parameter specifies the address of an idle function. If you specify kAEWaitReply you should provide an idle function. This function should process any update events, null events, operating-system events, or activate events that occur while your application is waiting for a reply. See “Writing an Idle Function” later in this chapter for sample code that shows an idle function. The last parameter to AESend specifies a filter function. You can supply a filter function to filter high-level events that your application might receive while waiting for a reply Apple event. You can specify NIL for this parameter if you do not need to filter high-level events while waiting for a reply. See “Writing a Reply Filter Function” later in this chapter for more information. If AESend returns a noErr result code and your application specified kAEWaitReply, you should first see whether a result code was returned from the handler routine by checking the reply Apple event for the existence of the parameter whose keyword is keyErrorNumber. If the keyErrorNumber parameter does not exist or contains the noErr result code, you can use AEGetParamPtr to get the parameter you’re interested in from the reply Apple event. The code in Listing 6-17 checks the function result of AESend. If AESend returns noErr, the code then checks the replyErrorNumber parameter of the reply Apple event to determine whether the server successfully handled the Apple event. If this parameter exists and indicates an error occurred, then the code gets the error string out of the keyErrorString parameter. Otherwise, the server performed the request, and the reply Apple event contains the answer to the multiplication request. When you are done using the Apple event specified in the AESend function and finished with the reply Apple event, you must dispose of their descriptor records using the AEDisposeDesc function. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Dealing…With…Timeouts æC »Dealing With Timeouts The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ When your application calls AESend and chooses to wait for the server to handle the Apple event, it can also specify the maximum amount of time that it is willing to wait for a response. You can specify a timeout value in the timeout parameter to AESend. You can either specify a particular length of time, in ticks, that your application is willing to wait, or you can specify the kNoTimeOut constant or the kAEDefaultTimeout constant. Use the kNoTimeOut constant to indicate that your application is willing to wait forever for a response from the server. You should use this value only if your application is guaranteed that the server will respond in a reasonable amount of time. You should also implement a method of checking if the user wants to cancel. The idle function that you specify as a parameter to AESend should check the event queue for any instances of Command-period and immediately return TRUE as its function result if it finds a request to cancel in the event queue. Use the kAEDefaultTimeout constant if you want the Apple Event Manager to use a default value for the timeout value. The Apple Event Manager uses a timeout value of about one minute if you specify this constant. Note that if you set the kAEWaitReply flag and the server doesn’t have a handler for the Apple event, AESend returns immediately with the errAEEventNotHandled result code. If the server doesn’t respond within the length of time specified by the timeout value, AESend returns the errAETimeOut result code. This result code does not necessarily mean that the server failed to perform the requested action; it only means that the server did not complete processing within the specified time. The server might still be processing the Apple event, and it might still send a reply. If the server finishes processing the Apple event sometime after the time specified in the timeout parameter has expired, it returns a reply Apple event to AEProcessAppleEvent. The Apple Event Manager then returns the reply to the client in the reply parameter that the client originally passed to the AESend function. This means your application can continue to check the reply Apple event to see if the server has responded, even after the time expires. If the server has not yet sent the reply when the client attempts to extract data from the reply Apple event, the Apple Event Manager functions return the errAEReplyNotArrived result code. Once the reply Apple event returns from the server, the client can extract the data in the reply. Additionally, the server can determine the timeout value specified by the client by examining the keyTimeoutAttr attribute in the Apple event. You can use the value of this attribute as a rough estimate of how much time your handler has to respond. You can assume that your handler has less time to respond than the timeout value, because transmitting the Apple event uses some of the available time, as does transmitting the reply Apple event back to the client. If your handler needs more time than is specified in the keyTimeoutAttr attribute, you can reset the timer by using the AEResetTimer function. This function resets the timeout value of an Apple event to its starting value. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Writing…an…Idle…Function æC »Writing an Idle Function The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ This section describes how to write an idle function when using the AESend or AEInteractWithUser functions. When your application sends an Apple event, you can wait for the server application to receive and finish handling the Apple event, or you can continue processing. If your application chooses to continue processing, the AESend function returns immediately after using the Event Manager to send the event. If your application chooses to wait for the server to handle the event, the AESend function does not return until either the server application finishes handling the Apple event or a specified amount of time expires. Your application specifies its preferences by setting flags in the sendMode parameter to AESend. Your application can specify kAENoReply if it does not want to receive a reply, kAEQueueReply if it wants to receive the reply in its event queue, or kAEWaitReply if it wants the reply returned in the reply parameter of AESend and is willing to give up the processor while waiting for the reply. If your application specifies the kAEWaitReply flag, the AESend function calls WaitNextEvent on behalf of your application. This yields the processor to other processes, so that the server has an opportunity to receive and process the Apple event sent by your application. While your application is waiting for a reply, it cannot receive events unless it provides an idle function. If your application provides a pointer to an idle function as a parameter to the AESend function, AESend calls your idle function whenever an update event, null event, operating-system event, or activate event is received for your application. Your application can process high-level events that it receives while waiting for a reply by providing a reply filter function. See the next section, “Writing a Reply Filter Function,” for more information. In a similar manner, when your application calls the AEInteractWithUser function, your application can also yield the processor. If AEInteractWithUser needs to post a notification request to bring your application to the front, your application yields the processor until the user brings your application to the front. To receive events while waiting for the user to bring your application to the front, you must provide an idle function. If your application provides a pointer to an idle function as a parameter to the AEInteractWithUser function, AEInteractWithUser calls your idle function whenever an update event, null event, operating-system event, or activate event is received for your application. An idle function must use this syntax: FUNCTION MyIdleFunction (VAR theEventRecord: EventRecord; VAR sleepTime: LongInt; VAR mouseRgn: RgnHandle) : Boolean; The parameter theEventRecord is the event record of the event to process. The sleepTime parameter and mouseRgn parameters are values that your idle function sets the first time it is called; thereafter they contain the values your function set. Your idle function should return a Boolean value that indicates whether your application wishes to continue waiting. Set the function result to TRUE if your application is no longer willing to wait for a reply from the server or for the user to bring the application to the front. Set the function result to FALSE if your application is still willing to wait. The first time your idle function is called, it receives a null event. At this time, you should set the values for the sleepTime and mouseRgn parameters. These parameters are used in the same way as the sleep and mouseRgn parameters of the WaitNextEvent function. Specify in the sleepTime parameter the amount of time (in ticks) during which your application agrees to relinquish the processor if no events are pending for it. In the mouseRgn parameter, you specify a screen region that determines the conditions in which your application is to receive notice of mouse-moved events. Your idle function receives mouse-moved events only if your application is the front application and the mouse strays outside the region you specify. Your idle function receives only update events, null events, operating-system events, and activate events. When your idle function receives a null event, it can use the idle time to update status reports, animate cursors, or perform similar tasks. If your idle function receives any of the other events, it should handle the event as it normally would if received in its event loop. Listing 6-18 shows an example of an idle function that can be used as an idle function for AESend or AEInteractWithUser. The idle function processes update events, null events, operating-system events, and activate events. The first time the function is called it receives a null event. At this time, it sets the sleepTime and mouseRgn parameters. The function continues to process events until the server finishes handling the Apple event or the user brings the application to the front. Your application should implement a method of checking to see if the user wants to cancel. The MyCancelInQueue function in Listing 6-18 checks the event queue for any instances of Command-period and immediately returns TRUE as its function result if it finds a request to cancel in the event queue. ¿ Listing 6-18 An idle function FUNCTION MyIdleFunction (VAR event: EventRecord; VAR sleeptime: LongInt; VAR mouseRgn: RgnHandle) : Boolean; VAR hiByte: CHAR; myErr: OSErr; BEGIN MyIdleFunction := FALSE; {the MyCancelInQueue function checks the event queue for Command-period} IF MyCancelInQueue THEN BEGIN MyIdleFunction := TRUE; Exit(MyIdleFunction ); END; CASE event.what OF updateEvt, activateEvt, {every idle function should handle these kinds } kOSEvent: { of events} BEGIN AdjustCursor(event.where, gCursorRgn); DoEvent(event); END; nullEvent: BEGIN {Set the sleepTime and mouseRgn parameters} mouseRgn := gCursorRgn; sleeptime := 10; {use the correct value for your app} DoIdle; {the application’s idle handling} END END; {CASE} END; _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Writing…a…Reply…Filter…Function æC »Writing a Reply Filter Function The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ If your application calls AESend and chooses to yield the processor to other processes while waiting for a reply, you can provide an idle function to process update, null, operating-system, and activate events and, additionally, you can provide a reply filter function to process high-level events. The previous section describes how an idle function processes events. Your reply filter function can process any high-level events that it is willing to handle while waiting for a reply Apple event. For example, your application can choose to handle Apple events from other processes while waiting. Note, however, that your application must maintain any necessary state information. Your reply filter function must not accept any Apple events that can change the state of your application and make it impossible to return to its previous state. A reply filter function must use this syntax: FUNCTION MyWaitReplyFilter (VAR theEventRecord: EventRecord; transactionID: LongInt; returnID: LongInt; sender: AEAddressDesc) : Boolean; The parameter theEventRecord is the event record for a high-level event. The next three parameters contain valid information only if the event is an Apple event. The transactionID parameter is the transaction ID for the Apple event. The returnID parameter is the return ID for the Apple event. The sender parameter contains the address of the application or process that sent the Apple event. Your reply filter function should return TRUE as the function result if you want to accept the Apple event; otherwise it should return FALSE. If your filter function returns TRUE, the Apple Event Manager calls the AEProcessAppleEvent function on behalf of your application, and your handler routine is called to process the Apple event. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Writing…and…Installing…Coercion…Handlers æC »Writing and Installing Coercion Handlers The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ When your application extracts data from a parameter, it can request that the Apple Event Manager return the data using a descriptor type that is different from the original descriptor type. For example, when extracting data from the direct parameter of the Open Documents event, you can request that the alias records be returned as file system specification records. The Apple Event Manager can automatically coerce many different types of data from one to another. Table 6-1 later in this section shows descriptor types and the sorts of coercion that the Apple Event Manager can perform. You can also provide your own routines, referred to as coercion handlers, to coerce other descriptor types. To install your own coercion handlers, use the AEInstallCoercionHandler function. You specify as parameters to this function • the descriptor type of the data coerced by the handler • the descriptor type of the resulting data • the address of the coercion handler for this descriptor type • a reference constant • a Boolean value that indicates whether your coercion handler expects the data to be specified as a descriptor record or as a pointer to the actual data • a Boolean value that indicates whether your coercion handler should be added to your application’s coercion table or the system coercion table The system coercion table is a table in the system heap that contains handlers that are available to all applications and processes running on the same computer. The handlers in your application’s coercion table are available only to your application. When the Apple Event Manager is attempting to coerce data, it first looks for a coercion handler in your application’s coercion table. If it cannot find a handler for the descriptor type, it looks in the system coercion table for a handler. If it doesn’t find a handler there either, it returns the errAEHandlerNotFound result code. Note: When an application calls a system coercion handler, the A5 register is set up for the calling application. For this reason, if you provide a system coercion handler, it should never use A5 global variables or anything that depends on a particular context; otherwise, the application that calls the system coercion handler may crash. You can provide a coercion handler that expects to receive the data in a descriptor record or a buffer referred to by a pointer. When you install your coercion handler, you specify how your handler wishes to receive the data. It’s more efficient for the Apple Event Manager to provide your coercion handler with a pointer to the data so, whenever possible, you should write your coercion handler so that it can accept a pointer to the data. A coercion handler that accepts a pointer to data must be a function with the following syntax: FUNCTION MyCoercePtr (typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; dataSize: Size; toType: DescType; handlerRefcon: LongInt; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; The typeCode parameter is the descriptor type of the original data. The dataPtr parameter is a pointer to the data to coerce; the dataSize parameter is the length, in bytes, of the data. The toType parameter is the desired descriptor type of the resulting data. The handlerRefcon parameter is a reference constant that is stored in the coercion table entry for the handler and passed to the handler by the Apple Event Manager whenever the handler is called. The result parameter is the resulting descriptor record returned by your coercion handler. Your coercion handler should coerce the data to the desired descriptor type and return the resulting data in the descriptor record specified by the result parameter. Your handler should return the noErr result code if your handler successfully performs the coercion, and a nonzero result code otherwise. A coercion handler that accepts a descriptor record must be a function with the following syntax: FUNCTION MyCoerceDesc (theAEDesc: AEDesc; toType: DescType; handlerRefcon: LongInt; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; The parameter theAEDesc is the descriptor record that contains the data to be coerced. The toType parameter is the descriptor type of the resulting data. The handlerRefcon parameter is a reference constant that is stored in the coercion table entry for the handler and passed to the handler by the Apple Event Manager whenever the handler is called. The result parameter is the resulting descriptor record. Your coercion handler should coerce the data in the descriptor record to the desired descriptor type and return the resulting data in the descriptor record specified by the result parameter. Your handler should return an appropriate result code. Table 6-1 lists the descriptor types that the Apple Event Manager provides coercion for. The first column shows the descriptor type of the data to be coerced, and the second column shows the descriptor types that the Apple Event Manager can coerce it to. Note: For many Apple Event Manager functions, the Apple Event Manager attempts to coerce data to the descriptor type you specify even if the result is no longer meaningful. To ensure that no coercion is performed and that the descriptor type of the result is of the same descriptor type as the original, specify typeWildCard for the desired type. ¿ Table 6-1 Coercion handling provided by the Apple Event Manager _________________________________________________________ Original Desired Description Descriptor type descriptor type typeChar typeInteger Any string that is a valid typeLongInteger representation of a number typeSMInt can be coerced into an typeSMFloat equivalent numeric value. typeShortInteger typeLongFloat typeShortFloat typeExtended typeComp typeMagnitude typeInteger typeChar Any numeric descriptor type typeLongInteger can be coerced into typeSMInt the equivalent text string. typeSMFloat typeShortInteger typeLongFloat typeShortFloat typeExtended typeComp typeMagnitude typeInteger typeInteger Any numeric descriptor type typeLongInteger typeLongInteger can be coerced into any other typeSMInt typeSMInt numeric descriptor type. typeSMFloat typeSMFloat typeShortInteger typeShortInteger typeLongFloat typeLongFloat typeShortFloat typeShortFloat typeExtended typeExtended typeComp typeComp typeMagnitude typeMagnitude typeTrue typeBoolean The result is the Boolean value typeFalse typeBoolean The result is the Boolean value typeEnumerated typeBoolean The enumerated value 'true' typeBoolean typeEnumerated The Boolean value FALSE typeShortInteger typeBoolean A value of 1 becomes typeBoolean typeShortInteger A value of FALSE becomes 0. typeAlias typeFSS An alias record is coerced into a typeTemporaryID typeSectionH A temporary ID is coerced into typeAppleEvent typeAppParameters An Apple event is coerced any descriptor type typeAEList A descriptor record is coerced typeAEList type of list item A descriptor list containing a _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY The…Application…Died…Event æC »The Application Died Event The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ If an application launched by your application terminates, either normally or as the result of an error, the Process Manager can notify your application by sending it an Apple event—the Application Died event. To receive this notification, you must set the acceptAppDied flag in your application’s 'SIZE' resource. (For a complete description of the 'SIZE' resource, see the Event Manager chapter in this volume.) See the Process Management chapter in this volume for information on how your application can launch other applications. Application Died—inform that an application has terminated Event class kCoreEventClass Event ID kAEApplicationDied Required parameters Keyword: keyErrorNumber Descriptor type: typeLongInteger Data: A sign-extended OSErr value. A value Keyword: keyProcessSerialNumber Descriptor type: typeProcessSerialNumber Data: The process serial number of the Requested action None. This Apple event is sent only to provide information. The Process Manager gets the value of the keyErrorNumber parameter from the system global variable DSErrCode. This value can be set either by the application before it terminates or by the Operating System (which can occur as the result of a hardware exception or other problem). _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Apple…Event…Manager…Routines…Volume…VI æC »Apple Event Manager Routines Volume VI The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ This section describes the routines you use to manage Apple event dispatch tables, process Apple events, get parameters and attributes from Apple events, get data from Apple event data structures, create Apple event data structures, add parameters and attributes to Apple events, send Apple events, get information about and delete descriptor records, and coerce descriptor types. Result codes appear at the end of each function as applicable. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Creating…and…Managing…the…Apple…Event…Dispatch…Tables æC »Creating and Managing the Apple Event Dispatch Tables The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ An Apple event dispatch table contains entries that specify the event class and event ID that refer to one or more Apple events, the address of the handler routine that handles those Apple events, and a reference constant. You use the AEInstallEventHandler function to add entries to the Apple event dispatch table. Using this function sets up the initial mapping between the handlers in your application and the Apple events that they handle. If you need to remove any of your Apple event handlers after this mapping is established, you can use the AERemoveEventHandler function. To get the address of a handler currently in the Apple event dispatch table, use the AEGetEventHandler function. You use the AEInstallEventHandler function to add an entry to either the application or system Apple event dispatch table. To create an entry in the Apple event dispatch table, supply the event class, event ID, and address of the handler routine that handles Apple events of the specified event class and event ID. You also specify a reference constant that the Apple Event Manager passes to your handler routine whenever your handler processes an Apple event. FUNCTION AEInstallEventHandler (theAEEventClass: AEEventClass; theAEEventID: AEEventID; handler: EventHandlerProcPtr; handlerRefcon: LongInt; isSysHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; The parameters theAEEventClass and theAEEventID specify the event class and event ID of the Apple events to be handled by the handler for this dispatch table entry. For these parameters, you must provide one of the following combinations: • the event class and event ID of a single Apple event to be dispatched to the handler for this dispatch table entry • the typeWildCard constant for theAEEventClass and an event ID for theAEEventID, which indicates that Apple events from all event classes whose event IDs match theAEEventID should be dispatched to the handler for this dispatch table entry • an event class for theAEEventClass and the typeWildCard constant for theAEEventID, which indicates that all events from the event class theAEEventClass should be dispatched to the handler for this dispatch table entry • the typeWildCard constant for both the parameters theAEEventClass and theAEEventID, which specifies that all Apple events should be dispatched to the handler for this dispatch table entry The handler parameter is a pointer to an Apple event handler for this dispatch table entry. Note that a handler in the system dispatch table must reside in the system heap; this means that if the value of the isSysHandler parameter is TRUE, the handler parameter must point to a location in the system heap. The handlerRefcon parameter is a reference constant that is passed by the Apple Event Manager to the handler each time the handler is called. If your handler doesn’t use a reference constant, use 0 as the value of this parameter. The isSysHandler parameter specifies the Apple event dispatch table to which you want to add the handler. If the value of isSysHandler is TRUE, the Apple Event Manager adds the handler to the system Apple event dispatch table. Entries in the system Apple event dispatch table are available to all applications. If the value of isSysHandler is FALSE, the Apple Event Manager adds the handler to your application’s Apple event dispatch table. The application Apple event dispatch table is searched first; the system Apple event dispatch table is searched only if the necessary handler is not found in your application’s Apple event dispatch table. If there was already an entry in the specified event handler table for the same event class and event ID, it is replaced. Therefore, before installing a handler for a particular Apple event into the system dispatch table, use the AEGetEventHandler function to determine if the table already contains a handler for that event. If an entry exists, AEGetEventHandler returns a reference constant and a pointer to that event handler. Chain these to your event handler by providing pointers to the previous handler and its reference constant in the handlerRefcon parameter of AEInstallEventHandler. When your handler is finished, use these pointers to call the previous handler. If you put your handler code in the system heap or in your own heap, use the AERemoveHandler function to remove the handler when your application quits. Note: When an application calls a system Apple event handler, the A5 register is set up for the calling application. For this reason, if you provide a system Apple event handler, it should never use A5 global variables or anything that depends on a particular context; otherwise, the application that calls the system handler may crash. Result codes noErr 0 No error paramErr –50 Parameter error (handler pointer is NIL or odd) memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone The AEGetEventHandler function gets an entry from an Apple event dispatch table. FUNCTION AEGetEventHandler (theAEEventClass: AEEventClass; theAEEventID: AEEventID; VAR handler: EventHandlerProcPtr; VAR handlerRefcon: LongInt; isSysHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; The parameter theAEEventClass is the value of the event class field of the dispatch table entry for the desired Apple event handler, and the parameter theAEEventID is the value of the event ID field of the dispatch table entry for the desired Apple event handler. You can use the typeWildCard constant for either or both of these parameters. (For an explanation of wildcard values, see the earlier description of the AEInstallEventHandler function.) In the handler parameter, the AEGetEventHandler function returns a pointer to the Apple event handler. In the handlerRefcon parameter, the AEGetEventHandler function returns the reference constant that is passed by the Apple Event Manager to the Apple event handler each time the handler is called. The isSysHandler parameter specifies the Apple event dispatch table from which to get the handler. If isSysHandler is TRUE, the AEGetEventHandler function returns the handler from the system dispatch table. If isSysHandler is FALSE, AEGetEventHandler returns the handler from your application’s dispatch table. Result codes noErr 0 No error errAEHandlerNotFound –1717 No handler found for an Apple event The AERemoveEventHandler function removes an entry from an Apple event dispatch table. FUNCTION AERemoveEventHandler (theAEEventClass: AEEventClass; theAEEventID: AEEventID; handler: EventHandlerProcPtr; isSysHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; The parameter theAEEventClass is the event class for the handler to be removed. The parameter theAEEventID is the event ID for the handler to be removed. You can use the typeWildCard constant for either or both of these parameters. (For an explanation of wildcard values, see the earlier description of the AEInstallEventHandler function.) The handler parameter is a pointer to the Apple event handler to be removed. Although the parameters theAEEventClass and theAEEventID would be sufficient to identify the handler to be removed, providing the handler parameter is a safeguard that ensures that you’re removing the correct handler. The isSysHandler parameter specifies the Apple event dispatch table from which to remove the handler. If TRUE, AERemoveEventHandler removes the handler from the system dispatch table. If FALSE, AERemoveEventHandler removes the handler from your application’s dispatch table. Result codes noErr 0 No error errAEHandlerNotFound –1717 No handler found for an Apple event _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Dispatching…Apple…Events æC »Dispatching Apple Events The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ After receiving a high-level event (and optionally checking whether it is a type of high-level event other than an Apple event that your application might support), your application typically calls the AEProcessAppleEvent function to determine the type of Apple event received and to call the corresponding handler routine. The AEProcessAppleEvent function looks first in the application Apple event dispatch table and then in the system Apple event dispatch table for an entry that matches the event class and event ID of the specified Apple event. If AEProcessAppleEvent finds a matching entry, it calls the handler for that Apple event. FUNCTION AEProcessAppleEvent (theEventRecord: EventRecord) : OSErr; The parameter theEventRecord is the event record for the Apple event. If the AEProcessAppleEvent function cannot find a handler for an Apple event in either the application or system Apple event dispatch table, the Apple Event Manager returns the result code errAEEventNotHandled to the server application (as the result of the AEProcessAppleEvent function). The Apple Event Manager also returns this result code to the client application if the client is waiting for a reply. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone bufferIsSmall –607 Buffer is too small noOutstandingHLE –608 No outstanding high-level event errAECorruptData –1702 Data in an Apple event could not be read errAENewerVersion –1706 Need a newer version of the Apple Event errAENotAppleEvent –1707 Event is not an Apple event errAEHandlerNotFound –1708 A handler for the Apple event wasn’t found _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Getting…Parameters…and…Attributes…From…Apple…Events æC »Getting Parameters and Attributes From Apple Events The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You use the AEGetParamPtr and AEGetParamDesc functions to gain access to the parameters of an Apple event. You use the AEGetAttributePtr and AEGetAttributeDesc functions to gain access to the attributes of an Apple event. The AEGetParamPtr function uses a buffer to return the data contained in a specified parameter of an Apple event. FUNCTION AEGetParamPtr (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; desiredType: DescType; VAR typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; maximumSize: Size; VAR actualSize: Size) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent is the Apple event containing the desired parameter. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword that specifies the desired parameter. The desiredType parameter specifies the descriptor type of the resulting data; if the desired parameter is not of this type, the Apple Event Manager attempts to coerce it into this type. If the value of desiredType is typeWildCard, no coercion is performed, and the descriptor type of the returned data is the same as the descriptor type of the parameter. The returned data’s descriptor type is returned in the typeCode parameter. The dataPtr parameter is a pointer to the buffer for storing the returned data. The maximumSize parameter is the maximum length, in bytes, of the data to be returned. You must allocate at least this amount of storage for the buffer specified by the dataPtr parameter. The AEGetParamPtr function returns in the actualSize parameter the actual length, in bytes, of the data for the Apple event parameter. If this value is larger than the value of maximumSize, not all of the data for the Apple event parameter was returned. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAECoercionFail –1700 Data could not be coerced to the requested errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor record was not found errAEWrongDataType –1703 Wrong descriptor type errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEReplyNotArrived –1718 Reply has not yet arrived The AEGetParamDesc function returns the descriptor record for an Apple event parameter. FUNCTION AEGetParamDesc (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; desiredType: DescType; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent is the Apple event containing the desired parameter. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword that specifies the desired parameter. The desiredType parameter specifies the descriptor type of the resulting descriptor record; if the parameter is not of this type, the Apple Event Manager attempts to coerce it into this type. If the value of desiredType is typeWildCard, no coercion is performed, and the descriptor type of the resulting descriptor record is the same as the descriptor type of the Apple event’s parameter. The AEGetParamDesc function returns in the result parameter the resulting descriptor record. This function creates a new descriptor record by copying the descriptor record from the parameter. Your application is responsible for using the AEDisposeDesc function to dispose of the resulting descriptor record once you are finished using it. If the function returns a nonzero result code, a descriptor record with the typeNull descriptor type is returned. A descriptor record of this type does not contain any data. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAECoercionFail –1700 Data could not be coerced to the requested type errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor type was not found errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEReplyNotArrived –1718 Reply has not yet arrived The AEGetAttributePtr function uses a buffer to return the data contained in an Apple event attribute. FUNCTION AEGetAttributePtr (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; desiredType: DescType; VAR typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; maximumSize: Size; VAR actualSize: Size) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent is the Apple event containing the desired attribute. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword that specifies the desired attribute. The desiredType parameter is the descriptor type of the data to be returned; if the desired attribute is not of this type, the Apple Event Manager attempts to coerce it into this type. If the value of desiredType is typeWildCard, no coercion is performed, and the descriptor type of the returned data is the same as the descriptor type of the attribute. The returned data’s descriptor type is returned in the typeCode parameter. The dataPtr parameter is a pointer to the buffer for storing the data that is returned. The maximumSize parameter is the maximum length, in bytes, of the data to be returned. The AEGetAttributePtr function returns in the actualSize parameter the actual length, in bytes, of the data for the attribute. If this value is larger than the value of maximumSize, not all of the data for the attribute was returned. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAECoercionFail –1700 Data could not be coerced to the requested type errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor type was not found errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEReplyNotArrived –1718 Reply has not yet arrived The AEGetAttributeDesc function returns the descriptor record for an Apple event attribute. FUNCTION AEGetAttributeDesc (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; desiredType: DescType; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent is the Apple event containing the desired attribute. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword that specifies the desired attribute. The desiredType parameter is the descriptor type of the descriptor record to be returned; if the desired attribute is not of this type, the Apple Event Manager attempts to coerce it into this type. If the value of desiredType is typeWildCard, no coercion is performed, and the descriptor type of the resulting descriptor record is the same as the descriptor type of the attribute. The AEGetAttributeDesc function returns in the result parameter the resulting descriptor record. This function creates a new descriptor record by copying the descriptor record from the parameter. Your application is responsible for using the AEDisposeDesc function to dispose of the resulting descriptor record once you are finished using it. If the function returns a nonzero result code, a descriptor record with the typeNull descriptor type is returned. A descriptor record of this type does not contain any data. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAECoercionFail –1700 Data could not be coerced to the requested errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor record was not found errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEReplyNotArrived –1718 Reply has not yet arrived _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Counting…the…Items…in…Descriptor…Lists æC »Counting the Items in Descriptor Lists The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AECountItems function counts the number of descriptor records in a descriptor list. FUNCTION AECountItems (theAEDescList: AEDescList; VAR theCount: LongInt) : OSErr; The parameter theAEDescList is the descriptor list to be counted. The AECountItems function returns the number of descriptor records in the list in the parameter theCount. Result codes noErr 0 No error errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Getting…Items…From…Descriptor…Lists æC »Getting Items From Descriptor Lists The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You can use the AEGetNthPtr and AEGetNthDesc functions to gain access to the data in a descriptor list. You can use the AEGetArray function to get data from an array contained in a descriptor list. The AEGetNthPtr function uses a buffer to return the data for a descriptor record in a descriptor list. FUNCTION AEGetNthPtr (theAEDescList: AEDescList; index: LongInt; desiredType: DescType; VAR theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; VAR typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; maximumSize: Size; VAR actualSize: Size) : OSErr; The parameter theAEDescList is the descriptor list containing the desired descriptor record. The index parameter specifies the position of the desired descriptor record in the list (for example, 2 specifies the second descriptor record). The desiredType parameter is the descriptor type of the resulting data; if the descriptor record is not of this type, the Apple Event Manager attempts to coerce it into this type. If the value of desiredType is typeWildCard, no coercion is performed, and the descriptor type of the resulting data is the same as the descriptor type of the original descriptor record. If you are getting data from a list of keyword-specified descriptor records, the keyword of the specified descriptor record is returned in the parameter theAEKeyword; otherwise, the value typeWildCard is returned. The returned data’s descriptor type is returned in the typeCode parameter. The dataPtr parameter is the pointer to the buffer for storing the data. The maximumSize parameter is the maximum length, in bytes, of the data to be returned. The AEGetNthPtr function returns in the actualSize parameter the actual length, in bytes, of the data for the descriptor record. If this value is larger than the value of maximumSize, not all of the data for the descriptor record was returned. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAECoercionFail –1700 Data could not be coerced to the requested errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor record was not found errAEWrongDataType –1703 Wrong descriptor type errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEReplyNotArrived –1718 Reply has not yet arrived The AEGetNthDesc function returns a descriptor record from a descriptor list. FUNCTION AEGetNthDesc (theAEDescList: AEDescList; index: LongInt; desiredType: DescType; VAR theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; The parameter theAEDescList is the descriptor list from which to get the descriptor record. The index parameter is the position of the descriptor record to get (for example, 2 specifies the second descriptor record in the list). The desiredType parameter is the descriptor type of the resulting data; if the descriptor record is not of this type, the Apple Event Manager attempts to coerce it into this type. If the value of desiredType is typeWildCard, no coercion is performed, and the descriptor type of the resulting descriptor record is the same as the descriptor type of the original descriptor record. If you are getting data from a list of keyword-specified descriptor records, the AEGetNthDesc function returns the keyword of the specified descriptor record in the parameter theAEKeyword; otherwise, AEGetNthDesc returns the typeWildCard constant. The AEGetNthDesc function returns in the result parameter the resulting descriptor record. This function creates a new descriptor record by copying the descriptor record from the parameter. Your application is responsible for using the AEDisposeDesc function to dispose of the resulting descriptor record once you are finished using it. If the function returns a nonzero result code, a descriptor record with the typeNull descriptor type is returned. A descriptor record of this type does not contain any data. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAECoercionFail –1700 Data could not be coerced to the requested type errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor record was not found errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEReplyNotArrived –1718 Reply has not yet arrived The AEGetArray function converts an Apple event array (an array created with the AEPutArray function and stored in a descriptor list) into the corresponding Pascal or C array. FUNCTION AEGetArray (theAEDescList: AEDescList; arrayType: AEArrayType; arrayPtr: AEArrayDataPointer; maximumSize: Size; VAR itemType: DescType; VAR itemSize: Size; VAR itemCount: LongInt) : OSErr; The parameter theAEDescList is the descriptor list from which to get the array. The arrayType parameter is the Apple event array type to be converted. This is specified by one of the following constants: kAEDataArray, kAEPackedArray, kAEHandleArray, kAEDescArray, or kAEKeyDescArray. The arrayPtr parameter is a pointer to the buffer for storing the array. The maximumSize parameter is the maximum length, in bytes, of the data to be returned. For packed, data, and handle arrays, the itemType parameter returns the descriptor type of the array elements that are returned. For packed and data arrays, the itemSize parameter returns the size, in bytes, of the array elements that are returned. The itemCount parameter returns the number of items in the resulting array. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAEWrongDataType –1703 Wrong descriptor type errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEReplyNotArrived –1718 Reply has not yet arrived _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Getting…Data…From…AE…Records æC »Getting Data From AE Records The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You can use the AEGetKeyPtr and AEGetKeyDesc functions to get data and keyword-specified descriptor records out of an AE record or an Apple event. The AEGetKeyPtr function uses a buffer to return the data contained in a keyword-specified descriptor record. You can use this function to get data out of an AE record or an Apple event record. FUNCTION AEGetKeyPtr (theAERecord: AERecord; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; desiredType: DescType; VAR typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; maximumSize: Size; VAR actualSize: Size) : OSErr; The parameter theAERecord is the AE record from which to get data. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword that specifies the desired descriptor record. The desiredType parameter specifies the descriptor type of the resulting data; if the desired data is not of this type, the Apple Event Manager attempts to coerce it into this type. If the value of desiredType is typeWildCard, no coercion is performed, and the descriptor type of resulting data is the same as the descriptor type of the original data. The returned data’s descriptor type is returned in the typeCode parameter. The dataPtr parameter is a pointer to the buffer for storing the data. The maximumSize parameter is the maximum length, in bytes, of the data to be returned. The AEGetKeyPtr function returns in the actualSize parameter the actual length, in bytes, of the data for the keyword-specified descriptor record. If this value is larger than the value of maximumSize, not all of the data for the keyword-specified descriptor record was returned. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAECoercionFail –1700 Data could not be coerced to the requested type errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor record was not found errAEWrongDataType –1703 Wrong descriptor type errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEReplyNotArrived –1718 Reply has not yet arrived The AEGetKeyDesc function returns the descriptor record for a keyword-specified descriptor record. You can use this function to get a descriptor record out of an AE record or an Apple event. FUNCTION AEGetKeyDesc (theAERecord: AERecord; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; desiredType: DescType; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; The parameter theAERecord is the AE record from which to get the descriptor record. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword that specifies the descriptor record to be returned. The desiredType parameter specifies the descriptor type of the resulting descriptor record; if the original descriptor record is not of this type, the Apple Event Manager attempts to coerce it into this type. If the value of desiredType is typeWildCard, no coercion is performed, and the descriptor type of the resulting descriptor record is the same as the descriptor type of the original descriptor record. The AEGetKeyDesc function returns in the result parameter the resulting descriptor record. This function creates a new descriptor record by copying the descriptor record from the AE record. Your application is responsible for using the AEDisposeDesc function to dispose of the resulting descriptor record once you are finished using it. If the function returns a nonzero result code, a descriptor record with the typeNull descriptor type is returned. A descriptor record of this type does not contain any data. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAECoercionFail –1700 Data could not be coerced to the requested type errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor record was not found errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEReplyNotArrived –1718 Reply has not yet arrived _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Requesting…User…Interaction æC »Requesting User Interaction The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Your server application may need to interact with the user while processing an Apple event. Your application should use the AEInteractWithUser function before actually interacting with the user in response to an Apple event. Your application can also specify its user interaction preferences by using the AESetInteractionAllowed and AEGetInteractionAllowed functions. A server application uses the AESetInteractionAllowed function to specify user interaction preferences for responding to Apple events. FUNCTION AESetInteractionAllowed (level: AEInteractAllowed) : OSErr; The level parameter must be one of three flags: kAEInteractWithSelf, kAEInteractWithLocal, or kAEInteractWithAll. Specifying the kAEInteractWithSelf flag allows the server application to interact with the user in response to an Apple event only when the client application and server application are the same—that is, only when the application is sending the Apple event to itself. Specifying the kAEInteractWithLocal flag allows the server application to interact with the user in response to an Apple event only if the client application is on the same computer as the server application; this is the default if the AESetInteractionAllowed function is not used. Specifying the kAEInteractWithAll flag allows the server application to interact with the user in response to an Apple event sent from any client application on any computer. Result code noErr 0 No error The AEGetInteractionAllowed function returns a value that indicates the user interaction preferences for responding to an Apple event. The value returned is the interaction level set by a previous call to AESetInteractionAllowed. The default value of kAEInteractWithLocal is returned if your application has not used AESetInteractionAllowed to explicitly set the interaction level. FUNCTION AEGetInteractionAllowed (VAR level: AEInteractAllowed) : OSErr; The level parameter returns one of the following flags: kAEInteractWithSelf, kAEInteractWithLocal, or kAEInteractWithAll. The kAEInteractWithSelf flag indicates that the server application may interact with the user in response to an Apple event only when the client application and server application are the same—that is, only when the application is sending the Apple event to itself. The kAEInteractWithLocal flag indicates that the server application may interact with the user in response to an Apple event only if the client application is on the same computer as the server application. This is the default if your application has not used the AESetInteractionAllowed function to explicitly set the interaction level. The kAEInteractWithAll flag indicates that the server application may interact with the user in response to an Apple event sent from any client application on any computer. Result code noErr 0 No error A server application calls the AEInteractWithUser function before displaying a dialog box or alert box or otherwise interacting with the user. If the user-interaction preference settings permit the application to come to the foreground, this function brings your application to the front, either directly or by posting a notification request. FUNCTION AEInteractWithUser (timeOutInTicks: LongInt; nmReqPtr: QElemPtr; idleProc: IdleProcPtr) : OSErr; The timeOutInTicks parameter is the amount of time (in ticks) that your handler is willing to wait for a response from the user. The nmReqPtr parameter is a pointer to a Notification Manager record provided by your application. You can specify NIL for this parameter to get the default notification handling provided by the Apple Event Manager. The idleProc parameter is a pointer to your application’s idle function, which handles events while waiting for the Apple Event Manager to return control. For a description of how to write this function, see “Writing an Idle Function” earlier in this chapter. The AEInteractWithUser function checks to see if the client application set the kAENeverInteract flag for the Apple event and, if so, returns an error. If not, then the AEInteractWithUser function checks the server application’s preference set by the AESetInteractionAllowed function and compares it against the source of the Apple event—that is, whether it came from the same application, another application or process on the same computer, or an application or process running on another computer. AEInteractWithUser returns the errAENoUserInteraction result code if the user-interaction preferences don’t allow user interaction. If user interaction is allowed, the Apple Event Manager brings your application to the front, either directly or by posting a notification request. If AEInteractWithUser returns the noErr result code, then your application is in the front and is free to interact with the user. Result code noErr 0 No error errAETimeout –1712 Apple event timed out errAENoUserInteraction –1713 No user interaction allowed _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Requesting…More…Time…to…Respond…to…Apple…Events æC »Requesting More Time to Respond to Apple Events The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AEResetTimer function resets the timeout value for an Apple event to its starting value. A server application can call this function when it knows it cannot fulfill a client application’s request (either by returning a result or by sending back a reply Apple event) before the client application is due to time out. FUNCTION AEResetTimer (reply: AppleEvent) : OSErr; The reply parameter is the default reply for an Apple event and is provided by the Apple Event Manager. When AEResetTimer is called, the Apple Event Manager uses the default reply to send a Reset Timer event to the client application; the Apple Event Manager for the client application intercepts this Apple event and resets the client application’s timer for the Apple event. (The Reset Timer event is never dispatched to a handler, and the client application does not need a handler for it.) Result code noErr 0 No error errAEReplyNotValid –1709 AEResetTimer was passed an invalid reply _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Suspending…and…Resuming…Apple…Event…Handling æC »Suspending and Resuming Apple Event Handling The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AESuspendTheCurrentEvent function suspends the processing of the Apple event that is currently being handled. FUNCTION AESuspendTheCurrentEvent (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent is the Apple event whose handling is to be suspended. Although the Apple Event Manager doesn’t need the parameter theAppleEvent to identify the Apple event currently being handled, providing this parameter is a safeguard that ensures that you are suspending the correct Apple event. After a server application makes a successful call to the AESuspendTheCurrentEvent function, it is no longer required to return a result or a reply for the Apple event that was being handled. It can, however, return a result if it later calls the AEResumeTheCurrentEvent function to resume event processing. The Apple Event Manager does not automatically dispose of Apple events that have been suspended or of their default replies. (The Apple Event Manager does, however, automatically dispose of a previously suspended Apple event and its default reply if the server later resumes processing of the Apple event by calling the AEResumeTheCurrentEvent function.) If your server application does not resume processing of a suspended Apple event, it is responsible for using the AEDisposeDesc function to dispose of both the Apple event and its default reply when you are finished with them. Result code noErr 0 No error The AEResumeTheCurrentEvent function informs the Apple Event Manager that your application wants to resume the handling of a previously suspended Apple event or that it has completed the handling of the Apple event. FUNCTION AEResumeTheCurrentEvent (theAppleEvent, reply: AppleEvent; dispatcher: EventHandlerProcPtr; handlerRefcon: LongInt) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent is the Apple event whose processing is to be resumed. The reply parameter is the default reply that is automatically provided by the Apple Event Manager for the Apple event. The dispatcher parameter is one of the following: • a pointer to a routine for handling the event • the kAEUseStandardDispatch constant, which causes the Apple event to be dispatched in the way it was when it was first received • the kAENoDispatch constant, which tells the Apple Event Manager that the processing of the Apple event is complete and that it does not need to be dispatched If the value of the dispatcher parameter is not kAEUseStandardDispatch, the handlerRefcon parameter is a reference constant that is passed to the handler when the handler is called. If the value of the dispatcher parameter is kAEUseStandardDispatch, the Apple Event Manager ignores the handlerRefcon parameter and instead passes the reference constant that is stored in the Apple event dispatch table entry for the Apple event. (If you want to pass the same reference constant that is stored in the Apple event dispatch table, your application can obtain the reference constant by calling the AEGetEventHandler function.) Result code noErr 0 No error The AESetTheCurrentEvent function specifies the Apple event to be handled. There is generally no reason for your application to use this function. Instead of calling this function, your application should let the Apple Event Manager go through the dispatch tables to set the current Apple event. FUNCTION AESetTheCurrentEvent (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent is the Apple event that is to be handled. The AESetTheCurrentEvent function is used only to avoid going through the dispatch tables, and is used only in the following way: 1. An application suspends handling of an Apple event by calling the AESuspendTheCurrentEvent function. 2. The application calls the AESetTheCurrentEvent function to inform the Apple Event Manager that it is handling the Apple event that was previously suspended. It thereby makes the identity of the Apple event currently being handled available to routines that call the AEGetTheCurrentEvent function. 3. The application handles the Apple event. When it is finished, it calls the AEResumeTheCurrentEvent function with the value kAENoDispatch to tell the Apple Event Manager that the processing of the event is complete and that the Apple event does not need to be dispatched. Result code noErr 0 No error The AEGetTheCurrentEvent function returns the Apple event that is currently being handled. In many applications, the handling of an Apple event involves one or more long chains of calls to routines within the application. The AEGetTheCurrentEvent function makes it unnecessary for these calls to include the current Apple event as a parameter; the routines can simply call AEGetTheCurrentEvent to get the current Apple event when it is needed. FUNCTION AEGetTheCurrentEvent (VAR theAppleEvent: AppleEvent) : OSErr; This function returns the Apple event that is currently being handled in the parameter theAppleEvent. Result code noErr 0 No error _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Creating…Apple…Events æC »Creating Apple Events The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AECreateAppleEvent function creates an Apple event with several important attributes but no parameters. FUNCTION AECreateAppleEvent (theAEEventClass: AEEventClass; theAEEventID: AEEventID; target: AEAddressDesc; returnID: Integer; transactionID: LongInt; VAR result: AppleEvent) : OSErr; The parameter theAEEventClass is the event class of the Apple event to be created. The parameter theAEEventID is the event ID of the Apple event to be created. The target parameter is the address of the server application. See “Specifying a Target Application” earlier in this chapter for information on how to address an Apple event. The returnID parameter is the return ID assigned to this Apple event; if the kAutoGenerateReturnID constant is used as the value, the Apple Event Manager assigns a return ID that is unique to the current session. The transactionID parameter is the transaction ID for this Apple event. A transaction refers to a sequence of Apple events that are sent back and forth between the client and server applications, beginning with the client’s initial request for a service. All Apple events that are part of a transaction must have the same transaction ID. The AECreateAppleEvent function returns in the result parameter the resulting Apple event. Your application is responsible for using the AEDisposeDesc function to dispose of the resulting Apple event once you are finished using it. If the function returns a nonzero result code, a descriptor record with the typeNull descriptor type is returned. A descriptor record of this type does not contain any data. Result code noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Creating…and…Duplicating…Descriptor…Records æC »Creating and Duplicating Descriptor Records The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AECreateDesc function takes data and converts it into a descriptor record. FUNCTION AECreateDesc (typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; dataSize: Size; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; The typeCode parameter is the descriptor type for the resulting descriptor record. The dataPtr parameter is a pointer to the data for the descriptor record. The dataSize parameter is the length, in bytes, of the data for the descriptor record. The AECreateDesc function returns in the result parameter the resulting descriptor record. This function creates a new descriptor record by copying the descriptor record from the parameter. Your application is responsible for using the AEDisposeDesc function to dispose of the resulting descriptor record once you are finished using it. You normally do this after receiving a result from the AESend function. If the function returns a nonzero result code, a descriptor record with the typeNull descriptor type is returned. A descriptor record of this type does not contain any data. Result code noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone The AEDuplicateDesc function makes a copy of a descriptor record. FUNCTION AEDuplicateDesc (theAEDesc: AEDesc; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; The parameter theAEDesc is the descriptor record to be copied. The AEDuplicateDesc function returns in the result parameter the resulting descriptor record. This function creates a new descriptor record by copying the descriptor record from the parameter. Your application is responsible for using the AEDisposeDesc function to dispose of the resulting descriptor record once you are finished using it. You normally do this after receiving a result from the AESend function. If the function returns a nonzero result code, a descriptor record with the typeNull descriptor type is returned. A descriptor record of this type does not contain any data. It’s common for applications to send Apple events that have one or more attributes or parameters in common. For example, if you’re sending a series of Apple events to the same application, the address attribute is the same. In these cases, the most efficient way to create the necessary Apple events is to make a template Apple event that you can then copy—by calling the AEDuplicateDesc function—as needed. You then fill in or change the remaining parameters and attributes of the copy, send the copy by calling AESend, and then dispose of the copy—by calling AEDisposeDesc—after AESend returns a result. Result code noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Creating…Descriptor…Lists…and…AE…Records æC »Creating Descriptor Lists and AE Records The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AECreateList function creates an empty descriptor list or AE record. FUNCTION AECreateList (factoringPtr: Ptr; factoredSize: Size; isRecord: Boolean; VAR resultList: AEDescList) : OSErr; You can compress descriptor lists—thereby saving both space and, in some cases, transmission time—by isolating data at the beginning of each descriptor record that is the same for all descriptor records in the list. This common data is sent only once for all the descriptor records in the list. When an application gets descriptor records from a compressed descriptor list, the Apple Event Manager automatically decompresses them. The factoringPtr parameter is a pointer to the data at the beginning of each descriptor that is the same for all descriptor records in the list. (The method for compressing descriptor lists is analogous to extracting the common factor from two or more numbers.) If there is no common data, or if you decide not to isolate the common data, provide NIL as the value of the factoringPtr parameter. The factoredSize parameter is the size of the common data. If there is no common data, or if you decide not to isolate the common data, the value of factoredSize must be 0. The isRecord parameter is a Boolean value that specifies the kind of list to create. If you set its value to TRUE, the Apple Event Manager creates an AE record. If you set its value to FALSE, the Apple Event Manager creates a descriptor list. The AECreateList function returns in the resultList parameter the resulting descriptor list or AE record. This function creates a new descriptor record by copying the descriptor record from the parameter. Your application is responsible for using the AEDisposeDesc function to dispose of the resulting descriptor record once you are finished using it. You normally do this after receiving a result from the AESend function. If the function returns a nonzero result code, a descriptor record with the typeNull descriptor type is returned. A descriptor record of this type does not contain any data. Result code noErr 0 No error paramErr –50 Error in parameter list memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Adding…Items…to…Descriptor…Lists æC »Adding Items to Descriptor Lists The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AEPutPtr function takes data specified in a buffer and converts it to a descriptor record that it adds to a descriptor list. FUNCTION AEPutPtr (theAEDescList: AEDescList; index: LongInt; typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; dataSize: Size) : OSErr; The parameter theAEDescList is the descriptor list to which to add a descriptor record. The index parameter is the position in the list for the descriptor record (for example, 2 specifies that it must be the second descriptor record). If there was already a descriptor record at that position, it is replaced. If the value of index is 0, the descriptor record is added at the end of the list. The typeCode parameter is the descriptor type for the resulting descriptor record. The dataPtr parameter is a pointer to the data for the descriptor record. The dataSize parameter is the length, in bytes, of the data for the descriptor record. Result code noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAEWrongDataType –1703 Wrong descriptor type errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEBadListItem –1705 Operation involving a list item failed errAEIllegalIndex –1719 Not a valid list index The AEPutDesc function adds a descriptor record to a descriptor list. FUNCTION AEPutDesc (theAEDescList: AEDescList; index: LongInt; theAEDesc: AEDesc) : OSErr; The parameter theAEDescList is the descriptor list to which you are adding a descriptor record. The index parameter is the position in the list for the descriptor record (for example, 2 specifies that it must be the second descriptor record). If there was already a descriptor record at that position, it is replaced. If the value of index is 0, the descriptor record is added to the end of the list. The parameter theAEDesc is the descriptor record to be added to the list. Result code noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAEWrongDataType –1703 Wrong descriptor type errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEBadListItem –1705 Operation involving a list item failed errAEIllegalIndex –1719 Not a valid list index The AEPutArray function puts the data for an Apple event array into a descriptor list. FUNCTION AEPutArray (theAEDescList: AEDescList; arrayType: AEArrayType; arrayPtr: AEArrayDataPointer; itemType: DescType; itemSize: Size; itemCount: LongInt) : OSErr; The parameter theAEDescList is the descriptor list into which to put the Apple event array. If there are any items already in the descriptor list, they are replaced. The arrayType parameter is the Apple event array type to be created. This is specified by one of the following constants: kAEDataArray, kAEPackedArray, kAEHandleArray, kAEDescArray, or kAEKeyDescArray. The kAEDataArray constant refers to an array of integers; kAEPackedArray refers to an array of characters; kAEHandleArray refers to an array of handles; kAEDescArray refers to an array of descriptor records; and kAEKeyDescArray refers to an array of keyword-specified descriptor records. If you are putting an array into a compressed descriptor list (see the description of the AECreateList function for information about compressing descriptor lists), the data for each array element must include the data that is common to all the descriptor records in the list. The Apple Event Manager automatically isolates the data you specified in the call to AECreateList that is common to all the elements of the array. The arrayPtr parameter is a pointer to the buffer containing the array. For packed, data, and handle arrays, the itemType parameter specifies the descriptor type of array items to be created. For packed and data arrays, the itemSize parameter specifies the size, in bytes, of the array items to be created. The itemCount parameter is the number of elements in the array. Result code noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAEWrongDataType –1703 Wrong descriptor type errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Adding…Data…to…AE…Records æC »Adding Data to AE Records The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AEPutKeyPtr function takes a pointer to data, a descriptor type, and a keyword and converts them into a keyword-specified descriptor record that it adds to an AE record. FUNCTION AEPutKeyPtr (theAERecord: AERecord; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; dataSize: Size) : OSErr; The parameter theAERecord is the AE record to which to add a keyword-specified descriptor record. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword specifying the descriptor record. If there was already a descriptor record with this keyword, it is replaced. The typeCode parameter is the descriptor type for the keyword-specified descriptor record. The dataPtr parameter is a pointer to the data for the keyword-specified descriptor record. The dataSize parameter is the length, in bytes, of the data for the keyword-specified descriptor record. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAEWrongDataType –1703 Wrong descriptor type errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEBadListItem –1705 Operation involving a list item failed The AEPutKeyDesc function takes a descriptor record and a keyword and converts them into a keyword-specified descriptor record that it adds to an AE record. FUNCTION AEPutKeyDesc (theAERecord: AERecord; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; theAEDesc: AEDesc) : OSErr; The parameter theAERecord is the AE record to which to add the keyword-specified descriptor record. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword specifying the descriptor record. If there was already a keyword-specified descriptor record with this keyword, it is replaced. The parameter theAEDesc is the descriptor record for the keyword-specified descriptor record. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAEWrongDataType –1703 Wrong descriptor type errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEBadListItem –1705 Operation involving a list item failed _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Adding…Parameters…and…Attributes…to…Apple…Events æC »Adding Parameters and Attributes to Apple Events The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AEPutParamPtr function takes a pointer to data, a descriptor type, and a keyword and converts them into a parameter that it adds to an Apple event. FUNCTION AEPutParamPtr (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; dataSize: Size) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent is the Apple event to which you are adding a parameter. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword for the parameter. If there was already a parameter with this keyword in the Apple event, it is replaced. The typeCode parameter is the descriptor type for the parameter. The dataPtr parameter is a pointer to the data for the parameter. The dataSize parameter is the length, in bytes, of the data for the parameter. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAEWrongDataType –1703 Wrong descriptor type errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEBadListItem –1705 Operation involving a list item failed The AEPutParamDesc function takes a descriptor record, and a keyword and converts them into a parameter that it adds to an Apple event. FUNCTION AEPutParamDesc (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; theAEDesc: AEDesc) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent is the Apple event to which you are adding a parameter. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword for the parameter. If there was already a parameter with this keyword in the Apple event, it is replaced. The parameter theAEDesc is the descriptor record for the parameter. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAEWrongDataType –1703 Wrong descriptor type errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEBadListItem –1705 Operation involving a list item failed The AEPutAttributePtr function takes a pointer to data, a descriptor type, and a keyword and converts them into an attribute that it adds to an Apple event. FUNCTION AEPutAttributePtr (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; dataSize: Size) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent is the Apple event to which you are adding an attribute. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword of the attribute. If there was already an attribute with this keyword in the Apple event, it is replaced. The typeCode parameter is the descriptor type for the attribute. The dataPtr parameter is a pointer to the buffer containing the data to be assigned to the attribute. The dataSize parameter is the length, in bytes, of the data to be assigned to the attribute. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAECoercionFail –1700 Data could not be coerced to the requested type errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record The AEPutAttributeDesc takes a descriptor record and a keyword and converts them into an attribute that it adds to an Apple event. FUNCTION AEPutAttributeDesc (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; theAEDesc: AEDesc) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent is the Apple event to which you are adding an attribute. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword of the attribute. If there was already an attribute with this keyword in the Apple event, it is replaced. The parameter theAEDesc is the descriptor record to be assigned to the attribute. The descriptor type of the specified descriptor record should match the defined descriptor type for that attribute. For example, the keyEventSourceAttr attribute has the typeShortInteger descriptor type. If the descriptor type required for the attribute is different than the descriptor type of the descriptor record, the Apple Event Manager attempts to coerce the descriptor record into the required type, with one exception: the Apple Event Manager does not attempt to coerce the data for an address attribute, thereby allowing applications to use their own address types. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAECoercionFail –1700 Data could not be coerced to the requested type errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Sending…Apple…Events æC »Sending Apple Events The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AESend function sends an Apple event. FUNCTION AESend (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; VAR reply: AppleEvent; sendMode: AESendMode; sendPriority: AESendPriority; timeOutInTicks: LongInt; idleProc: IdleProcPtr; filterProc: EventFilterProcPtr) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent specifies the Apple event to be sent. The reply parameter specifies the reply Apple event that is returned if you specify the kAEWaitReply flag in the sendMode parameter. (If you specify the kAEQueueReply flag in the sendMode parameter, you receive the reply Apple event in your event queue.) If you specify either the kAEQueueReply flag or the kAENoReply flag, the data in the reply Apple event returned by this function is not valid. If this function returns a nonzero result, it also returns in the reply parameter a descriptor record whose descriptor type is typeNull—that is, one that does not contain data. If you specify kAEWaitReply, your application is responsible for using the AEDisposeDesc function to dispose of the resulting descriptor record. The sendMode parameter allows you to specify the following: the reply mode for the Apple event (set with one of the constants kAENoReply, kAEQueueReply, or kAEWaitReply); the interaction mode (set with one of the constants kAENeverInteract, kAECanInteract, or kAEAlwaysInteract); the layer switch mode (set with the kAECanSwitchLayer constant); the reconnection mode (set with the kAEDontReconnect constant); and the return receipt mode (set with the kAEWantReceipt constant). You obtain the value for this parameter by adding the appropriate constants. These flags are stored in the interaction level attribute, whose keyword is keyInteractLevelAttr. The sendMode flags are described in a later part of this section. In the sendPriority parameter, you specify flags that determine whether the Apple event is put at the back of the event queue (the kAENormalPriority flag) or at the front of the queue (the kAEHighPriority flag). If the reply mode specified in the sendMode parameter is kAEWaitReply, or if a return receipt is requested, the timeOutInTicks parameter specifies the length of time (in ticks) that the client application is willing to wait for the reply or return receipt from the server application before timing out. Most applications should use the kAEDefaultTimeout constant, which tells the Apple Event Manager to provide an appropriate timeout duration. If the value of this parameter is kNoTimeOut, the Apple event never times out. The idleProc parameter specifies a pointer to a function for any tasks (such as displaying a wristwatch or spinning beach ball cursor) that the application performs while waiting for a reply or a return receipt (see “Writing an Idle Function” earlier in this chapter). The filterProc parameter specifies a pointer to a routine that accepts certain incoming Apple events that are received while the handler waits for a reply or a return receipt and filters out the rest (see “Writing a Reply Filter Function” earlier in this chapter). You can use one of the following flags in the sendMode parameter to specify the reply mode for an Apple event. Only one of these flags may be set. Flag Description kAENoReply Your application does not want a reply Apple event; the server processes your Apple event as soon as it has the opportunity. kAEQueueReply Your application wants a reply Apple event; the reply appears in your event queue as soon as the server has the opportunity to process and respond to your Apple event. kAEWaitReply Your application wants a reply Apple event and is willing to give up the processor while waiting for the reply; for example, if the server application is on the same computer as your application, your application yields the processor to allow the server to respond to your Apple event. You can communicate your user-interaction preferences to the server by specifying one of these flags in the sendMode parameter of the AESend function. Only one of these flags may be set. Flag Description kAENeverInteract The server application should never interact with the user in response to this Apple event. If this flag is set, AEInteractWithUser does not bring the server application to the foreground (this is the default when an Apple event is sent to a remote application). kAECanInteract The server application can interact with the user in response to this Apple event—by convention, if the user needs to supply information to the server. If this flag is set and the server allows interaction, AEInteractWithUser brings the server application to the foreground (this is the default when an Apple event is sent to a local application). kAEAlwaysInteract The server application can interact with the user in response to this Apple event—by convention, even if no information is needed from the user. If this flag is set and the server allows interaction, AEInteractWithUser brings the server application to the foreground. The Apple Event Manager does not distinguish between this flag and the kAECanInteract flag—distinguishing between them is the responsibility of the server application. The flags in the following list specify the layer switch mode, the reconnection mode, and the return receipt mode. Any of these flags may be set. Flag Description kAECanSwitchLayer If both the client and server allow interaction and this flag is set, AEInteractWithUser brings the server directly to the foreground if adherence to the principle of user control allows. If the action would be contrary to this principle, AEInteractWithUser uses the Notification Manager to request that user bring the server application to the foreground. If both the client and server allow interaction and this flag is not set, AEInteractWithUser always uses the Notification Manager to request that the user bring the server application to the foreground. kAEDontReconnect Specifies that the Apple Event Manager must not automatically try to reconnect if it receives a sessClosedErr result code from the PPC Toolbox. kAEWantReceipt The sender wants to receive a return receipt for this Apple event from the Event Manager. (Getting a return receipt means only that the receiving application accepted the Apple event; the Apple event may or may not be handled successfully after it is accepted). If the receiving application does not send a return receipt before the request times out, AESend returns errAETimeout as its function result. If the Apple Event Manager cannot find a handler for an Apple event in either the application or system Apple event dispatch table, it returns the result code errAEEventNotHandled to the server application (as the result of the AEProcessAppleEvent function). If the client is waiting for a reply, the Apple Event Manager also returns this result code to the client. AESend returns noErr as the function result if the Apple event was successfully sent by the Event Manager. A noErr result from AESend does not indicate that the Apple event was handled successfully; it only indicates that the Apple event was successfully sent by the Event Manager. If a result code other than noErr is returned by the handler, and if the client is waiting for a reply, it is returned in the keyErrorNumber parameter of the reply Apple event. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone connectionInvalid –609 Connection is invalid errAEEventNotHandled –1708 Event wasn’t handled by an Apple errAEUnknownSendMode –1710 Invalid sending mode was passed errAEWaitCanceled –1711 User canceled out of wait loop for errAETimeout –1712 Apple event timed out errAEUnknownAddressType –1716 Unknown Apple event address type _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Getting…the…Sizes…and…Descriptor…Types…of…Descriptor…Records æC »Getting the Sizes and Descriptor Types of Descriptor Records The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AESizeOfNthItem function returns the size and descriptor type of a descriptor record in a descriptor list. FUNCTION AESizeOfNthItem (theAEDescList: AEDescList; index: LongInt; VAR typeCode: DescType; VAR dataSize: Size) : OSErr; The parameter theAEDescList is the descriptor list containing the descriptor record. The index parameter is the position of the descriptor record in the list (for example, 2 specifies the second descriptor record). The AESizeOfNthItem function returns the descriptor type of the descriptor record in the typeCode parameter . This function returns the length, in bytes, of the data contained in the descriptor record in the dataSize parameter. Result codes noErr 0 No error errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor record was not found errAEReplyNotArrived –1718 Reply has not yet arrived The AESizeOfKeyDesc function returns the size and descriptor type of a keyword-specified descriptor record in an AE record. FUNCTION AESizeOfKeyDesc (theAERecord: AERecord; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; VAR typeCode: DescType; VAR dataSize: Size) : OSErr; The parameter theAERecord is the AE record containing the desired keyword-specified descriptor record. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword that specifies the desired descriptor record. This function returns the descriptor type of the desired keyword-specified descriptor record in the typeCode parameter. This function returns the length, in bytes, of the data contained in the keyword-specified descriptor record in the dataSize parameter. Result codes noErr 0 No error errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor record was not found errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEReplyNotArrived –1718 Reply has not yet arrived The AESizeOfParam function returns the size and descriptor type of an Apple event parameter. FUNCTION AESizeOfParam (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; VAR typeCode: DescType; VAR dataSize: Size) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent is the Apple event containing the parameter. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword that specifies the desired parameter. The function returns the descriptor type of the parameter in the typeCode parameter. The function returns the length, in bytes, of the data contained in the desired parameter in the dataSize parameter. Result codes noErr 0 No error errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor record was not found errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEReplyNotArrived –1718 Reply has not yet arrived The AESizeOfAttribute function returns the size and descriptor type of an Apple event attribute. FUNCTION AESizeOfAttribute (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; VAR typeCode: DescType; VAR dataSize: Size) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent is the Apple event containing the attribute. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword that specifies the attribute. The function returns the descriptor type of the attribute in the typeCode parameter. The function returns the length, in bytes, of the data contained in the attribute in the dataSize parameter. Result codes noErr 0 No error errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor record was not found errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEReplyNotArrived –1718 Reply has not yet arrived _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Deleting…Descriptor…Records æC »Deleting Descriptor Records The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AEDeleteItem function deletes a descriptor record from a descriptor list. FUNCTION AEDeleteItem (theAEDescList: AEDescList; index: LongInt) : OSErr; The parameter theAEDescList is the descriptor list containing the descriptor record to be deleted. The index parameter is the position of the descriptor record to delete (for example, 2 specifies the second item). Result codes noErr 0 No error errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor record was not found errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEBadListItem –1705 Operation involving a list item failed The AEDeleteKeyDesc function deletes a keyword-specified descriptor record from an AE record. FUNCTION AEDeleteKeyDesc (theAERecord: AERecord; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword) : OSErr; The parameter theAERecord is the AE record containing the keyword-specified descriptor record to be deleted. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword that specifies the descriptor record to be deleted. Result codes noErr 0 No error errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor record was not found errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEBadListItem –1705 Operation involving a list item failed The AEDeleteParam function deletes an Apple event parameter. FUNCTION AEDeleteParam (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword) : OSErr; The parameter theAppleEvent is the Apple event containing the parameter to be deleted. The parameter theAEKeyword is the keyword that specifies the parameter to be deleted. Result codes noErr 0 No error errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor record was not found errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEBadListItem –1705 Operation involving a list item failed _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Deallocating…Memory…for…Descriptor…Records æC »Deallocating Memory for Descriptor Records The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AEDisposeDesc function deallocates the memory used by a descriptor record. Because all Apple event structures (except for keyword-specified descriptor records) are descriptor records, you can use AEDisposeDesc for any of them. FUNCTION AEDisposeDesc (VAR theAEDesc: AEDesc) : OSErr; The parameter theAEDesc is the descriptor record to deallocate. Result codes noErr 0 No error _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Coercing…Descriptor…Types æC »Coercing Descriptor Types The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ <Intro section here? Why use these, and so on> The AECoercePtr function takes a pointer to data and a desired descriptor type and attempts to coerce the data into the desired descriptor type. If successful, it creates a descriptor record containing the newly coerced data. FUNCTION AECoercePtr (typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; dataSize: Size; toType: DescType; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; The typeCode parameter is the descriptor type of the source data. The dataPtr parameter is a pointer to the data to be coerced. The dataSize parameter is the length, in bytes, of the data to be coerced. The toType parameter is the desired descriptor type of the resulting descriptor record. The AECoercePtr function function returns in the result parameter the resulting descriptor record. This function creates a new descriptor record by copying the descriptor record from the parameter. Your application is responsible for using the AEDisposeDesc function to dispose of the resulting descriptor record once you are finished using it. If the function returns a nonzero result code, a descriptor record with the typeNull descriptor type is returned. A descriptor record of this type does not contain any data. Note: To avoid infinite recursion, AECoercePtr must never be called by an application-supplied coercion routine. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAECoercionFail –1700 Data could not be coerced to the requested The AECoerceDesc function coerces the data in a descriptor record to another descriptor type. FUNCTION AECoerceDesc (theAEDesc: AEDesc; toType: DescType; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; The parameter theAEDesc is the descriptor record whose data is to be coerced. The toType parameter is the desired descriptor type of the resulting descriptor record. The AECoerceDesc function returns in the result parameter the resulting descriptor record. This function creates a new descriptor record by copying the descriptor record from the parameter. Your application is responsible for using the AEDisposeDesc function to dispose of the resulting descriptor record once you are finished using it. If the function returns a nonzero result code, a descriptor record with the typeNull descriptor type is returned. A descriptor record of this type does not contain any data. Note: To avoid infinite recursion, AECoerceDesc must never be called by an application-supplied coercion routine. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAECoercionFail –1700 Data could not be coerced to the requested descriptor type _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Creating…and…Managing…the…Coercion…Handler…Tables æC »Creating and Managing the Coercion Handler Tables The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AEInstallCoercionHandler function installs a coercion handler routine in either the application or system coercion table. FUNCTION AEInstallCoercionHandler (fromType: DescType; toType: DescType; handler: ProcPtr; handlerRefcon: LongInt; fromTypeIsDesc: Boolean; isSysHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; The fromType parameter is the descriptor type of the data coerced by the handler, and the toType parameter is the descriptor type of the resulting data. If there was already an entry in the specified coercion handler table for the same source descriptor type and result descriptor type, it is replaced. Therefore, before installing a handler for a particular descriptor type into the system coercion table, use the AEGetCoercionHandler function to determine if the table already contains a handler for that descriptor type. If an entry exists, AEGetCoercionHandler returns a reference constant and a pointer to that handler. Chain these to your coercion handler by providing pointers to the previous handler and its reference constant in the handlerRefcon parameter of AEInstallCoercionHandler. When your handler is finished, use these pointers to call the previous handler. The handler parameter is a pointer to the coercion handler routine. Note that a handler in the system coercion table must reside in the system heap; this means that if the value of the isSysHandler parameter is TRUE, the handler parameter must point to a location in the system heap. The handlerRefcon parameter is a reference constant that is passed by the Apple Event Manager to the handler each time the handler is called. If your handler doesn’t expect a reference constant, use 0 as the value of this parameter. The fromTypeIsDesc parameter specifies the form of the data to be coerced. If its value is TRUE, the coercion handler expects the data to be passed as a descriptor record. If its value is FALSE, the coercion handler expects a pointer to the data to be coerced. Because it is more efficient for the Apple Event Manager to provide a pointer to data than to a descriptor record, all coercion routines should accept a pointer to data if possible. The isSysHandler parameter specifies the coercion table to which to add the handler. If its value is TRUE, the handler is added to the system coercion table and made available to all applications. If its value is FALSE, the handler is added to the application coercion table. Note that a handler in the system coercion table must reside in the system heap; this means that if the value of the isSysHandler parameter is TRUE, the handler parameter must point to a location in the system heap. If you put your handler code in the system heap or in your own heap, use the AERemoveCoercionHandler function to remove the handler when your application quits. Note: When an application calls a system Apple event handler, the A5 register is set up for the calling application. For this reason, if you provide a system Apple event handler, it should never use A5 global variables or anything that depends on a particular context; otherwise, the application that calls the system handler may crash. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone The AEGetCoercionHandler function returns the handler for a specified descriptor type coercion. FUNCTION AEGetCoercionHandler (fromType: DescType; toType: DescType; VAR handler: ProcPtr; VAR handlerRefcon: LongInt; VAR fromTypeIsDesc: Boolean; isSysHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; The fromType parameter is the descriptor type of the data coerced by the handler, while the parameter toType is the descriptor type of the resulting data. The function returns a pointer to the coercion handler routine in the handler parameter. The function returns a reference constant in the handlerRefcon parameter. The Apple Event Manager passes this reference constant to the handler each time the handler is called. If the function returns TRUE in the fromTypeIsDesc parameter, the coercion handler expects the data to be passed as a descriptor record. If the function returns FALSE, the coercion handler expects a pointer to the data. The isSysHandler parameter specifies the coercion table from which to get the handler. If its value is TRUE, the handler is taken from the system coercion table. If its value is FALSE, the handler is taken from the application coercion table. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAEHandlerNotFound –1717 No handler found for an Apple event or a The AERemoveCoercionHandler function removes a coercion handler routine from either the application or system coercion table. FUNCTION AERemoveCoercionHandler (fromType: DescType; toType: DescType; handler: ProcPtr; isSysHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; The fromType parameter is the descriptor type of the data coerced by the handler. The toType parameter is the descriptor type of the resulting data. The handler parameter is a pointer to the coercion handler routine. Although the fromType and toType parameters would be sufficient to identify the handler to be removed, providing the handler parameter is a safeguard to ensure that you remove the correct handler. The isSysHandler parameter specifies the coercion table from which to remove the handler. If its value is TRUE, the handler is removed from the system coercion table. If its value is FALSE, the handler is removed from the application coercion table. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAEHandlerNotFound –1717 No handler found for an Apple event or a _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Creating…and…Managing…the…Special…Handler…Tables æC »Creating and Managing the Special Handler Tables The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AEInstallSpecialHandler function installs a handler in a special handler table. FUNCTION AEInstallSpecialHandler (functionClass: AEKeyword; handler: ProcPtr; isSystemHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; The functionClass parameter is the keyword for the special handler that’s installed. There is currently only one value allowed for this parameter: the keyPreDispatch constant, which identifies a handler routine that is called immediately before the Apple Event Manager dispatches an Apple event. If there was already an entry in the specified special handler table for the same value of functionClass, it is replaced. The handler parameter is a pointer to the special handler. Note that a handler in the system handler table must reside in the system heap; this means that if the value of the isSysHandler parameter is TRUE, the handler parameter must point to a location in the system heap. The isSystemHandler parameter specifies the special handler table to which to add the handler. If its value is TRUE, the handler is added to the system handler table and made available to all applications. If its value is FALSE, the handler is added to the application handler table. If you put your handler code in the system heap or in your own heap, use the AERemoveSpecialHandler function to remove the handler when your application quits. Note: When an application calls a system Apple event handler, the A5 register is set up for the calling application. For this reason, if you provide a system Apple event handler, it should never use A5 global variables or anything that depends on a particular context; otherwise, the application that calls the system handler may crash. Result codes noErr 0 No error paramErr –50 Parameter error (handler pointer is memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAENotASpecialFunction –1714 Wrong keyword for a special function The AEGetSpecialHandler function returns a specified special handler. FUNCTION AEGetSpecialHandler (functionClass: AEKeyword; VAR handler: ProcPtr; isSystemHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; The functionClass parameter is the keyword that specifies the desired special handler. There is currently only one value allowed for this parameter: the keyPreDispatch constant, which identifies a handler routine that is called immediately before the Apple Event Manager dispatches an Apple event. The function returns a pointer to the special handler in the handler parameter. The isSystemHandler parameter specifies the special handler table from which to get the handler. If its value is TRUE, the handler is taken from the system handler table. If its value is FALSE, the handler is taken from the application handler table. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAENotASpecialFunction –1714 Wrong keyword for a special function The AERemoveSpecialHandler function removes a handler from a special handler table. FUNCTION AERemoveSpecialHandler (functionClass: AEKeyword; handler: ProcPtr; isSystemHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; The functionClass parameter is the keyword for the special handler to be removed. There is currently only one value allowed for the functionClass parameter: the keyPreDispatch constant, which identifies a handler routine that is called immediately before the Apple Event Manager dispatches an Apple event. The handler parameter is a pointer to the special handler to be removed. Although the functionClass parameter would be sufficient to identify the handler to be removed, providing the handler parameter is a safeguard to ensure that you remove the correct handler. The isSystemHandler parameter specifies the special handler table from which to remove the handler. If its value is TRUE, the handler is taken from the system handler table. If its value is FALSE, the handler is removed from the application handler table. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone errAENotASpecialFunction –1714 Wrong keyword for a special function _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Summary…of…the…Apple…Events…Manager…Volume…VI æC »Summary of the Apple Events Manager Volume VI The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Click the arrow in the lower-right corner of this window to see the summary sections of the constants, data types, and routines for the Apple Event Manager. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Apple…Events…Manager…Constants æC »Apple Events Manager Constants The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ CONST gestaltAppleEventsAttr = 'evnt'; {selector for Apple events} gestaltAppleEventsPresent = 0; {if set, Apple Event } { Manager is available} {Apple event descriptor types} typeBoolean = 'bool'; {Boolean value} typeChar = 'TEXT'; {unterminated string} typeSMInt = 'shor'; {16-bit integer} typeInteger = 'long'; {32-bit integer} typeSMFloat = 'sing'; {SANE Single} typeFloat = 'doub'; {SANE Double} typeLongInteger = 'long'; {32-bit integer} typeShortInteger = 'shor'; {16-bit integer} typeLongFloat = 'doub'; {SANE Double} typeShortFloat = 'sing'; {SANE Single} typeExtended = 'exte'; {SANE Extended} typeComp = 'comp'; {SANE Comp} typeMagnitude = 'magn'; {unsigned 32-bit integer} typeAEList = 'list'; {list of descriptor records} typeAERecord = 'reco'; {list of keyword-specified } { descriptor records} typeAppleEvent = 'aevt' {Apple event record} typeTrue = 'true'; {TRUE Boolean value} typeFalse = 'fals'; {FALSE Boolean value} typeAlias = 'alis'; {alias record} typeEnumerated = 'enum'; {enumerated data} typeType = 'type'; {descriptor type} typeAppParameters = 'appa'; {Process Manager launch } { parameters} typeProperty = 'prop'; {Apple event property} typeFSS = 'fss '; {file system specification} typeKeyword = 'keyw'; {Apple event keyword} typeSectionH = 'sect'; {Edition Manager section } { handle} typeTemporaryID = 'tid ' {temporary ID} typeWildCard = '****'; {matches any type} typeApplSignature = 'sign'; {application signature} typeSessionID = 'ssid'; {session ID} typeTargetID = 'targ'; {target ID} typeProcessSerialNumber = 'psn '; {process serial number} typeNull = 'null'; {NULL or nonexistent data} {keywords for Apple event parameters} keyDirectObject = '----'; {direct parameter} keyErrorNumber = 'errn'; {error number parameter} keyErrorString = 'errs'; {error string parameter} keyProcessSerialNumber = 'psn '; {process serial number param} {keywords for Apple event attributes} keyTransactionIDAttr = 'tran'; {transaction ID} keyReturnIDAttr = 'rtid'; {return ID} keyEventClassAttr = 'evcl'; {event class} keyEventIDAttr = 'evid'; {event ID} keyAddressAttr = 'addr'; {target application} keyOptionalKeywordAttr = 'optk'; {list of optional } { parameters for the } { Apple event} keyTimeoutAttr = 'timo'; {number of ticks the client } { will wait} keyInteractLevelAttr = 'inte'; {settings to allow Apple } { Event Mgr to bring } { server to foreground} keyEventSourceAttr = 'esrc'; {source application} keyMissedKeywordAttr = 'miss'; {first required parameter } { remaining in an Apple } { event} {keywords for special handlers} keyPreDispatch = 'phac'; {identifies a handler } { routine that is called } { immediately before the } { Apple Event Manager } { dispatches an Apple event} {event classes} kCoreEventClass = 'aevt'; {event class for core } { Apple events} {event IDs} kAEApplicationDied = 'obit' {event ID for Application } { Died event} kAEOpenApplication = 'oapp'; {event ID for Open } { Application event} kAEOpenDocuments = 'odoc'; {event ID for Open } { Documents event} kAEPrintDocuments = 'pdoc'; {event ID for Print } { Documents event} kAEQuitApplication = 'quit'; {event ID for Quit } { Application event} kAEAnswer = 'ansr'; {event ID for Apple event } { replies} {constants for setting the sendMode parameter of AESend and for } { the keyInteractLevelAttr attribute} kAENoReply = $00000001; {client doesn't want a reply} kAEQueueReply = $00000002; {client wants server to } { reply in event queue} kAEWaitReply = $00000003; {client wants a reply and } { will give up processor} kAENeverInteract = $00000010; {server application should } { not interact with user } { for this Apple event} kAECanInteract = $00000020; {server may interact with } { user for this Apple } { to supply information} { event} kAEAlwaysInteract = $00000030; {server may interact with } { user for this Apple event } { even if no information } { is required} kAECanSwitchLayer = $00000040; {server should come } { directly to foreground } { when appropriate} kAEDontReconnect = $00000080; {don't reconnect if there } { is a PPC sessClosedErr} kAEWantReceipt = nReturnReceipt; {client wants return receipt} {constants for the sendPriority parameter of AESend} kAENormalPriority = $00000000; {put event at the back of } { event queue} kAEHighPriority = nAttnMsg; {put event at the front of } { the event queue} {constant for the returnID parameter of AECreateAppleEvent} kAutoGenerateReturnID = -1; {tells Apple Event Manager } { to generate a unique } { return ID} {constant for transaction IDs} kAnyTransactionID = 0; {the Apple event is not } { part of a transaction} {constants for timeout durations} kAEDefaultTimeout = -1; {use default timeout value} kNoTimeOut = -2; {never time out} {constants for the dispatcher parameter of AEResumeTheCurrentEvent} kAENoDispatch = 0; {don't redispatch the } { Apple event} kAEUseStandardDispatch = -1; {redispatch the Apple event } { by using its entry in the } { Apple event dispatch table} _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Apple…Events…Manager…Data…Types æC »Apple Events Manager Data Types The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ TYPE AEEventClass = PACKED ARRAY[1..4] OF Char; {event class for a } { high-level event} AEEventID = PACKED ARRAY[1..4] OF Char; {event ID for a high-level } { event} DescType = ResType; {descriptor type} AEDesc = RECORD {descriptor record} descriptorType: DescType; {type of data being passed} dataHandle: Handle {handle to data being passed} END; AEKeyword = PACKED ARRAY[1..4] OF Char; {keyword for a descriptor} AEKeyDesc = {keyword-specified } { descriptor record} RECORD descKey: AEKeyword; {keyword} descContent: AEDesc; {descriptor record} END; AEAddressDesc = AEDesc; {descriptor containing an } { Apple event address} AEDescList = AEDesc; {list of descriptor records} AERecord = AEDescList; {list of keyword-specified } { descriptor records} AppleEvent = AERecord; {list of attributes and } { parameters necessary for } { an Apple event} AESendMode = LongInt; {flags that determine how } { an Apple event is sent} AESendPriority = Integer; {send priority of an Apple } { event} AEInteractAllowed = (kAEInteractWithSelf, kAEInteractWithLocal, kAEInteractWithAll); {what processes may } { interact with the user} AEEventSource = (kAEUnknownSource, kAEDirectCall, kAESameProcess, kAELocalProcess, kAERemoteProcess); {the source of an Apple } { event; the type of the } { keyEventSourceAttr } { attribute} AEArrayType = (kAEDataArray, kAEPackedArray, kAEHandleArray, kAEDescArray, kAEKeyDescArray); {type of an Apple event } { array} AEArrayData = RECORD {data for an Apple event } { array} case AEArrayType OF kAEDataArray: (AEDataArray: ARRAY[0..0] OF Integer); kAEPackedArray: (AEPackedArray: PACKED ARRAY[0..0] OF Char); kAEHandleArray: (AEHandleArray: ARRAY[0..0] OF Handle); kAEDescArray: (AEDescArray: ARRAY[0..0] OF AEDesc); kAEKeyDescArray: (AEKeyDescArray: ARRAY[0..0] OF AEKeyDesc); END; AEArrayDataPointer = ^AEArrayData; EventHandlerProcPtr = ProcPtr; {pointer to an Apple event } { handler routine} IdleProcPtr = ProcPtr; {pointer to an app's } { idle function} EventFilterProcPtr = ProcPtr; {pointer to an app's filter } { procedure} _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Apple…Events…Manager…Routines…Summary æC »Apple Events Manager Routines Summary The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Creating and Managing the Apple Event Dispatch Tables FUNCTION AEInstallEventHandler (theAEEventClass: AEEventClass; theAEEventID: AEEventID; handler: EventHandlerProcPtr; handlerRefcon: LongInt; isSysHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEGetEventHandler (theAEEventClass: AEEventClass; theAEEventID: AEEventID; VAR handler: EventHandlerProcPtr; VAR handlerRefcon: LongInt; isSysHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; FUNCTION AERemoveEventHandler (theAEEventClass: AEEventClass; theAEEventID: AEEventID; handler: EventHandlerProcPtr; isSysHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; Dispatching Apple Events FUNCTION AEProcessAppleEvent (theEventRecord: EventRecord) : OSErr; Getting Parameters and Attributes From Apple Events FUNCTION AEGetParamPtr (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; desiredType: DescType; VAR typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; maximumSize: Size; VAR actualSize: Size) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEGetParamDesc (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; desiredType: DescType; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEGetAttributePtr (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; desiredType: DescType; VAR typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; maximumSize: Size; VAR actualSize: Size) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEGetAttributeDesc (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; desiredType: DescType; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; Counting the Items in Descriptor Lists FUNCTION AECountItems (theAEDescList: AEDescList; VAR theCount: LongInt) : OSErr; Getting Items From Descriptor Lists FUNCTION AEGetNthPtr (theAEDescList: AEDescList; index: LongInt; desiredType: DescType; VAR theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; VAR typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; maximumSize: Size; VAR actualSize: Size) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEGetNthDesc (theAEDescList: AEDescList; index: LongInt; desiredType: DescType; VAR theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEGetArray (theAEDescList: AEDescList; arrayType: AEArrayType; arrayPtr: AEArrayDataPointer; maximumSize: Size; VAR itemType: DescType; VAR itemSize: Size; VAR itemCount: LongInt) : OSErr; Getting Data and Keyword-Specified Descriptor Records From AE Records FUNCTION AEGetKeyPtr (theAERecord: AERecord; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; desiredType: DescType; VAR typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; maximumSize: Size; VAR actualSize: Size) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEGetKeyDesc (theAERecord: AERecord; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; desiredType: DescType; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; Requesting User Interaction FUNCTION AESetInteractionAllowed (level: AEInteractAllowed) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEInteractWithUser (timeOutInTicks: LongInt; nmReqPtr: QElemPtr; idleProc: IdleProcPtr) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEGetInteractionAllowed (VAR level: AEInteractAllowed) : OSErr; Requesting More Time to Respond to Apple Events FUNCTION AEResetTimer (reply: AppleEvent) : OSErr; Suspending and Resuming Apple Event Handling FUNCTION AESuspendTheCurrentEvent (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEResumeTheCurrentEvent (theAppleEvent, reply: AppleEvent; dispatcher: EventHandlerProcPtr; handlerRefcon: LongInt) : OSErr; FUNCTION AESetTheCurrentEvent (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEGetTheCurrentEvent (VAR theAppleEvent: AppleEvent): OSErr; Creating Apple Events FUNCTION AECreateAppleEvent (theAEEventClass: AEEventClass; theAEEventID: AEEventID; target: AEAddressDesc; returnID: Integer; transactionID: LongInt; VAR result: AppleEvent) : OSErr; Creating and Duplicating Descriptor Records FUNCTION AECreateDesc (typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; dataSize: Size; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEDuplicateDesc (theAEDesc: AEDesc; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; Creating Descriptor Lists and AE Records FUNCTION AECreateList (factoringPtr: Ptr; factoredSize: Size; isRecord: Boolean; VAR resultList: AEDescList) : OSErr; Adding Items to Descriptor Lists FUNCTION AEPutPtr (theAEDescList: AEDescList; index: LongInt; typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; dataSize: Size) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEPutDesc (theAEDescList: AEDescList; index: LongInt; theAEDesc: AEDesc) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEPutArray (theAEDescList: AEDescList; arrayType: AEArrayType; arrayPtr: AEArrayDataPointer; itemType: DescType; itemSize: Size; itemCount: LongInt) : OSErr; Adding Keyword-Specified Descriptor Records to AE Records FUNCTION AEPutKeyPtr (theAERecord: AERecord; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; dataSize: Size) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEPutKeyDesc (theAERecord: AERecord; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; theAEDesc: AEDesc) : OSErr; Adding Parameters and Attributes to Apple Events FUNCTION AEPutParamPtr (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; dataSize: Size) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEPutParamDesc (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; theAEDesc: AEDesc) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEPutAttributePtr (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; dataSize: Size) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEPutAttributeDesc (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; theAEDesc: AEDesc) : OSErr; Sending Apple Events FUNCTION AESend (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; VAR reply: AppleEvent; sendMode: AESendMode; sendPriority: AESendPriority; timeOutInTicks: LongInt; idleProc: IdleProcPtr; filterProc: EventFilterProcPtr) : OSErr; Getting the Sizes and Descriptor Types of Descriptor Records FUNCTION AESizeOfNthItem (theAEDescList: AEDescList; index: LongInt; VAR typeCode: DescType; VAR dataSize: Size) : OSErr; FUNCTION AESizeOfKeyDesc (theAERecord: AERecord; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; VAR typeCode: DescType; VAR dataSize: Size) : OSErr; FUNCTION AESizeOfParam (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; VAR typeCode: DescType; VAR dataSize: Size) : OSErr; FUNCTION AESizeOfAttribute (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword; VAR typeCode: DescType; VAR dataSize: Size) : OSErr; Deleting Descriptor Records FUNCTION AEDeleteItem (theAEDescList: AEDescList; index: LongInt) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEDeleteKeyDesc (theAERecord: AERecord; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEDeleteParam (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; theAEKeyword: AEKeyword) : OSErr; Deallocating Memory for Descriptor Records FUNCTION AEDisposeDesc (VAR theAEDesc: AEDesc) : OSErr; Coercing Descriptor Types FUNCTION AECoercePtr (typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; dataSize: Size; toType: DescType; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; FUNCTION AECoerceDesc (theAEDesc: AEDesc; toType: DescType; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; Creating and Managing the Coercion Handler Tables FUNCTION AEInstallCoercionHandler (fromType: DescType; toType: DescType; handler: ProcPtr; handlerRefcon: LongInt; fromTypeIsDesc: Boolean; isSysHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEGetCoercionHandler (fromType: DescType; toType: DescType; VAR handler: ProcPtr; VAR handlerRefcon: LongInt; VAR fromTypeIsDesc: Boolean; isSysHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; FUNCTION AERemoveCoercionHandler (fromType: DescType; toType: DescType; handler: ProcPtr; isSysHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; Creating and Managing the Special Handler Tables FUNCTION AEInstallSpecialHandler (functionClass: AEKeyword; handler: ProcPtr; isSystemHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; FUNCTION AEGetSpecialHandler (functionClass: AEKeyword; VAR handler: ProcPtr; isSystemHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; FUNCTION AERemoveSpecialHandler (functionClass: AEKeyword; handler: ProcPtr; isSystemHandler: Boolean) : OSErr; Application-Defined Routines FUNCTION MyEventHandler (theAppleEvent: AppleEvent; reply: AppleEvent; handlerRefcon: LongInt) : OSErr; FUNCTION MyCoercePtr (typeCode: DescType; dataPtr: Ptr; dataSize: Size; toType: DescType; handlerRefcon: LongInt; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; FUNCTION MyCoerceDesc (theAEDesc: AEDesc; toType: DescType; handlerRefcon: LongInt; VAR result: AEDesc) : OSErr; FUNCTION MyIdleFunction (VAR theEventRecord: EventRecord; VAR sleepTime: LongInt; VAR mouseRgn: RgnHandle) : Boolean; FUNCTION MyWaitReplyFilter (VAR theEventRecord: EventRecord; transactionID: LongInt; returnID: LongInt; sender: AEAddressDesc) : Boolean; _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Apple…Events…Manager…Result…Codes æC »Apple Events Manager Result Codes The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ noErr 0 No error paramErr –50 Parameter error (handler pointer is NIL or odd) memFullErr –108 Not enough room in heap zone bufferIsSmall –607 Buffer is too small noOutstandingHLE –608 No outstanding high-level event connectionInvalid –609 Connection is invalid errAECoercionFail –1700 Data could not be coerced to the requested type errAEDescNotFound –1701 Descriptor record was not found errAECorruptData –1702 Data in an Apple event could not be read errAEWrongDataType –1703 Wrong descriptor type errAENotAEDesc –1704 Not a valid descriptor record errAEBadListItem –1705 Operation involving a list item failed errAENewerVersion –1706 Need a newer version of the Apple Event Manager errAENotAppleEvent –1707 Event is not an Apple event errAEEventNotHandled –1708 Event wasn’t handled by an Apple event handler errAEReplyNotValid –1709 AEResetTimer was passed an invalid reply errAEUnknownSendMode –1710 Invalid sending mode was passed errAEWaitCanceled –1711 User canceled out of wait loop for reply or receipt errAETimeout –1712 Apple event timed out errAENoUserInteraction –1713 No user interaction allowed errAENotASpecialFunction –1714 Wrong keyword for a special function errAEParamMissed –1715 Handler did not get all required parameters errAEUnknownAddressType –1716 Unknown Apple event address type errAEHandlerNotFound –1717 No handler found for an Apple event or a coercion errAEReplyNotArrived –1718 Reply has not yet arrived errAEIllegalIndex –1719 Not a valid list index _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Apple…Events…Manager…Assembly-Language…Information æC »Apple Events Manager Assembly-Language Information The Apple Event Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Trap Macros Requiring Routine Selectors _Pack8 Selector Routine $00 AEInstallSpecialHandler $01 AERemoveSpecialHandler $02 AECoercePtr $03 AECoerceDesc $04 AEDisposeDesc $05 AEDuplicateDesc $06 AECreateList $07 AECountItems $08 AEPutPtr $09 AEPutDesc $0A AEGetNthPtr $0B AEGetNthDesc $0C AEGetArray $0D AEPutArray $0E AEDeleteItem $0F AEPutKeyPtr $0F AEPutParamPtr $10 AEPutKeyDesc $10 AEPutParamDesc $11 AEGetParamPtr $11 AEGetKeyPtr $12 AEGetKeyDesc $12 AEGetParamDesc $13 AEDeleteKeyDesc $13 AEDeleteParam $14 AECreateAppleEvent $15 AEGetAttributePtr $16 AEPutAttributePtr $17 AESend $18 AEResumeTheCurrentEvent $19 AEResetTimer $1A AEGetTheCurrentEvent $1B AEProcessAppleEvent $1C AEInteractWithUser $1D AEGetInteractionAllowed $1E AESetInteractionAllowed $1F AEInstallEventHandler $20 AERemoveEventHandler $21 AEGetEventHandler $22 AEInstallCoercionHandler $23 AERemoveCoercionHandler $24 AEGetCoercionHandler $25 AECreateDesc $26 AEGetAttributeDesc $27 AEPutAttributeDesc $28 AESizeOfAttribute $29 AESizeOfParam $29 AESizeOfKeyDesc $2A AESizeOfNthItem $2B AESuspendTheCurrentEvent $2C AESetTheCurrentEvent $2D AEGetSpecialHandler _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY AppleTalkManager æC _______________________________________________________________________________ APPLETALK MANAGER _______________________________________________________________________________ About…Appletalk…Manager…Chapter…Volume…VI About…the…Appletalk…Manager…Volume…VI Changes…to…the…Appletalk…Manager Appletalk…Protocols Device…Drivers,connection…Files,…&…the…LAP…Manager Using…the…Appletalk…Manager…Volume…VI Determining…if…Appletalk…Phase…2…Drivers…Are…Present Deciding…Which…Appletalk…Protocol…to…Use The….MPP…Driver…Volume…VI Getting…Information…About…the….MPP…Driver A…New…Nbp…Wildcard…Character The…LAP…Manager…Volume…VI The…Appletalk…Transition…Queue Adding…and…Removing…Appletalk…Transition…Queue…Entries Sending…Messages…to…the…Appletalk…Transition…Queue How…the…Appletalk…Manager…Calls…Your…Queue…Entry Defining…Your…Own…Appletalk…Transition The…LAP…Manager…802.2…Protocol Attaching…and…Detaching…802.2…Protocol…Handlers The….ATP…Driver…Volume…VI Canceling…All…Calls…to…the…Atpgetrequest…Function Setting…the…Timeout…Value…for…the…Atp…Release…Timer The….XPP…Driver…Volume…VI Using…the….XPP…Driver…to…Obtain…Information…About…Zones Obtaining…Zone…Information Appletalk…Data…Stream…Protocol…(adsp)…Volume…VI Using…ADSP The…ADSP…Connection…Control…Block The….DSP…Parameter…Block Opening…and…Maintaining…an…ADSP…Connection Creating…and…Using…a…Connection…Listener Writing…a…User…Routine…for…Connection…Events .DSP…Driver…Routines Establishing…&…Terminating…an…ADSP…Connection Establishing…&…Terminating…an…ADSP…Connection…(cont'd) Establishing…&…Terminating…an…ADSP…Connection…Listener Maintaining…an…ADSP…Connection The….ENET…Driver…Volume…VI Providing…Your…Own…Ethernet…Driver Changing…the…Ethernet…Hardware…Address Opening…the….ENET…Driver Using…a…Write-Data…Structure…to…Transmit…Ethernet…Data Using…the…Default…Ethernet…Protocol…Handler…to…Read…Data Using…Your…Own…Ethernet…Protocol…Handler…to…Read…Data How…the….ENET…Driver…Calls…Your…Protocol…Handler How…Your…Protocol…Handler…Calls…the….ENET…Driver .ENET…Driver…Routines Attaching…and…Detaching…an…Ethernet…Protocol…Handler Writing…and…Reading…Ethernet…Packets Adding…and…Removing…Ethernet…Multicast…Addresses Summary…of…the…Appletalk…Manager…Volume…VI Appletalk…Manager…Constants Appletalk…Manager…Data…Types Appletalk…Manager…Routines…Summary Appletalk…Manager…Global…Variable Appletalk…Manager…Result…Codes Appletalk…Manager…Assembly-language…Information About…The…AppleTalkManager…Chapter AppleTalk…Protocols AppleTalk…Transaction…Protocol About…the…AppleTalk…Manager Calling…the…AppleTalk…Manager…from…Pascal New…AppleTalk…Manager…Pascal…Interface Picking…a…Node…Address…in…the…Server…Range Sending…Packets…to…One’s…Own…Node ATP…Driver…Changes Name…Binding…Protocol…Changes Variable…Resources Calling…the…AppleTalk…Manager…from…Assembly…Language Extended…Protocol…Package…Driver Calling…the….XPP…Driver Protocol…Handlers…and…Socket…Listeners Summary…of…the…AppleTalk…Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY About…Appletalk…Manager…Chapter…Volume…VI æC »About Appletalk Manager Chapter Volume VI AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ AppleTalk® is a communications network system including personal computer workstations, computers acting as file servers and print servers, printers, and a variety of types of communications hardware and software. The AppleTalk Manager provides an interface to this communications network system for applications running on Macintosh® computers. This chapter describes changes to the AppleTalk Manager introduced since the publication of Inside Macintosh , Volume V, and included with system software version 7.0. This chapter supplements the information in the AppleTalk Manager chapters of Inside Macintosh, Volumes II and V. This chapter describes • new routines for the .MPP, .ATP, and .XPP device drivers • a new wildcard character for use with the Name-Binding Protocol • a new operating-system queue, called the AppleTalk Transition Queue • a new set of operating-system utilities, collectively called the LAP Manager • the application interface routines provided by a new AppleTalk protocol, the AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) • the .ENET driver and the routines your application can use to control this driver Together with the AppleTalk Manager chapters of Volumes II and V, this chapter describes the routines that your application can use to send and receive information within an AppleTalk network system. Because the AppleTalk network system includes both hardware and software—and because the software includes not only the AppleTalk Manager but also file servers, print servers, internet routers, drivers for circuit cards, and so forth—the information in Inside Macintosh constitutes only a small part of the body of literature documenting AppleTalk. For a detailed description of AppleTalk protocols, see Inside AppleTalk . For a complete description of the LAP Manager, EtherTalk®, and alternate AppleTalk connections, see the AppleTalk Connections Programmer’s Guide . To learn how to install and operate an AppleTalk internet, see the AppleTalk Internet Router Administrator’s Guide and the AppleTalk Phase 2 Introduction and Upgrade Guide . For an introduction to the hardware and software of an entire AppleTalk network, see Understanding Computer Networks and the AppleTalk Network System Overview . For information on designing circuit cards and device drivers for Macintosh computers, see Designing Cards and Drivers for the Macintosh Family . The changes to AppleTalk other than ADSP and the LAP Manager are collectively referred to as AppleTalk Phase 2. (When necessary for purposes of differentiation, the previous version of AppleTalk is referred to in this chapter as AppleTalk Phase 1.) The Phase 2 versions of the AppleTalk drivers are included as part of system software version 7.0 and can be installed on any Macintosh computer other than the Macintosh 128K, Macintosh 512K, Macintosh 512K enhanced, and Macintosh XL computers. If you want to provide AppleTalk Phase 2 drivers with your product, you must obtain a license from Apple® Software Licensing. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY About…the…Appletalk…Manager…Volume…VI æC »About the Appletalk Manager Volume VI AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AppleTalk Manager includes a number of protocols that are implemented in various device drivers. The AppleTalk Manager also includes the LAP Manager (which interfaces the AppleTalk link access protocols to the higher-level AppleTalk protocols), and hardware device drivers for specific data links. Software that supports AppleTalk data links is contained in files of type 'adev', referred to as AppleTalk connection files . This section lists the new features of AppleTalk, describes the organization of the AppleTalk Manager, and briefly discusses what each component of the AppleTalk Manager does. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Changes…to…the…Appletalk…Manager æC »Changes to the Appletalk Manager AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AppleTalk features that are new or improved include • a new .MPP driver function that returns information about the .MPP driver (see “Getting Information About the .MPP Driver,” later in this chapter) • a new Name-Binding Protocol (NBP) wildcard character that can substitute for one or more characters in AppleTalk names (see “A New NBP Wildcard Character”) • the LAP Manager, a set of operating-system utilities that provide a standard interface between the AppleTalk protocols and the data links used by AppleTalk, such as LocalTalk®, EtherTalk, and TokenTalk® (see “The LAP Manager”) • the AppleTalk Transition Queue, an operating-system queue that can notify your application each time an AppleTalk driver is opened or closed or each time certain other transitions occur (see “The AppleTalk Transition Queue”) • an implementation of parts of the IEEE 802.2 protocol, which allows you to attach and detach your own protocol handlers for EtherTalk data packets (see “The LAP Manager 802.2 Protocol”) • new .ATP driver functions that allow you to set a value for the .ATP release timer and to cancel all pending asynchronous calls to the the ATPGetRequest function for a specific socket (see “The .ATP Driver”) • new .XPP driver functions that provide information from ZIP about zones (see “The .XPP Driver”) • improvements to the AppleTalk protocols that allow a single network, other than LocalTalk, to contain more than one zone (see “Using the .XPP Driver to Obtain Zone Information”) • the AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP), which provides full-duplex data stream communications for use by applications (see “AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol”) • the .ENET driver, an Ethernet driver for the EtherTalk NB card that is manufactured by Apple Computer, Inc. (see “The .ENET Driver”) _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Appletalk…Protocols æC »Appletalk Protocols AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AppleTalk Manager includes the following protocols: • LocalTalk Link Access Protocol (LLAP) • EtherTalk Link Access Protocol (ELAP) • TokenTalk Link Access Protocol (TLAP) • Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) • Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) • AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) • Name-Binding Protocol (NBP) • AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP) • Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) • AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) • AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) • AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP) The LocalTalk Link Access Protocol, EtherTalk Link Access Protocol, TokenTalk Link Access Protocol, and other link access protocols provide interfaces between the AppleTalk Manager and the different types of data link hardware used by AppleTalk. Note: The LocalTalk Link Access Protocol (LLAP) was originally called the AppleTalk Link Access Protocol (ALAP). With the addition of the EtherTalk Link Access Protocol (ELAP) and other link access protocols, this protocol was renamed to indicate the specific data link it supports. Figure 32-1 shows the relationships among the various AppleTalk protocols. A line going from a protocol to another protocol above or below it in the figure indicates that the upper protocol is a client of the lower protocol; that is, the upper protocol uses services provided by the lower protocol in order to carry out some functions. ¿ Figure 32-1 AppleTalk protocols ø Note: The various AppleTalk protocols are sets of rules, not computer programs, and so can be implemented in many different ways on many different systems. All of the AppleTalk protocol functions that you can address or control from a Macintosh application are implemented as Macintosh device drivers or managers. Many other features of these protocols are implemented in software located only on internet routers that are not used to run general applications. Some parts of protocols are implemented by server software such as file servers and print servers. Therefore, when this chapter refers to a protocol as “doing” or “controlling” something, you should understand the statement to mean that some program that implements the protocol actually carries out the operation. As shown in Figure 32-1, a link access protocol controls the access of the node to the network hardware and makes it possible for many nodes to share the same communications hardware. Each link access protocol assigns a node ID to the node and decodes the node addresses of messages it receives. A link access protocol provides node-to-node delivery of data packets. Examples of link access protocols include the LocalTalk Link Access Protocol, the EtherTalk Link Access Protocol, and the TokenTalk Link Access Protocol. Whereas earlier implementations of AppleTalk were restricted to one 16-bit network number per network (that is, one network number for all nodes connected with no intervening routers) and 254 nodes per network number, AppleTalk Phase 2 allows more than one network number for each network (other than LocalTalk, which is still limited to one network number per network). A network of a type that allows more than one network number is known as an extended network. Each node in an extended network must now be specified by both its 16-bit network number and its 8-bit node ID. In principle, each network (other than LocalTalk) can now have over 16 million (224) nodes. In any specific implementation, the hardware or software might limit the network to fewer nodes. The Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) provides socket-to-socket delivery of data packets within an AppleTalk internet. The address of a DDP packet includes the socket number, node ID, and network number. Application interface routines for DDP are described in “Datagram Delivery Protocol” in the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume II. The Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) is used by routers on an AppleTalk internet to determine how to forward a data packet to the network number to which it is addressed. The RTMP implementation on a router maintains a table, called a routing table, that specifies the shortest path to each possible destination network number. The AppleTalk protocol software in a workstation (that is, a node other than a router) contains only a small part of RTMP, called the RTMP stub, that DDP uses to determine the network number (or range of network numbers) of the network cable to which the node is connected and to determine the network number and node ID of one router on that network cable. There is no application interface to the RTMP stub. The AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) provides reliable delivery of data by retransmitting any data packets that are lost. ATP also ensures that data packets are delivered in the correct sequence. ATP is a transaction-based protocol, meaning that one socket client transmits a request for some action and the other socket client carries out the action and transmits a response. Although—as you can see from Figure 32-1—the AppleTalk Manager provides high-level protocols that are clients of ATP, many applications use ATP directly to transmit data over an AppleTalk internet. The application interface to ATP is described in the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume II. There are some enhancements to ATP in AppleTalk Phase 2, described in “The .ATP Driver” later in this chapter. The Name-Binding Protocol (NBP) maintains a table that contains the internet address and name of each entity in the node that is visible to other entities on the internet (that is, each entity that has registered a name with NBP). The internet address includes the socket number, node ID, and network number. The name consists of three fields: the object, type, and zone. The object and type are assigned by the entity itself and can be anything the user or application assigns. A zone is a logical grouping of a subset of the nodes on the internet. The zone field of the name is the zone in which the node resides. NBP also allows its clients to obtain the internet address of any network-visible entity in the internet by providing its name. NBP maps this name to an internet address, thus providing the link between the user-supplied name for an entity and the internet address that is used by DDP to send and receive data packets. The application interface to NBP is described in the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume II. There is one enhancement to NBP in AppleTalk Phase 2, described in “A New NBP Wildcard Character” later in this chapter. The AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP) listens for special packets sent by other nodes and, when it receives such a packet, echoes it back to the sender. AEP is used by some clients of DDP to determine whether another node (known to have AEP) can be accessed over the internet, and to determine how long it takes a packet to reach another node. There is no application interface to AEP. The Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) maintains a table in each router, called the zone information table, that lists the relationships between zone names and networks. In AppleTalk Phase 2, a single network number can be associated with more than one zone name, or a single zone name can be associated with more than one network. You can use .XPP driver routines to obtain information from ZIP. These routines are discussed in “Using the .XPP Driver to Obtain Information About Zones” later in this chapter. The AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) sets up and maintains sessions between a workstation and a server. A session consists of a logical (as opposed to physical) connection between two entities on the internet. ASP is a nonsymmetrical protocol; that is, only one of the two entities involved in the session (the workstation) can send commands. The other entity (the server) is restricted to responding to the commands. ASP is used by the AppleTalk Filing Protocol, for example, to allow a user to manipulate files on a file server. As long as the session is open, the workstation can request directory information, change filenames, and so forth. The file server must respond to the workstation’s commands and cannot initiate any actions on its own. ASP is discussed in the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume V. The AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) appears to its clients to maintain an open pipeline between two entities on the internet. Either entity can write a stream of bytes to the pipeline or read data bytes from the pipeline. ADSP is a symmetrical protocol; that is, the two clients at either end of the connection are equal and can perform exactly the same operations. ADSP is especially useful for exchanging information between two equal entities, as in a telephone communications network, or as required by a terminal emulation program for sending or receiving a continuous stream of data. Because ADSP, like all other high-level AppleTalk protocols is a client of DDP, the data is actually sent as data packets. This allows ADSP to correct transmission errors in a way that would not be possible for a true data stream connection. Thus, ADSP retains many of the advantages of a transaction-based protocol while providing to its clients a full-duplex data stream. ADSP is discussed in the sections “Using ADSP” and “.DSP Driver Routines” later in this chapter. The AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP) provides an interface between an application and a file server. AFP is a client of ASP and is used to access AppleShare® file servers on Macintosh computer workstations. When the user opens a session with an AppleShare file server over an internet, it appears to any application running on the workstation that uses File Manager routines as if the files on the file server were located on a disk drive connected to the workstation. The application interface to AFP is described in the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume V. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Device…Drivers,connection…Files,…&…the…LAP…Manager æC »Device Drivers,connection Files, & the LAP Manager AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ A protocol is only a set of rules, not a computer program. The various AppleTalk protocols are implemented as Macintosh device drivers, including • the .MPP driver, which implements LLAP, DDP, the RTMP stub, NBP, and AEP • the .ATP driver, which implements ATP • the .XPP driver, which implements ASP and the workstation portions of ZIP and AFP • the .DSP driver, which implements ADSP • the .ENET driver, which implements an interface to the Ethernet data link A Macintosh computer on an AppleTalk network can also include one or more AppleTalk connection files. An AppleTalk connection file has file type 'adev' and contains a link access protocol implementation for a data link (ELAP for EtherTalk, for example). The LAP Manager makes it possible for the user to select among AppleTalk connection files by using the Network control panel to specify which network is to be used for the node’s AppleTalk connection. The AppleTalk connection file and LAP Manager work together with the Network control panel (Network 'cdev') file. When the user selects a connection from the Network control panel, the LAP Manager routes AppleTalk communications through the selected link access protocol and hence through the selected hardware. The AppleTalk device drivers, LAP Manager, and AppleTalk connection files are shown in Figure 32-2. As you can see from the figure, each device driver implements one or more AppleTalk protocols. ¿ Figure 32-2 AppleTalk device drivers ø Figure 32-3 shows the interfaces between a general application on a Macintosh computer being used as an AppleTalk workstation and the AppleTalk protocols, the LAP Manager, and the Ethernet hardware device driver. The lines connecting the application to the various components of AppleTalk indicate which components have application interfaces. As discussed in the preceding section, “AppleTalk Protocols,” each application interface is described, at least in part, in this or another volume of Inside Macintosh . ¿ Figure 32-3 AppleTalk application interfaces ø _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Using…the…Appletalk…Manager…Volume…VI æC »Using the Appletalk Manager Volume VI AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ This section describes how to determine whether AppleTalk Phase 2 drivers are present and gives some advice on how to select the AppleTalk protocol that best serves your purposes. This section also describes how to use the features added to AppleTalk with Phase 2 and provides programming examples of the use of the .DSP driver and several other new AppleTalk features. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Determining…if…Appletalk…Phase…2…Drivers…Are…Present æC »Determining if Appletalk Phase 2 Drivers Are Present AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Once the .MPP driver has been loaded into memory, you can use the Gestalt function with the gestaltAppleTalkVersion selector to check the version of AppleTalk. The Gestalt function returns the version of the .MPP driver. If the version is equal to or greater than 53, then the .MPP driver supports AppleTalk Phase 2, and you can assume the other Phase 2 drivers are present. Alternatively, you can call the SysEnvirons function as described in the Compatibility Guidelines chapter of Volume V. If the atDrvrVersNum field of the SysEnvRec data structure returned by this function is equal to or greater than 53, then the .MPP driver supports AppleTalk Phase 2. The ExtendedBit flag returned by the pGetAppleTalkInfo function is TRUE if the node is connected to an extended AppleTalk network. (The ExtendedBit flag is bit 15 of the configuration parameter returned by this function.) Note that the presence of the AppleTalk Phase 2 drivers does not of itself indicate that the node is connected to an extended network. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Deciding…Which…Appletalk…Protocol…to…Use æC »Deciding Which Appletalk Protocol to Use AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ AppleTalk offers a variety of communications protocols at a variety of levels. Your choice of protocol or protocols to use depends primarily on your needs and can be influenced by your familiarity with network communications in general. You can write your own protocol handlers and call the low-level AppleTalk device drivers directly. However, if you are not a communications expert and have no desire to design your own network protocols, you should probably use one of three AppleTalk protocols for sending and receiving data over the AppleTalk internet: the AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP), the AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP), or the AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP). ATP is a lower-level protocol than ASP or ADSP. You cannot use ATP to establish a session and keep it open; rather, you request data from another socket client or send a response (up to eight packets of data) from your socket to another socket client that has requested data. You should use ATP if you want only to send a small amount of data and do not need the overhead required to maintain an open connection. ATP is described in the AppleTalk Manager chapters of Volume II and Volume V. ASP is designed to support a session between a server and one or more workstations. It is an asymmetrical protocol: all exchanges are initiated by a workstation and responded to by a server. The server cannot initiate an exchange of data except to send to a workstation an attention message that directs the workstation to request data from the server. An application running on a workstation must make calls to ASP to communicate with any server that uses ASP. If you want to develop a new type of asymmetrical, transaction-oriented server, you should consider using ASP to implement it. ASP is described in the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume V. ADSP is a symmetrical protocol that you can use to establish and maintain a connection between two equal entities (a peer-to-peer connection). Either end of an ADSP connection can send data at any time. Although ADSP is a client of DDP and therefore sends and receives data in packets (as do ATP and ASP), to an application using ADSP the data appears to be sent and received as a continuous stream. In addition to the duplex data stream maintained by an ADSP session, ADSP allows either end of a connection to send an attention message to the other end. You can use ADSP to establish two-way communication between computers, such as an interoffice party line or a terminal emulation program. If you want to develop an application that requires two-way communication, you should consider using ADSP to implement it. ADSP is described in “Using ADSP” later in this chapter. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY The….MPP…Driver…Volume…VI æC »The .MPP Driver Volume VI AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Within the AppleTalk Manager, the .MPP driver implements the LocalTalk Link Access Protocol (LLAP), the Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP), the Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) stub, the Name-Binding Protocol (NBP), and the AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP). The AppleTalk Phase 2 version of the .MPP driver includes a new function that returns information about the .MPP driver, functions that send messages to routines in the AppleTalk Transition Queue, and a new wildcard character for NBP. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Getting…Information…About…the….MPP…Driver æC »Getting Information About the .MPP Driver AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You can use the PGetAppleTalkInfo function to obtain information about the .MPP driver. The PGetAppleTalkInfo function returns • a pointer to the .MPP global variables • a pointer to the .MPP driver’s device control entry (DCE) data structure • configuration flags that indicate the status of certain conditions that are set at startup • a value (the selfSend flag) that indicates whether the node can send packets to itself • the range of network numbers for the network to which the node is attached • the 8-bit node ID and 16-bit network number of the node • the 8-bit node ID and 16-bit network number of the last router from which the node has heard • the maximum capacities of the .MPP driver, such as the maximum number of protocol handlers and the maximum number of static sockets allowed by this driver • a pointer to the registered names queue • the address of the node on the underlying data link (for example, the Ethernet hardware address) • the node’s zone name The data link address (for example, the Ethernet hardware address) and the zone name are returned only for extended networks; that is, network types that allow more than one network number per network. You must allocate memory for and provide pointers to the data buffers into which the PGetAppleTalkInfo function returns the data link address and zone name. You use the laLength parameter to specify the length of the data link address you want returned; the function returns the actual length of the data in the laLength parameter and returns the data in the buffer you provide. Note: Always use the PGetAppleTalkInfo function to obtain information about the .MPP driver. You can no longer rely on the validity of the global variables described in the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume II. FUNCTION PGetAppleTalkInfo (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 26 csCode word always PGetAppleTalkInfo Æ 28 version word version of function ¨ 30 varsPtr long pointer to .MPP globals ¨ 34 dcePtr long pointer to DCE for .MPP ¨ 38 portID word port number ¨ 40 configuration long configuration flags ¨ 44 selfSend word nonzero if self-send is enabled ¨ 46 netLo word low value of the network range ¨ 48 netHi word high value of the network range ¨ 50 ourAddr long local 24-bit AppleTalk address ¨ 54 routerAddr long 24-bit address of router ¨ 58 numOfPHs word max number of protocol handlers ¨ 60 numOfSkts word max number of static sockets ¨ 62 numNBPEs word max concurrent NBP requests ¨ 64 ntQueue long pointer to registered names queue ´ 68 laLength word length in bytes of data link address Æ 70 linkAddr long pointer to data link address buffer Æ 74 zoneName long pointer to zone name buffer The PGetAppleTalkInfo function returns information about the .MPP driver. If the node on which your program is running happens also to be running AppleTalk Internet Router software in the background, more than one set of .MPP global variables may be in RAM. To make sure you are obtaining information about the .MPP driver that handles application software, always use the PGetAppleTalkInfo function rather than the Device Manager’s PBControl function. If you are using assembly language or want to use the PBControl function, you must use a device driver reference number of –10 for the .MPP driver. Fields ioResult The result of the function. When you execute the function asynchronously, the function sets this parameter to 1 and returns a function result of noErr as soon as the function begins execution. When the function completes execution, it sets the ioResult parameter to the actual result code. csCode Routine selector, automatically set by the MPW® interface. Always equal to PGetAppleTalkInfo for this function. version The version number of the PGetAppleTalkInfo function you are calling. For version number 53 of the .MPP driver, this number is always 1. varsPtr A pointer to the .MPP global variables. This parameter is reserved for the use of Apple Computer, Inc.; you cannot rely on the validity of the variables pointed to by this parameter. dcePtr A pointer to the device control entry (DCE) data structure for the .MPP driver. The DCE is described in the Device Manager chapters of Volumes II and V. portID The port number for the .MPP driver. The port number is always 0 unless you are requesting information for an .MPP driver being used by a router. configuration A 32-bit long word of configuration flags. The following flags are currently defined: Bit Flag Description 31 SrvAdrBit TRUE (1) if the routine that opened 30 RouterBit TRUE (1) if an AppleTalk Internet 15 ExtendedBit TRUE (1) if the node is on an 7 BadZoneHintBit TRUE (1) if the zone name of the 6 OneZoneBit TRUE (1) if only one zone is selfSend The ability of a node to send packets to itself. This feature is enabled when this parameter is nonzero. Use the PSetSelfSend function, described in the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume V, to enable or disable this feature. netLo The low value of the range of network numbers on the local cable. Only extended networks can have a range of network numbers. For a nonextended network, this parameter returns the network number. netHi The high value of the range of network numbers on the local cable. Only extended networks can have a range of network numbers. For a nonextended network, this parameter returns the network number. ourAddr The 24-bit AppleTalk network address of the node you are on. The least significant byte of the long word is the node ID. The middle 16 bits are the network number. The most significant byte of the long word is reserved for use by Apple Computer, Inc. routerAddr The 24-bit AppleTalk network address of the last router from which your node heard traffic. The least significant byte of the long word is the node ID. The middle 16 bits are the network number. The most significant byte of the long word is reserved for use by Apple Computer, Inc. You should always use this address when you want to communicate with a router. numOfPHs The maximum number of protocol handlers that this .MPP driver allows. numOfSkts The maximum number of statically assigned sockets that this .MPP driver allows. Statically assigned sockets are described in Inside AppleTalk. numNBPEs The maximum number of concurrent requests to NBP that this .MPP driver allows. ntQueue A pointer to the first entry in the names table for the local node. You can use NBP routines to look up and register names in the names table. The names table is described in “Name-Binding Protocol” in the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume II. laLength The number of bytes of the data link address that the function should place in the buffer pointed to by the LinkAddr parameter. You use this parameter when you call the PGetAppleTalkInfo function on a node on an extended network. If you request more bytes than the total number of bytes in the address, then the function returns in the laLength parameter the actual number of bytes it placed in the buffer. If the address is longer than the size of the buffer, then the PGetAppleTalkInfo function fills the buffer and returns in the laLength parameter the actual length of the address, not the number of bytes returned. The function does not return an error when the buffer is too large or too small for the address. A value of 6 bytes for laLength is sufficient for most purposes. linkAddr A pointer to a buffer for the data link address returned for extended networks only. You use the laLength parameter to specify the number of bytes of the address that you want placed in this buffer. You must allocate a buffer large enough to hold the number of bytes you specify. Specify NIL for this parameter if you do not want the function to provide a data link address. zoneName A pointer to a buffer into which the PGetAppleTalkInfo function places the local node’s zone name. You must allocate a buffer of at least 33 bytes to hold this data, or you must specify NIL for the ZoneName parameter if you do not want to obtain the zone name. This field is returned only if the node is on an extended network. Result codes noErr 0 No error paramErr –50 Version number is too high _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY A…New…Nbp…Wildcard…Character æC »A New Nbp Wildcard Character AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The Name-Binding Protocol (NBP) allows the use of certain wildcard characters in AppleTalk names when you call the PLookupName function. NBP now supports the following wildcard characters: NBP wildcard characters = All possible values. The equal sign (=) can be used alone instead of a name in the object or type fields. * This zone. The asterisk (*) can be used in place of the name of the zone to which this node belongs. ≈ Any or no characters in this position. The double tilde (≈) can be used to obtain matches for object or type fields. For example, pa≈l matches pal, paul, paper ball, and so forth. You can use only one double tilde in any string. Press Option-x to type the double tilde character on a Macintosh keyboard. If you use the double tilde alone, it has the same meaning as the equal sign (=). Note that any node not running AppleTalk Phase 2 drivers will not recognize this character. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY The…LAP…Manager…Volume…VI æC »The LAP Manager Volume VI AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The LAP Manager is a set of operating-system utilities that provide a standard interface between the AppleTalk protocols and the various link access protocols, such as LocalTalk (LLAP), EtherTalk (ELAP), and TokenTalk (TLAP). Because the LAP Manager is running even when the .MPP driver is not open, the LAP Manager also maintains the AppleTalk Transition Queue. In addition, the LAP Manager contains protocol handlers for certain types of 802.2 packets. This section describes the AppleTalk Transition Queue and the LAP Manager 802.2 protocol handler, tells you how to add or remove an AppleTalk Transition Queue entry, and describes how to attach or detach your own 802.2 protocol handler. In addition to the LAP Manager features described here, you can use the LAP Manager to interface new data links to AppleTalk. For more information about the LAP Manager, see the AppleTalk Connections Programmer’s Guide . _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY The…Appletalk…Transition…Queue æC »The Appletalk Transition Queue AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ At any given time there might be two or more applications running that use AppleTalk. If one of these applications opens the AppleTalk drivers, the other AppleTalk applications are affected. If the Operating System closes the AppleTalk drivers, all AppleTalk applications are affected. To ensure that your application is not adversely affected by such an event, your application can place an entry in the AppleTalk Transition Queue. The LAP Manager sends a message to each entry in the AppleTalk Transition Queue each time the Operating System or any routine • opens the .MPP driver • closes the .MPP driver • indicates that it intends to close the .MPP driver • cancels its intention to close the .MPP driver • defines its own AppleTalk event and calls the AppleTalk Transition Queue to inform it that such an event occurred Each of these events is referred to as an AppleTalk transition. Because the .MPP driver is not necessarily open when the AppleTalk Transition Queue must be called, the LAP Manager maintains the queue. Each entry in the AppleTalk Transition Queue is defined by the ATQentry data type. TYPE ATQentry = RECORD qLink: ATQentryPtr; {next queue entry} qType: Integer; {reserved} CallAddr: ProcPtr {pointer to your routine} END; When you want to add an entry to the AppleTalk Transition Queue, you must create an ATQentry data structure and give the LAP Manager a pointer to it. The qLink field is a pointer to the next queue entry. You should set this field to NIL; the LAP Manager fills it in when an application adds another entry to the queue. The qType field is reserved to maintain consistency with other operating-system queues. The CallAddr field is a pointer to a routine that you provide, as described in “How the AppleTalk Manager Calls Your AppleTalk Transition Queue Entry” later in this chapter. Because you provide the memory for the AppleTalk Transition Queue entry, you can add as many fields to the end of the entry as you wish for your own purposes. Whenever your routine is called, the caller provides you with a pointer to the queue entry so that you can have access to the information you stored at the end of your queue entry. There are four LAP Manager functions you can use that are related to the AppleTalk Transition Queue: • The LAPAddATQ function adds an entry to the AppleTalk Transition Queue. This function is described in the following section, “Adding and Removing AppleTalk Transition Queue Entries.” • The LAPRmvATQ function removes an entry from the AppleTalk Transition Queue. This function is described in the following section, “Adding and Removing AppleTalk Transition Queue Entries.” • The ATEvent procedure calls all the entries in the AppleTalk Transition Queue with an AppleTalk transition event of your own definition. This function is described in the section “Defining Your Own AppleTalk Transition,” later in this chapter. • The ATPreFlightEvent function calls all the entries in the AppleTalk Transition Queue with an AppleTalk transition event of your own definition and gives each entry the opportunity to respond. This function is described in the section “Defining Your Own AppleTalk Transition,” later in this chapter. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Adding…and…Removing…Appletalk…Transition…Queue…Entries æC »Adding and Removing Appletalk Transition Queue Entries AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You can use LAP Manager routines to add or remove an entry to the AppleTalk Transition Queue. _____________________________________________________ Assembly-language note: From assembly language, you add and remove AppleTalk Transition Queue entries by placing a routine selector in the D0 register, placing a pointer to your AppleTalk Transition Queue entry in the A0 register, and executing a JSR instruction to an offset past the start of the LAP Manager. The start of the LAP Manager is contained in the global variable LAPMgrPtr ($B18). The offset to the LAP Manager routines is given by the constant LAPMgrCall (2). Here is assembly-language code that adds or removes AppleTalk Tranisition Queue entries: LAPMgrPtr EQU $B18 ;entry point for LAP Manager LAPMgrCall EQU 2 ;offset to LAP Manager routines ATQEntry EQU * ;pointer to ATQ entry ... MOVEQ #RSel,D0 ;place routine selector ; in D0 (23 to add an entry, 24 ; to remove one) MOVE.L LAPMgrPtr,An ;put pointer to LAP Mgr in An MOVE.L ATQEntry,A0 ;put ATQ entry in A0 JSR LAPMgrCall(An) ;jump to start of LAP Mgr ; routines _____________________________________________________ FUNCTION LAPAddATQ (theATQEntry: ATQEntryPtr): OSErr; __________________________________________________ On entry D0: 23 A0: pointer to AppleTalk Transition Queue entry On exit D0: result code __________________________________________________ The LAPAddATQ function adds an entry to the AppleTalk Transition Queue. The parameter theATQEntry is a pointer to an ATQentry data structure. The CallAddr field of the data structure holds a pointer to the routine that AppleTalk calls for any AppleTalk transition event. The ATQentry data structure is described in the preceding section, “The AppleTalk Transition Queue.” Result codes noErr 0 No error FUNCTION LAPRmvATQ (theATQEntry: ATQEntryPtr): OSErr; _________________________________________________ On entry D0: 24 A0: pointer to AppleTalk Transition Queue entry On exit D0: result code _________________________________________________ The LAPRmvATQ function removes an entry from the AppleTalk Transition Queue. The parameter theATQEntry is a pointer to an ATQentry data structure. Note: You must not call the LAPRmvATQ function at interrupt time or through a callback routine. This restriction is to prevent any routine from removing an entry from the AppleTalk Transition Queue while another routine is in the process of adding or removing an entry. Result codes noErr 0 No error qErr –1 Queue element not found _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Sending…Messages…to…the…Appletalk…Transition…Queue æC »Sending Messages to the Appletalk Transition Queue AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Whereas it is unlikely that opening the .MPP driver will adversely affect another program, an application should never close the .MPP driver, because another program might be using it. Under certain circumstances, however, the system might close the .MPP driver. The system uses the .MPP driver’s PATalkClosePrep function to send a permission-to-close transition to each routine in the AppleTalk Transition Queue. This transition indicates that the system intends to close the .MPP driver so that each routine in the queue has the opportunity to deny permission to do so. When the system calls the PATalkClosePrep function, any routine in the AppleTalk Transition Queue that wishes to deny permission to close the .MPP driver may return a pointer to a Pascal string. The Pascal string should be the name of the application that placed the entry in the queue. If any routine in the AppleTalk Transition Queue denies permission to close the .MPP driver, the PATalkClosePrep function returns the result code closeErr. If any routine denies permission to close the .MPP driver, the AppleTalk Manager sends a cancel-close transition to every routine in the AppleTalk Transition Queue that previously received the permission-to-close transition. The caller of the PATalkClosePrep function may display a dialog box informing the user that another application is using the .MPP driver and showing the name (if any) returned by the AppleTalk Transition Queue routine. The dialog box gives the user the option of canceling the request to close AppleTalk or of closing AppleTalk anyway. If the user chooses to close AppleTalk despite the fact that an application is using it, the system calls the MPPClose function. AppleTalk then calls each application in the AppleTalk Transition Queue, this time informing each one that AppleTalk is about to close. In this case, your AppleTalk Transition Queue routine must prepare for the imminent closing of AppleTalk; it cannot deny permission to the MPPClose function. FUNCTION PATalkClosePrep (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block Æ 26 csCode word always PATalkClosePrep ¨ 28 appName long pointer to name of application that denies request The PATalkClosePrep function calls each routine listed in the AppleTalk Transition Queue to request permission to close the .MPP driver. If a routine in the AppleTalk Transition Queue denies permission to close the .MPP driver, that routine can return a pointer to a Pascal string. The Pascal string should contain the name of the application that placed the entry in the AppleTalk Transition Queue. The PATalkClosePrep function returns that pointer in the appName field. The function also returns the result code closeErr, indicating that the calling routine has been denied permission to close the .MPP driver. The routine that called PATalkClosePrep can then display a dialog box telling the user the name of the application that is currently using AppleTalk and asking whether to close AppleTalk anyway. The csCode parameter is a routine selector; it is always equal to PATalkClosePrep for this function. Result codes noErr 0 No error closeErr –24 Permission to close .MPP driver was denied _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY How…the…Appletalk…Manager…Calls…Your…Queue…Entry æC »How the Appletalk Manager Calls Your Queue Entry AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ When you have used the LAPAddATQ function to add an entry to the AppleTalk Transition Queue, the AppleTalk Manager calls your entry when any of the following events occurs: • A routine opens the .MPP driver. • A routine closes the .MPP driver. • A routine calls the PATalkClosePrep function. • One of the routines in the AppleTalk Transition Queue denies permission for the routine that called the PATalkClosePrep function to close AppleTalk. • An application calls the ATEvent or ATPreFlightEvent routines to send its own AppleTalk transition event to the entries in the AppleTalk Transition Queue. When the AppleTalk Manager calls your AppleTalk Transition Queue routine, the stack looks like this: Chart 32-1 Contents of the stack on a call to an ATQ routine ø The first item on the stack (after the return address) is a routine selector. There is one routine selector for each type of transition. The open, prepare-to-close, permission-to-close, and cancel-close transitions each have a single-digit routine selector; all other routine selectors for AppleTalk transition events are 4-character codes. Codes starting with an uppercase letter (A through Z) are reserved for use by developers. All other codes are reserved for use by Apple Computer, Inc. Routine selector Transition $00 00 00 00 .MPP driver opened $00 00 00 02 .MPP driver about to close $00 00 00 03 PATalkClosePrep function has been called $00 00 00 04 Closing of .MPP driver has been canceled $41 xx xx xx —$5A xx xx xx Reserved for use by developers all others Reserved for use by Apple Computer You can use the following constants for the standard AppleTalk transitions: CONST ATTransOpen = 0; {open transition} ATTransClose = 2; {prepare-to-close transition} ATTransClosePrep = 3; {permission-to-close transition} ATTransCancelClose = 4; {cancel-close transition} The second item passed to your routine on the stack is a pointer to your routine’s entry in the AppleTalk Transition Queue. You can use this pointer to get access to any fields at the end of the queue entry that you allocated for your own use. The last item passed to your routine on the stack is a parameter whose meaning depends on the type of transition. The interface between the AppleTalk Transition Queue and your routine follows these conventions: Your routine must preserve all registers except D0, D1, D2, A0, and A1; all parameters are passed on the stack as long words. Because your routine might be called at interrupt time, your routine must not make any direct or indirect calls to the Memory Manager and can’t depend on handles to unlocked blocks being valid. If you want to use any of your application’s global variables, you must save the contents of the A5 register before using the variables, and you must restore the A5 register before your routine terminates. These restrictions do not apply to the open transition or the prepare-to-close transition. Note: It is important that you return a 0 in the D0 register whenever you receive a transition event routine selector that you do not recognize or do not choose to handle. Returning a nonzero value in the D0 register might cause the system to cancel an attempt to close AppleTalk, for example, or might be misinterpreted in some other way. Open Transition When an application calls the MPPOpen function, the AppleTalk Manager first attempts to open the .MPP driver. If the .MPP driver is already open, the AppleTalk Manager does not call the AppleTalk Transition Queue. If the AppleTalk Manager successfully opens the .MPP driver, it then calls every routine listed in the AppleTalk Transition Queue with an open transition. The third item on the stack for an open transition is a pointer to the start of the Device Manager extended parameter block used by the routine that opened the .MPP driver. This pointer is provided for your information only; you must not change any of the fields in this parameter block. Your AppleTalk Transition Queue routine can perform any tasks you wish in response to the notification that the .MPP driver has been opened, such as using the Name-Binding Protocol (NBP) to register a name on the internet. Return 0 in the D0 register to indicate that your routine executed with no error. Prepare-to-Close Transistion When any routine calls the MPPClose function to close the .MPP driver, the AppleTalk Manager calls every routine listed in the AppleTalk Transition Queue before the .MPP driver closes. If the .MPP driver is already closed when a routine calls the MPPClose function, the AppleTalk Manager does not call the routines in the AppleTalk Transition Queue. When the AppleTalk Manager calls your routine for a prepare-to-close transition, the third item on the stack is a NIL pointer. Your routine can perform any tasks you wish to prepare for the imminent closing of AppleTalk, such as ending a session with a remote terminal and informing the user that the connection is being closed. You must return control to the AppleTalk Manager as quickly as possible. Return 0 in the D0 register to indicate that your routine executed with no error. Note: When the AppleTalk Manager calls your routine with a prepare-to-close transition (that is, a routine selector of ATTransClose), you cannot prevent the .MPP driver from closing. Permission-to-Close Transition When a routine calls the PATalkClosePrep function to inform the AppleTalk Manager that it wants to close the .MPP driver, the AppleTalk Manager calls every routine listed in the AppleTalk Transition Queue to request permission to close the .MPP driver. When the AppleTalk Manager calls your routine to request permission to close the .MPP driver, the third parameter on the stack is a pointer to a 4-byte buffer. If you intend to deny the request to close AppleTalk, you should place in the buffer a pointer to a Pascal string containing the name of your application. The PATalkClosePrep function returns this pointer. The routine that called the PATalkClosePrep function can then display a dialog box telling the user the name of the application that is currently using AppleTalk. Your routine can return either a function result of 0 in the D0 register, indicating that it accepts the request to close, or a 1 in the D0 register, indicating that it denies the request to close. Note that the Operating System might elect to close AppleTalk anyway; for example, if the user grants permission to close in response to a dialog box. Because the AppleTalk Manager calls your routine again (with the routine selector set to ATTransClose) before the .MPP driver actually closes, it is not necessary for your routine to do anything other than grant or deny permission in response to being called for a permission-to-close transition. However, you might want to prohibit the users from opening new sessions or establishing new connections while you are waiting for the .MPP driver to close. Cancel-Close Transition When any routine in the AppleTalk Transition Queue denies permission for the .MPP driver to close, the AppleTalk Manager calls each routine listed in the AppleTalk Transition Queue that has already received the permission-to-close transition to inform it that the request to close the .MPP driver has been canceled. When the AppleTalk Manager calls your AppleTalk Transition Queue routine for a cancel-close transition, the third item on the stack is a NIL pointer. If your routine performed any tasks to prepare for the closing of AppleTalk, it should reverse their effects when it is called with the routine selector set to ATTransCancelClose. Return 0 in the D0 register to indicate that your routine executed with no error. Developer-Defined Transitions Any AppleTalk transition event code that begins with an uppercase letter (that is, any value in the range $41 00 00 00 through $5A FF FF FF) indicates a developer-defined event. You can use such events to send messages to your own entries in the AppleTalk Transition Queue, or you can define events and make them public for others to use. Because you cannot tell how the originator of such an event might interpret a nonzero function result, you must always return 0 in the D0 register for any AppleTalk transition event code that you do not recognize. When you return a nonzero result code for certain developer-defined transitions, the AppleTalk Manager may call your AppleTalk Transition Queue routine a second time with a cancel transition analogous to the cancel-close transition. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Defining…Your…Own…Appletalk…Transition æC »Defining Your Own Appletalk Transition AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You can define your own AppleTalk transition to have any meaning you choose. For example, you might want to call every routine in the AppleTalk Transition Queue each time you open an AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) connection. You can use either the ATEvent procedure or the ATPreFlightEvent function to notify all of the routines in the AppleTalk Transition Queue that your AppleTalk transition has occurred. Whereas the ATEvent procedure only calls the routines in the queue with a transition event, the ATPreFlightEvent function also allows each routine in the AppleTalk Transition Queue to return a result code and other information to your calling routine. Note: You can call the ATEvent and ATPreFlightEvent routines only at virtual-memory safe time. See the Memory Manager chapter in this volume for information on virtual memory. PROCEDURE ATEvent (event: LongInt; infoPtr: Ptr); The ATEvent procedure calls all of the routines in the AppleTalk Transition Queue with the AppleTalk transition event code you specify in the event parameter. The AppleTalk transition event code can be any 4-character string that starts with an uppercase letter; that is, any value in the range $41 00 00 00 through $5A FF FF FF. You can use the infoPtr parameter to point to any information that you want to make available to the AppleTalk Transition Queue routines; for an ADSP-open transition, for example, you might pass a pointer to the parameter block used by the dspOpen routine. If you do not want to pass any information to the AppleTalk Transition Queue routines, set the infoPtr parameter to NIL. FUNCTION ATPreFlightEvent (event,cancel: LongInt; infoPtr: Ptr) : OSErr; The ATPreFlightEvent function calls all of the routines in the AppleTalk Transition Queue with the AppleTalk transition event code you specify in the event parameter. If any routine in the AppleTalk Transition Queue returns a nonzero function result, the ATPreFlightEvent function calls each of the routines that it has already called, this time with the AppleTalk transition event code you specify in the cancel parameter. The AppleTalk transition event codes can be any 4-character strings that start with an uppercase letter; that is, any values in the range $41 00 00 00 through $5A FF FF FF. You can use the infoPtr parameter to point to any information that you want to make available to the AppleTalk Transition Queue routines. If you do not want to pass any information to the AppleTalk Transition Queue routines, set the infoPtr parameter to NIL. Result codes noErr 0 No error, or unrecognized event code Note: AppleTalk transitions defined by developers might return other result codes. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY The…LAP…Manager…802.2…Protocol æC »The LAP Manager 802.2 Protocol AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has defined a series of communications protocols for use on a variety of networks. At the physical level, these protocols include the 802.3 CSMA/CD protocol, the 802.4 token bus protocol, and the 802.5 token ring protocol. At the data link level, you access these protocols through another IEEE protocol, the 802.2 protocol. The AppleTalk LAP Manager includes two routines that allow you to attach and detach protocol handlers for 802.2 Type 1 data packets: the L802Attach and L802Detach routines. You can write an application that reads 802.2 Type 1 data packets and use the L802Attach routine to install your application as a client of the LAP Manager. The ANSI/IEEE standards for the 802 protocols are published by the IEEE. The first 14 bytes of a packet sent or received by the .ENET driver constitute the header. The first 12 bytes consist of the destination and source data-link addresses, such as the Ethernet hardware addresses. If the value of the last 2 bytes in the header is greater than 1500, then the .ENET driver treats that field as an Ethernet protocol type discriminator. See “The .ENET Driver,” later in this chapter, for more information on Ethernet protocols. If the value of the last 2 bytes in the header is less than or equal to 1500, then the packet is an 802.3 protocol packet and this field indicates the length of the 802.3 data. The .ENET driver passes all 802.3 packets to the LAP Manager. The LAP Manager receives the entire 802.3 packet from the .ENET driver. The first 3 bytes of the 802.3 data constitute the header for the 802.2 protocol. The first byte of the 802.2 header is known as the destination service access point (DSAP). If the DSAP field is equal to $AA, then the first 5 bytes of the 802.2 data constitute a protocol discriminator known as the subnetwork access protocol (SNAP) type. If the SNAP type field is $00000080F3, indicating the AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP), then the next 4 bytes of the 802.2 data constitute a third type field, the AARP packet type. AARP is discussed in Inside AppleTalk. The first packet header in Figure 32-4, for example, indicates an Ethernet packet containing AppleTalk Phase 1 data. The .ENET driver would deliver this packet to the AppleTalk Phase 1 protocol handler. By contrast, the second data packet header in the figure indicates an 802.3 packet containing AppleTalk Phase 2 data. The .ENET driver would deliver this packet to the AppleTalk Phase 2 LAP Manager. Similarly, the third data packet header in Figure 32-4 indicates an 802.3 packet to be delivered to the Phase 2 EtherTalk AARP handler: ¿ Figure 32-4 AppleTalk Ethernet packet formats ø When you call the L802Attach routine, you provide a pointer to your protocol handler, the reference number of the .ENET driver, and a pointer to a string containing one or more type fields. The type fields indicate the DSAP value and any other protocol type fields (such as the SNAP type and the AARP type). The LAP Manager delivers to your protocol handler any 802.2 data packets that have the protocol type you specify. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Attaching…and…Detaching…802.2…Protocol…Handlers æC »Attaching and Detaching 802.2 Protocol Handlers AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You can attach to the LAP Manager your own protocol handler for 802.2 protocols. The LAP Manager has permanent handlers for certain types of EtherTalk packets. You cannot replace or override the permanent LAP Manager protocol handlers. There are no high-level interfaces for the LAP Manager 802.2 protocol routines. You call these routines from assembly language by placing a routine selector in the D0 register and executing a JSR instruction to an offset 2 bytes past the start of the LAP Manager. The start of the LAP Manager is contained in the global variable LAPMgrPtr ($B18). Before you call these routines, you must place the reference number of the .ENET driver in the D2 register and a pointer to the protocol type specification in the A1 register. Before you call the L802Attach routine, you must also place a pointer to your protocol handler in the A0 register. Both routines return a nonzero value in the D0 register if there is an error. Listing 32-1 shows how to call a LAP Manager L802.2 routine from assembly language. ¿ Listing 32-1 Calling a LAP Manager L802.2 routine from assembly language LAPMgrPtr EQU $B18 ;entry point for LAP Manager LAPMgrCall EQU 2 ;offset to LAP Manager routines L802Entry EQU * ;L802 routine entry ... MOVEQ #RSel,D0 ;place routine selector ; in D0 MOVEQ #refNum,D2 ;place driver reference number ; in D2 MOVE.L PHndlrPtr,A0 ;put pointer to protocol ; handler in A0 (L802Attach ; only) MOVE.L PSpecPtr,A1 ;put pointer to protocol ; specification in A1) MOVE.L LAPMgrPtr,An ;put pointer to LAP Mgr in An JSR LAPMgrCall(An) ;jump to start of LAP Mgr ; routines L802Attach _______________________________________________ On entry D0: 21 D2: reference number of .ENET driver A0: pointer to your protocol handler A1: pointer to protocol specification On exit D0: nonzero if error _______________________________________________ The L802Attach routine attaches to the LAP Manager a protocol handler for a specific IEEE 802.2 protocol type. Before calling this routine, you must put the value 21 in the D0 register and the reference number of the .ENET driver in the D2 register. The .ENET driver reference number is returned by the OpenSlot function. If you are not using the .ENET driver or a driver that uses the same interface as the .ENET driver, you cannot use the L802Attach routine. You must put a pointer to your protocol handler in the A0 register and a pointer to the protocol-type specification for this protocol handler in the A1 register. The protocol-type specification consists of one or more protocol-type fields, each preceded by a length byte. The LAP Manager reads the protocol-type fields in the 802.2 data packet header to determine to which protocol handler (if any) to deliver the packet. The first type field in your protocol specification is the 1-byte DSAP. If the DSAP type field is equal to $AA, then the protocol-type specification must contain a second type field, the 5-byte SNAP type. If the SNAP type field is $00000080F3, indicating the AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP), then the protocol-type specification must contain a third type field, the 4byte AARP protocol type. Terminate the list of protocol-type fields with a byte of zeros. The following protocol-type specification, for example, is for the permanent LAP Manager protocol handler for an 802.3 packet containing AppleTalk data. The .ENET driver would deliver this packet to the AppleTalk Phase 2 LAP Manager. The first byte, $01, is the length byte for the first protocol-type field (the DSAP type field), $AA. The third byte, $05, is the length byte for the next protocol-type field, the SNAP. The final byte ($00) terminates the type specification. 01 AA 05 08 00 07 80 9B 00 The following protocol-type specification is for the permanent LAP Manager protocol handler for an 802.3 packet to be delivered to the EtherTalk AARP handler. Notice that the SNAP field is followed by an additional type field, the AARP protocol type. 01 AA 05 00 00 00 80 F3 04 00 01 80 9B 00 Note: The DSAP value of $AA is reserved for use with protocol-type specifications that include a SNAP field. The SNAP value of $08 00 07 80 9B is reserved for AppleTalk data. The SNAP value of $00 00 00 80 F3 is reserved for AARP data. The AARP protocol type value of $00 01 80 9B is reserved for EtherTalk AARP packets. See the ANSI/IEEE standard 802.2 for more information about 802.2 protocols, and see Inside AppleTalk for more information about AARP. L802Detach ________________________________________________ On entry D0: 22 D2: reference number of .ENET driver A1: pointer to protocol specification On exit D0: nonzero if error ________________________________________________ The L802Detach routine detaches from the LAP Manager a protocol handler for a specific IEEE 802.2 protocol type. Before calling this routine, you must put the value 22 in the D0 register and the reference number of the .ENET driver in the D2 register. The .ENET driver reference number is returned by the OpenSlot function. If you are not using the .ENET driver or a driver that uses the same interface as the .ENET driver, you cannot use the L802Detach routine. You must put a pointer to the protocol-type specification for this protocol handler in the A1 register. You must specify exactly the same protocol type as you specified for the L802Attach routine when you attached the protocol handler. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY The….ATP…Driver…Volume…VI æC »The .ATP Driver Volume VI AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ AppleTalk Phase 2 includes two changes to the .ATP driver: you can now cancel all calls to the ATPGetRequest function that are pending execution, and you can now set the release timer for AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) exactly-once (XO) service to one of five different values. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Canceling…All…Calls…to…the…Atpgetrequest…Function æC »Canceling All Calls to the Atpgetrequest Function AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The ATPGetRequest function sets a socket to receive a request sent by another socket. If you call the ATPGetRequest function asynchronously, you can have several calls to the function simultaneously pending execution. The ATPKillAllGetReq function cancels all calls to the ATPGetRequest function pending for a specific socket without closing the socket. FUNCTION ATPKillAllGetReq (thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block Æ 26 csCode word always ATPKillAllGetReq Æ 28 atpSocket byte socket for which to cancel all calls to ATPGetRequest The ATPKillAllGetReq function cancels all pending asynchronous calls to the ATPGetRequest function for the socket you specify with the atpSocket parameter. The ATPKillAllGetReq function also calls the completion routine for each call to the ATPGetRequest function with the result code reqAborted (–1105) in the D0 register. Unlike the ATPCloseSocket function, the ATPKillAllGetReq function does not close the socket. You should call the ATPKillAllGetReq function before closing a socket. The csCode parameter is a routine selector, automatically set by the MPW interface. It is always equal to ATPKillAllGetReq for this function. Result codes noErr 0 No error cbNotFound –1102 Control block not found; no pending asynchronous calls _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Setting…the…Timeout…Value…for…the…Atp…Release…Timer æC »Setting the Timeout Value for the Atp Release Timer AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The .ATP driver maintains a timer, called the release timer , for each call to the PSendResponse function that is part of an exactly-once (XO) transaction. If the timer expires before the transaction is complete (that is, before the socket receives the transaction release packet), the driver completes the PSendResponse function. Before AppleTalk Phase 2, the release timer was always set to 30 seconds. To set the other connection end’s release timer to another value, set bit 2 of the atpFlags field in the parameter block for the PSendRequest or the PNSendRequest function and add a new byte field to the parameter block at offset 50—the TRelTime field. (The PSendRequest and PNSendRequest functions use the SendRequestParm variant of the ATP parameter block.) Here is the ATP parameter block for the PSendRequest and PNSendRequest functions: TYPE ATPParamBlock = PACKED RECORD {extended parameter block } { for PSendRequest and } { PNSendRequest} qLink: QElemPtr; {next queue entry} qType: Integer; {queue type} ioTrap: Integer; {routine trap} ioCmdAddr: Ptr; {routine address} ioCompletion: ProcPtr; {completion routine} ioResult: OsErr; {result code} userData: LongInt; {ATP user bytes} reqTID: Integer; {request transaction ID} ioRefNum: Integer; {driver reference number} csCode: Integer; {primary command code} atpSocket: Byte; {currBitMap or socket number} atpFlags: Byte; {control information - set bit 2 } { for extended parameter block} addrBlock: AddrBlock; {source socket address} reqLength: Integer; {request size in bytes} reqPointer: Ptr; {pointer to request data} bdsPointer: Ptr; {pointer to response Buffer } { Data Structure} numOfBuffs: Byte; {number of responses expected} timeOutVal: Byte; {timeout interval} numOfResps: Byte; {number of responses } { actually received} retryCount: Byte; {number of retries} intBuff: Integer; {used internally for PNSendRequest} TRelTime: Byte {release timer setting} end; The lower three bits of the TRelTime field indicate the time to which the release timer is to be set, as follows: TRelTime field Setting of release timer 000 30 seconds 001 1 minute 010 2 minutes 011 4 minutes 100 8 minutes Note: The nodes at both ends of the ATP connection must be running AppleTalk Phase 2 drivers for this feature to work. XO service, the release timer, and the SendRequest function are described in the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume II. The ATP parameter block and the PNSendRequest function are described in the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume V. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY The….XPP…Driver…Volume…VI æC »The .XPP Driver Volume VI AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The .XPP driver provides these functions that return information about zones: • The GetMyZone function returns the AppleTalk zone name of the node on which your application is running. This function works for both extended and nonextended networks. • The GetLocalZones function returns a list of zone names on the network that includes the node on which your application is running. This function works for extended networks only. • The GetZoneList function returns a complete list of zones on the internet. Note: Before the AppleTalk Phase 2 version of the .XPP driver, you had to use AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) to obtain zone information and request it directly from a router. The Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) functions provided by the new version of the .XPP driver make it much easier for you to obtain this information. To ensure compatibility with future versions of AppleTalk, you should always use the functions described in this section to obtain zone information. For the GetMyZone, GetLocalZones, and GetZoneList functions, the .XPP driver uses the xCallParam variant to the XPP parameter block. TYPE XPPParamBlock = PACKED RECORD qLink: QElemPtr; {next queue entry} qType: Integer; {queue type} ioTrap: Integer; {routine trap} ioCmdAddr: Ptr; {routine address} ioCompletion: ProcPtr; {completion routine} ioResult: OsErr; {result code} cmdResult: LongInt; {command result} ioVRefNum: Integer; {volume reference number} ioRefNum: Integer; {driver reference number} csCode: Integer; {primary command code} CASE XPPPrmBlkType OF xCallParam xppSubCode: Integer; {secondary command code} xppTimeOut: Byte; {timeout period for .XPP} xppRetry: Byte; {retry count} filler1: Integer; {reserved} zipBuffPtr: Ptr; {returned zone names} zipNumZones: Integer; {number of zones returned} zipLastFlag: Byte; {nonzero when all zone } { names have been returned} filler2 Byte; {reserved} zipInfoField: packed array[1..70] of Byte {reserved for use by .XPP} END; XPPParmBlkPtr = ^XPPParamBlock; As for all other AppleTalk Manager preferred interface functions, the MPW interface calls the Device Manager PBControl function to implement these ZIP protocol functions. The qLink, qType, ioTrap, ioCmdAddr, and ioVRefNum fields are filled in by the Device Manager; your application should not have to set or read these fields. The ioResult field returns the result of the function. If you call the function asynchronously, the Device Manager sets this field to 1 as soon as you call the function, and it changes the field to the actual result code when the function completes execution. The ioCompletion field is a pointer to a completion routine that you can provide; the Device Manager calls your completion routine when it completes execution of the PBControl function. If you are not providing a completion routine, specify NIL for this field. The value of the ioRefNum field is returned by the OpenDriver function; you must provide this value in each call to an .XPP driver routine. The csCode and xppSubCode fields specify the command to be executed; the MPW Pascal interface fills in these fields for you.The .XPP zone information functions do not use the cmdResult field. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Using…the….XPP…Driver…to…Obtain…Information…About…Zones æC »Using the .XPP Driver to Obtain Information About Zones AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) obtains the zone information by using the AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) to send an information request to a router. The xppTimeOut field specifies the amount of time, in seconds, that the .ATP driver should wait between attempts to obtain the data. The xppRetry field specifies the number of times the .ATP driver should attempt to obtain the data before returning the reqFailed (request failed) result code. The zipBuffPtr field is a pointer to a data buffer that you must allocate. This buffer must be 578 bytes for the GetZoneList and GetLocalZones functions and 33 bytes for the GetMyZone function. ZIP returns the zone names (as a packed array of packed Pascal strings) into this buffer. The zipNumZones field returns the actual number of zone names that ZIP placed in the buffer. You must set the zipLastFlag field to 0 (FALSE) before you execute the GetZoneList or GetLocalZones functions. If the zipLastFlag parameter is still 0 when the command has completed execution, then ZIP is waiting to return more zone names. In this case you must empty the buffer (or allocate a new one) and call the GetZoneList or GetLocalZones function again immediately. When there are no more zone names to return, ZIP sets the zipLastFlag field to a nonzero (TRUE) value. The zipInfoField field is a 70-byte data buffer that you must allocate for use by the .XPP driver. The first time you call any of these functions, you must set the first word of this field to 0. You must not change any values in this field subsequently. Listing 32-2 illustrates the use of the GetZoneList function. The GetLocalZones function operates in exactly the same fashion. ¿ Listing 32-2 Using the GetZoneList function PROCEDURE doGetZoneList; VAR myXPPPB: XPPParamBlock; {.XPP parameter block} myErr: OSErr; BEGIN WITH myXPPPB DO BEGIN xppTimeOut := 3; {timeout period for .XPP} xppRetry := 4; {retry count} zipBuffPtr := NewPtr(578); {zone names returned here} zipLastFlag := 0; {set to 0 the first time through} zipInfoField[1] := 0; zipInfoField[2] := 0; {first word is 0 the first } { time through} END; myErr := noErr; {Check the zipNumZones field to determine how many zone names } { have been returned in the buffer. Append the zone names to the } { end of your own buffer before returning to read more zone names.} {loop to get all of the zone names} WHILE (myXPPPB.zipLastFlag = 0) & (myErr = noErr) DO BEGIN myErr := GetZoneList(@myXPPPB, FALSE); EmptyDataBuf(@myXPPPB); {your routine to empty } { data buffer} END; YourZIPProc(@myXPPPB); {your routine to process names} IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); {there's an error} DisposPtr(myXPPPB.zipBuffPtr); {give space back} END; Listing 32-3 illustrates the use of the GetMyZone function. ¿ Listing 32-3 Using the GetMyZone function PROCEDURE doGetMyZone; VAR myXPPPB: XPPParamBlock; {.XPP parameter block} myZoneName: ARRAY[1..33] OF CHAR; myErr: OSErr; BEGIN WITH myXPPPB DO BEGIN xppTimeOut := 3; {timeout period for .XPP} xppRetry := 4; {retry count} zipBuffPtr := @myZoneName; {zone name returned here} zipInfoField[1] := 0; zipInfoField[2] := 0; {first word is 0 the first } { time through} END; myErr := GetMyZone(@myXPPPB, FALSE); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); {there's an error} END; _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Obtaining…Zone…Information æC »Obtaining Zone Information AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The .XPP driver provides three functions that obtain information about zones. All three functions use the Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) to return the names of zones. _________________________________________________ Assembly-language note: The .XPP driver functions all use the same value (xCall, which is equal to 246) for the csCode parameter to the XPP parameter block. The xCall routine uses the value of the xppSubCode parameter to distinguish between the functions, as follows: Function xppSubCode Value GetMyZone zipGetMyZone 7 GetLocalZones zipGetLocalZones 5 GetZoneList zipGetZoneList 6 _________________________________________________ FUNCTION GetMyZone (thePBptr: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 26 csCode word routine selector; always xCall Æ 28 xppSubCode word routine selector; zipGetMyZone Æ 30 xppTimeOut byte retry interval in seconds Æ 31 xppRetry byte retry count Æ 34 zipBuffPtr long pointer to data buffer Æ 42 zipInfoField 70 bytes for use by ZIP; first word set to 0 The GetMyZone function returns only the AppleTalk zone name of the node on which your application is running. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the function. If you call the function asynchronously, the function sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The csCode and xppSubCode parameters are routine selectors and are automatically set by the MPW interface to xCall and zipGetMyZone for this function. The xppTimeOut field specifies the amount of time, in seconds, that the .ATP driver should wait between attempts to obtain the data. A value of 3 or 4 for the xppTimeOut field generally gives good results. The xppRetry field specifies the number of times the .ATP driver should attempt to obtain the data before returning the ReqFailed (request failed) result code. A value of 3 or 4 for the xppRetry field usually works well. The zipBuffPtr is a pointer to a 33-byte data buffer that you must allocate. ZIP returns the zone name into this buffer as a Pascal string. The zipInfo field is a 70-byte data buffer that you must allocate for use by ZIP. You must set the first word of this buffer to 0 before you call the GetMyZone function. Result codes noErr 0 No error noBridgeErr –93 No router is available reqFailed –1096 Request to contact router failed; retry count exceeded tooManyReqs –1097 Too many concurrent requests noDataArea –1104 Too many outstanding ATP calls FUNCTION GetLocalZones (thePBptr: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 26 csCode word routine selector; always xCall Æ 28 xppSubCode word routine selector; zipGetLocalZones Æ 30 xppTimeOut byte retry interval in seconds Æ 31 xppRetry byte retry count Æ 34 zipBuffPtr long pointer to data buffer ¨ 38 zipNumZones word number of names returned ¨ 40 zipLastFlag byte nonzero if no more names Æ 42 zipInfoField 70 bytes for use by ZIP; first word set to 0 The GetLocalZones function returns a list of all the zone names on the local network; that is, the network that includes the node on which your application is running. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the function. If you call the function asynchronously, the function sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The csCode and xppSubCode parameters are routine selectors and are automatically set by the MPW interface to xCall and zipGetLocalZones for this function. The xppTimeOut field specifies the amount of time, in seconds, that the .ATP driver should wait between attempts to obtain the data. A value of 3 or 4 for the xppTimeOut field generally gives good results. The xppRetry field specifies the number of times the .ATP driver should attempt to obtain the data before returning the ReqFailed (request failed) result code. A value of 3 or 4 for the xppRetry field usually works well. The zipBuffPtr field is a pointer to a 578-byte data buffer that you must allocate. ZIP returns the zone names into this buffer as a packed array of packed Pascal strings. The zipNumZones parameter returns the number of zone names that ZIP placed in the data buffer. The .XPP driver sets the zipLastFlag field to 1 if there are no more zone names for your network. If the zipLastFlag field is still 0 when the GetLocalZones function has completed execution, you must empty the data buffer pointed to by the zipBuffPtr parameter and immediately call the GetLocalZones function again without changing the value in the zipInfoField parameter. The zipInfoField parameter is a 70-byte data buffer that you must allocate for use by ZIP. You must set the first word of this buffer to 0 before you call the GetLocalZones function the first time, and you must not change the contents of this field thereafter. Result codes noErr 0 No error noBridgeErr –93 No router is available reqFailed –1096 Request to contact router failed; retry count exceeded tooManyReqs –1097 Too many concurrent requests noDataArea –1104 Too many outstanding ATP calls FUNCTION GetZoneList (thePBptr: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 26 csCode word routine selector; always xCall Æ 28 xppSubCode word routine selector; zipGetZoneList Æ 30 xppTimeOut byte retry interval in seconds Æ 31 xppRetry byte retry count Æ 34 zipBuffPtr long pointer to data buffer ¨ 38 zipNumZones word number of names returned ¨ 40 zipLastFlag byte nonzero if no more names Æ 42 zipInfoField 70 bytes for use by ZIP; first word set to 0 The GetZoneList function returns a complete list of all the zone names on the internet. To obtain a list of only the zone names on the local network, use the GetLocalZones function instead. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the function. If you call the function asynchronously, the function sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The csCode and xppSubCode parameters are routine selectors and are automatically set by the MPW interface to xCall and zipGetZoneList for this function. The xppTimeOut field specifies the amount of time, in seconds, that the .ATP driver should wait between attempts to obtain the data. A value of 3 or 4 for the xppTimeOut field generally gives good results. The xppRetry field specifies the number of times the .ATP driver should attempt to obtain the data before returning the ReqFailed (request failed) result code. A value of 3 or 4 for the xppRetry field usually works well. The zipBuffPtr field is a pointer to a 578-byte data buffer that you must allocate. ZIP returns the zone names into this buffer as Pascal strings. The zipNumZones parameter returns the number of zone names that ZIP placed in the data buffer. The .XPP driver sets the zipLastFlag field to 1 if there are no more zone names for the internet. If the zipLastFlag field is still 0 when the GetZoneList function has completed execution, you must empty the data buffer pointed to by the zipBuffPtr parameter and immediately call the GetZoneList function again without changing the value in the zipInfoField parameter. The zipInfoField parameter is a 70-byte data buffer that you must allocate for use by ZIP. You must set the first word of this buffer to 0 before you call the GetZoneList function the first time, and not change the contents of this field thereafter. If you use the GetZoneList function on an nonextended network, it returns the reqFailed result code. Result codes noErr 0 No error noBridgeErr –93 No router is available reqFailed –1096 Request to contact router failed; retry count exceeded tooManyReqs –1097 Too many concurrent requests noDataArea –1104 Too many outstanding ATP calls _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Appletalk…Data…Stream…Protocol…(adsp)…Volume…VI æC »Appletalk Data Stream Protocol (adsp) Volume VI AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ One of the significant new features of AppleTalk included as part of system software version 7.0 is the AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP), which provides a full-duplex data stream connection between two nodes in an AppleTalk internet. Like the AppleTalk Session Protocol, Printer Access Protocol, and AppleTalk Transaction Protocol, ADSP uses the Datagram Delivery Protocol to send its data over the internet. Therefore, even though ADSP appears to its clients to handle data as a stream of bytes, the data is actually transmitted and received by DDP in packets. ADSP takes advantage of this fact by including control and status information in the DDP packet header. You can use the .DSP driver routines described in “.DSP Driver Routines,” later in this chapter, to control an ADSP connection. The .DSP driver takes care of implementation of ADSP for you. Every ADSP connection is between two sockets in an AppleTalk internet. Each socket can maintain concurrent ADSP connections with several other sockets, but there can be only one ADSP connection between any two sockets at one time. When a pair of sockets establishes an ADSP connection, each socket client initializes and maintains a certain amount of control and state information that it uses for synchronizing communication with the other socket client and for error checking. The combination of a socket and the ADSP information maintained by the socket client is referred to as a connection end. When two connection ends establish communication, the connection is considered an open connection. When both connection ends terminate the link and dispose of the connection information each maintains, the connection is considered a closed connection. If one connection end is established but the other connection end is unreachable or has disposed of its connection information, the connection is considered a half-open connection. No communication can occur over a half-open or closed connection. To prevent a half-open connection from tying up resources, ADSP automatically closes any half-open connection that cannot reestablish communications within 2 minutes. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Using…ADSP æC »Using ADSP AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You can use ADSP to implement a data stream connection between any two sockets on an internet. (Note that although there can be only one ADSP connection between any two sockets, a single socket can maintain connections with several other sockets.) This section describes how to open, maintain, and close a connection between two sockets on an internet. It also describes how to establish and use a connection listener; that is, a connection end that waits passively to receive a connection request and then passes the connection request on to its client, the connection server. Finally, this section describes how to write a routine (referred to as a user routine ) that ADSP calls when your connection end receives an unsolicited connection event. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY The…ADSP…Connection…Control…Block æC »The ADSP Connection Control Block AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ When you establish an ADSP connection end, you must allocate a nonrelocatable block of memory for, and provide a pointer to, a connection control block (CCB) data structure, which is used by ADSP to store state information about the connection end. You may read the fields in the CCB to obtain information about the connection end, but you are not allowed to write to any of the fields except one, the userFlags field. The CCB requires 242 bytes and is defined by the TRCCB data type. TYPE TRCCB = PACKED RECORD ccbLink: TPCCB; {link to next CCB} refNum: Integer; {reference number} state: Integer; {state of the connection end} userFlags: Byte; {user flags for connection} localSocket: Byte; {local socket number} remoteAddress: AddrBlock; {remote end internet address} attnCode: Integer; {attention code received} attnSize: Integer; {size of attention data} attnPtr: Ptr; {pointer to attention data} reserved: PACKED ARRAY[1..220] OF Byte {reserved for use by ADSP} END; The internet address of the remote connection end is defined in the TRCCB record by the AddrBlock data type: TYPE AddrBlock = PACKED RECORD aNet: Integer; {network number} aNode: Byte; {node ID} aSocket: Byte {socket number} END; Field descriptions ccbLink A pointer to the next CCB. This field is for use by ADSP only. refNum The reference number of the CCB. This number is assigned by ADSP when you establish the connection end. state The state of the connection end, as follows: State Value Meaning sListening 1 The socket is a connection listening socket; that is, a socket that accepts ADSP requests to open and passes them on to a socket client. This state is ordinarily used only by connection servers. sPassive 2 The socket client is inactive but capable of accepting an ADSP request to open a Unlike a listening socket, which passes the request on to a routine that can establish the on any socket, a socket client in the sPassive state can accept an request only to establish itself as a end. sOpening 3 The socket client has sent an request and is waiting for sOpen 4 The connection is open. sClosing 5 The socket client has requested that ADSP close the and ADSP is sending data or waiting for of data it has sent before closing the sClosed 6 Either connection end or ADSP has closed the userFlags Flags that indicate an unsolicited connection event has occurred. An unsolicited connection event is an event initiated by ADSP or the remote connection end that is not in response to any .DSP routine that you executed. .i.AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol:user flags 32- Each time an unsolicited connection event occurs, ADSP sets a flag in the userFlags field of the CCB and calls the routine you specified in the userRoutine parameter to the dspInit routine (if any). The user routine must read the userFlags field and then clear the flag to 0. ADSP cannot notify your routine of future events unless you clear the flag after each event. ADSP recognizes four types of unsolicited connection events, one corresponding to each of the flags in this field. The events and flags are defined as follows, where bit 7 is the most significant bit: Event Flag bit Meaning eClosed 7 ADSP has been informed by the remote eTearDown 6 ADSP has determined that the remote is so eAttention 5 ADSP has received an attention eFwdReset 4 ADSP has received a forward reset in none 3–0 Reserved. localSocket The socket number through which DDP transmits and receives the ADSP packets. remoteAddress The internet address of the socket used by the remote connection end. attnCode The attention code received by ADSP when the remote connection end sends an attention message. attnSize The size of the attention message received by ADSP when the remote connection end sends an attention message. attnPtr A pointer to a buffer containing the attention message received by ADSP from the remote connection end. reserved A data buffer reserved for use by ADSP. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY The….DSP…Parameter…Block æC »The .DSP Parameter Block AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You execute the .DSP routines by calling the Device Manager’s PBControl function. Each time you call a .DSP routine, you provide a pointer to a parameter block that includes all of the parameters needed by that command. The .DSP parameter block, defined by the DSPParamBlock data type, is a variant parameter block for the PBControl function. TYPE DSPParamBlock = PACKED RECORD qLink: QElemPtr; {next queue entry} qType: Integer; {queue type} ioTrap: Integer; {routine trap} ioCmdAddr: Ptr; {routine address} ioCompletion: ProcPtr; {completion routine} ioResult: OsErr; {result code} ioNamePtr: StringPtr; {used only for dspOpen} ioVRefNum: Integer; {volume reference number} ioCRefNum: Integer; {driver reference number} csCode: Integer; {primary command code} qStatus: LongInt; {reserved for ADSP} ccbRefNum: Integer; {CCB reference number} CASE Integer OF dspInit, dspCLInit: ( ccbPtr: TPCCB; {pointer to CCB} userRoutine: ProcPtr; {pointer to user routine} sendQSize: Integer; {size of send queue} sendQueue: Ptr; {pointer to send queue} recvQSize: Integer; {size of receive queue} recvQueue: Ptr; {pointer to receive queue} attnPtr: Ptr; {pointer to attention- } { message buffer} localSocket: Byte; {local socket number} filler1: Byte; {filler for proper alignment} ); dspOpen, dspCLListen, dspCLDeny: ( localCID: Integer; {local connection ID} remoteCID: Integer; {remote connection ID} remoteAddress: AddrBlock; {remote internet address} filterAddress: AddrBlock; {address filter} sendSeq: LongInt; {send sequence number} sendWindow: Integer; {size of remote buffer} recvSeq: LongInt; {receive sequence number} attnSendSeq: LongInt; {attention send seq number} attnRecvSeq: LongInt; {attention receive seq num} ocMode: Byte; {connection opening mode} ocInterval: Byte; {interval bet open requests} ocMaximum: Byte; {retries of open conn req} filler2: Byte; {filler for proper alignment} ); dspClose, dspRemove: ( abort: Byte; {abort send requests} filler3: Byte; {filler for proper alignment} ); dspStatus: ( statusCCB: TPCCB; {pointer to CCB} sendQPending: Integer; {bytes waiting in send queue} sendQFree: Integer; {available send-queue buffer} recvQPending: Integer; {bytes in receive queue} recvQFree: Integer; {avail receive-queue buffer} ) dspRead, dspWrite: ( reqCount: Integer; {requested number of bytes} actCount: Integer; {actual number of bytes} dataPtr: Ptr; {pointer to data buffer} eom: Byte; {1 if end of message} flush: Byte; {1 to send data now} ) dspAttention: ( attnCode: Integer; {client attention code} attnSize: Integer; {size of attention data} attnData Ptr; {pointer to attention data} attnInterval: Byte; {reserved} filler4: Byte; {filler for proper alignment} ) dspOptions: ( sendBlocking: Integer; {send-blocking threshold} sendTimer: Byte; {reserved} rtmtTimer: Byte; {reserved} badSeqMax: Byte; {retransmit advice threshold} useCheckSum: Byte; {DDP checksum for packets} ) dspNewCID: ( newCID: Integer; {new connection ID} ) END; The qLink, qType, ioTrap, ioCmdAddr, ioNamePtr, and ioVRefNum fields are filled in by the Device Manager; your application should not have to set or read these fields. The ioResult field returns the result of the function. If you call the routine asynchronously, the Device Manager sets this field to 1 as soon as you call the routine and it changes the field to the actual result code when the routine completes execution. The ioCompletion field is a pointer to a completion routine that you can provide; the Device Manager calls your completion routine when it completes execution of the PBControl function. If you are not providing a completion routine, specify NIL for this field. The ioCRefNum field is returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. The csCode field specifies the command to be executed. You must fill in this field before calling the PBControl function. You can use the following constants as values for the csCode field: CONST {ADSP routine selectors} dspInit = 255; {create a new connection end} dspRemove = 254; {remove a connection end} dspOpen = 253; {open a connection} dspClose = 252; {close a connection} dspCLInit = 251; {create a connection listener} dspCLRemove = 250; {remove a connection listener} dspCLListen = 249; {post a listener request} dspCLDeny = 248; {deny an open-connection request} dspStatus = 247; {get status of connection end} dspRead = 246; {read data from the connection} dspWrite = 245; {write data on the connection} dspAttention = 244; {send an attention message} dspOptions = 243; {set connection end options} dspReset = 242; {forward reset the connection} dspNewCID = 241; {generate a cid for a connection end} The qStatus field is reserved for use by ADSP. The ccbRefNum field is the reference number of the CCB. The CCB reference number is returned by ADSP in response to the dspInit routine. You must specify this number as a parameter to every .DSP driver routine you call subsequently. The remaining fields are used only for specific routines; each of these fields is described in “.DSP Driver Routines” later in this chapter. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Opening…and…Maintaining…an…ADSP…Connection æC »Opening and Maintaining an ADSP Connection AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ To use the AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) to establish and maintain a connection between a socket on your local node and a remote socket, use the following procedure: 1. Use the MPPOpen function to open the .MPP driver, and then use the OpenDriver function to open the .DSP driver. The OpenDriver function returns the reference number for the .DSP driver. You must supply this reference number each time you call the .DSP driver. 2. Allocate nonrelocatable memory for a connection control block (CCB), send and receive queues, and an attention message buffer. If you need to allocate the memory dynamically while the program is running, use the NewPtr routine. Otherwise, the way in which you allocate the memory depends on the compiler you are using. (Listing 32-4 at the end of this section shows how it’s done in Pascal). The memory that you allocate becomes the property of ADSP when you call the dspInit routine to establish a connection end. You cannot write any data to this memory except by calling ADSP, and you must ensure that the memory remains locked until you call the dspRemove routine to eliminate the connection end. The CCB is 242 bytes. The attention-message buffer must be 570 bytes. When you send bytes to a remote connection end, ADSP stores the bytes in a buffer called the send queue . Until the remote connection end acknowledges their receipt, ADSP keeps the bytes you sent in the send queue so that they are available to be retransmitted if necessary. When the local connection end receives bytes, it stores them in a buffer, called the receive queue, until you read them. The sizes you need for the send and receive queues depend on the lengths of the messages being sent. ADSP does not transmit data from the remote connection end until there is room for it in your receive queue. If your send or receive queues are too small, they limit the speed with which you can transmit and receive data. A queue size of 600 bytes should work well for most applications. If you are using ADSP to send a continuous flow of data, a larger data buffer improves performance. If your application is sending or receiving the user’s keystrokes, a smaller buffer should be adequate. The constant minDSPQueueSize indicates the minimum queue size that you can use. If you are using a version of the .DSP driver prior to version 1.5, you must allocate send and receive queues that are 12% larger than the actual buffer sizes you need. You must do this in order to provide some extra space for use by the .DSP driver. Version 1.5 and later versions of the .DSP driver use a much smaller, and variable, portion of buffer space for overhead. The .DSP driver version number is stored in the low byte of the qFlags field, which is the first field in the dCtlQHdr field in the driver’s device control entry (DCE) data structure. Version 1.5 of the .DSP driver has a version number of 4 in the DCE. The DCE is described in the Device Manager chapters of Volumes II and V. 3. Use the dspInit routine to establish a connection end. You must provide pointers to the CCB, send queue, receive queue, and attention-message buffer. You may also provide a pointer to the user routine that ADSP calls when your connection end receives an unsolicited connection event. User routines are discussed in “Writing a User Routine for Connection Events” later in this chapter. If there is a specific socket that you want to use for the connection end, you can specify the socket number in the localSocket parameter. If you want ADSP to assign the socket for you, specify 0 for the localSocket parameter. ADSP returns the socket number when the dspInit routine completes execution. 4. If you wish, you can use the NBPRegister function to add the name and address of your connection end to the node’s names table. The NBPRegister function is described in the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume II. 5. You can use the dspOptions routine to set several parameters that control the behavior of the connection end. Because every parameter has a default value, the use of the dspOptions routine is optional. You can specify values for the following parameters: • The sendBlocking parameter, which sets the maximum number of bytes that may accumulate in the send queue before ADSP sends a packet to the remote connection end. You can experiment with different values of the sendBlocking parameter to determine which provides the best performance. Under most circumstances, the default value of 16 bytes gives good performance. • The badSeqMax parameter, which sets the maximum number of out-of-sequence data packets that the local connection end can receive before requesting the remote connection end to retransmit the missing data. Under most circumstances, the default value of 3 provides good performance. • The useCheckSum parameter, which determines whether the Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) should compute a checksum and include it in each packet that it sends to the remote connection end. Using checksums slows communications slightly. Normally ADSP and DDP perform enough error checking to ensure safe delivery of all data. Set the useCheckSum parameter to 1 only if you feel that the network is highly unreliable. 6. Call the dspOpen routine to open the connection. The dspOpen routine has four possible modes of operation: ocAccept, ocEstablish, ocRequest, and ocPassive. Normally you use either the ocRequest or ocPassive mode. You must specify one of these four modes for the ocMode parameter when you call the dspOpen routine. The ocAccept mode is used only by connection servers. The ocEstablish mode is used by routines that determine their connection-opening parameters and establish a connection independently of ADSP, but use ADSP to transmit and receive data. Use the ocRequest mode when you want to establish communications with a specific socket on the internet. When you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocRequest mode, ADSP sends an open-connection request to the address you specify. If the socket to which you send the open-connection request is a connection listener, the connection server that operates that connection listener can choose any socket on the internet to be the connection end that responds to the open-connection request. To restrict the socket from which you will accept a response to your open-connection request, specify a value for the filterAddress parameter to the dspOpen routine. When your connection end receives a response from a socket that meets the restrictions of the filterAddress parameter, it acknowledges the response and ADSP completes the connection. To use the ocRequest mode, you must know the complete internet address of the remote socket, and the ADSP client at that address must either be a connection listener or have executed the dspOpen routine in the ocPassive mode. You can use the PLookupName function to obtain a list of names of objects on the internet and to determine the internet address of a socket when you know its name. The PLookupName function is the preferred interface version of the NBPLookup function. The NBPLookup function is described in the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume II. The preferred interface is described in the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume V. Enhancements to the wildcard-lookup feature of the Name-Binding Protocol (NBP) are discussed in “A New NBP Wildcard Character” earlier in this chapter. Use the ocPassive mode when you expect to receive an open-connection request from a remote socket. You can specify a value for the filterAddress parameter to restrict the network number, node ID, or socket number from which you will accept an open-connection request. When your connection end receives an open-connection request that meets the restrictions of the filterAddress parameter, it acknowledges the request and ADSP completes the connection. You can poll the state field in the CCB to determine when the connection end is waiting to receive an open-connection request, when the connection end is waiting to receive an acknowledgment of an open-connection request, and when the connection is open. (The CCB is described in “The ADSP Connection Control Block” earlier in this chapter.) Alternatively, you can check the result code for the dspOpen routine when the routine completes execution. If the routine returns the noErr result code, then the connection is open. 7. Use the dspRead routine to read data that your connection end has received from the remote connection end. Use the dspWrite routine to send data to the remote connection end. Use the dspAttention routine to send attention messages to the remote connection end. The dspWrite routine places data in the send queue. ADSP is a full-duplex, symmetric communications protocol. You can send data at any time, and your connection end can receive data at any time, even at the same time as you are sending data. ADSP transmits the data in the send queue when one of the following conditions occurs: • You call the dspWrite routine with the flush parameter set to a nonzero number. • The number of bytes in the send queue equals or exceeds the blocking factor that you set with the dspOptions routine. • The send timer expires. The send timer sets the maximum amount of time that can pass before ADSP sends all unsent data in the send queue to the remote connection end. ADSP calculates the best value to use for this timer and sets it automatically. • A connection event requires that the local connection end send an acknowledgment packet to the remote connection end. If you send more data to the send queue than it can hold, the dspWrite routine does not complete execution until it has written all the data to the send queue. If you execute the dspWrite routine asynchronously, ADSP returns control to your program and writes the data to the send queue as quickly as it can. This technique provides the most efficient use of the send queue by your program and by ADSP. Because ADSP does not remove data from the send queue until that data has not only been sent but also acknowledged by the remote connection end, using the flush parameter to the dspWrite routine does not guarantee that the send queue is empty. You can use the dspStatus routine to determine how much free buffer space is available in the send queue. The dspRead routine reads data from the receive queue into your application’s private data buffer. ADSP does not transmit data until there is space available in the other end’s receive queue to accept it. Because a full receive queue slows the communications rate, you should read data from the receive queue as often as necessary to keep sufficient buffer space available for new data. You can use either of two techniques to do this: • Allocate a small receive queue (about 600 bytes) and call the dspRead routine asynchronously. Your completion routine for the dspRead routine should then call the dspRead routine again. • Allocate a large receive queue and call the dspRead routine less frequently. If there is less data in the receive queue than the amount you specify with the reqCount parameter to the dspRead command, the command does not complete execution until there is enough data available to satisfy the request. There are three exceptions to this rule: • If the end-of-message bit in the ADSP packet header is set, the dspRead command reads the data in the receive queue, returns the actual amount of data read in the actCount parameter, and returns the eom parameter set to 1. • If you have closed the connection end before calling the dspRead routine (that is, the connection is half open), the command reads whatever data is available and returns the actual amount of data read in the actCount parameter. • If ADSP has closed the connection before you call the dspRead routine and there is no data in the receive queue, the routine returns the noErr result code with the actCount parameter set to 0 and the eom parameter set to 0. In addition to the byte-stream data format implemented by the dspRead and dspWrite routines, ADSP provides a mechanism for sending and receiving control signals or information separate from the byte stream. You use the dspAttention routine to send an attention code and an attention message to the remote connection end. When your connection end receives an attention message, ADSP’s interrupt handler sets the eAttention flag in the userFlags field of the CCB and calls your user routine. Your user routine must first clear the userFlags field. Then your routine can read the attention code and attention message and take whatever action you deem appropriate. Because ADSP is often used by terminal emulation programs and other applications that pass the data they receive on to the user without processing it, attention messages provide a mechanism for the applications that are clients of the connection ends to communicate with each other. For example, you could use attention messages to implement a handshaking and data-checking protocol for a program that transfers disk files between two applications, neither one of which is a file server. Or a database server on a mainframe computer that uses ADSP to communicate with Macintosh computer workstations could use the attention mechanism to inform the workstations when the database is about to be closed down for maintenance. 8. When you are ready to close the ADSP connection, you can use the dspClose or dspRemove routines to close the connection end. Use the dspClose routine if you intend to use that connection end to open another connection and do not want to release the memory you allocated for the connection end. Use the dspRemove routine if you are completely finished with the connection end and want to release the memory. You can continue to read data from the receive queue after you have called the dspClose routine, but not after you have called the dspRemove routine. You can use the dspStatus routine to determine whether any data is remaining in the receive queue, or you can read data from the receive queue until both the actCount and eom fields of the dspRead parameter block return 0. If you set the abort parameter for the dspClose or dspRemove routines to 0, then ADSP does not close the connection or the connection end until it has sent—and received acknowledgment for—all data in the send queue and any pending attention messages. If you set the abort parameter to 1, then ADSP discards any data in the send queue and any attention messages that have not already been sent. After you have executed the dspRemove routine, you can release the memory you allocated for the CCB and data buffers. Listing 32-4 illustrates the use of ADSP. This routine opens the .MPP and .DSP drivers and allocates memory for its internal data buffers, for the CCB, and for the send, receive, and attention-message buffers. Then the routine uses the dspInit routine to establish a connection end and uses NBP to register the name of the connection end on the internet. (The user routine specified by the userRoutine parameter to the dspInit function is shown in Listing 326.) Next, Listing 32-4 uses the dspOptions routine to set the blocking factor to 24 bytes. The routine uses NBP to determine the address of a socket whose name was chosen by the user and sends an open-connection request (dspOpen) to that socket. When the dspOpen routine completes execution, the routine sends data and an attention message to the remote connection end and reads data from its receive queue. Finally, the routine closes the connection end with the dspRemove routine and releases the memory it allocated. ¿ Listing 32-4 Using ADSP to establish and use a connection PROCEDURE MyADSP; CONST qSize= 600; {queue space} myDataSize= 128; {size of internal read/write buffers} blockFact= 24; {blocking factor} TYPE {modify the connection control block to add storage for A5} myTRCCB = RECORD myA5: longint; u: TRCCB; END; VAR dspSendQPtr: Ptr; dspRecvQPtr: Ptr; dspAttnBufPtr: Ptr; myData2ReadPtr: Ptr; myData2WritePtr: Ptr; myAttnMsgPtr: Ptr; dspCCB: myTRCCB; myDSPPBPtr: DSPPBPtr; myMPPPBPtr: MPPPBPtr; myNTEName: NamesTableEntry; myAddrBlk: AddrBlock; drvrRefNum: Integer; mppRefNum: Integer; connRefNum: Integer; gReceivedAnEvent: Boolean; myAttnCode: Integer; tempFlag: Byte; tempCFlag: Integer; myErr: OSErr; BEGIN myErr := OpenDriver('.MPP', mppRefNum); {open .MPP driver} IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoErr(myErr); {check and handle error} myErr := OpenDriver('.DSP', drvrRefNum); {open .DSP driver} IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoErr(myErr); {check and handle error} {allocate memory for data buffers} dspSendQPtr := NewPtr(qSize); {ADSP use only} dspRecvQPtr := NewPtr(qSize); {ADSP use only} dspAttnBufPtr := NewPtr(attnBufSize); {ADSP use only} myData2ReadPtr := NewPtr(myDataSize); myData2WritePtr := NewPtr(myDataSize); myAttnMsgPtr := NewPtr(myDataSize); myDSPPBPtr := DSPPBPtr(NewPtr(SizeOf(DSPParamBlock))); myMPPPBPtr := MPPPBPtr(NewPtr(SizeOf(MPPParamBlock))); WITH myDSPPBPtr^ DO {set up dspInit parameters} BEGIN ioCRefNum := drvrRefNum; {ADSP driver ref num} csCode := dspInit; ccbPtr := @dspCCB; {pointer to CCB} userRoutine := @myConnectionEvtUserRoutine; {see Listing 32-6} sendQSize := qSize; {size of send queue} sendQueue := dspSendQPtr; {send-queue buffer} recvQSize := qSize; {size of receive queue} recvQueue := dspRecvQPtr; {receive-queue buffer} attnPtr := dspAttnBufPtr; {receive-attention buffer} localSocket := 0; {let ADSP assign socket} END; gReceivedAnEvent := FALSE; dspCCB.myA5 := SetCurrentA5; {save A5 for the user routine} {establish a connection end} myErr := PBControl(ParmBlkPtr(myDSPPBPtr), FALSE); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoErr(myErr); {check and handle error} connRefNum := myDSPPBPtr^.ccbRefNum; {save CCB ref num for later} NBPSetNTE(@myNTEName, 'The Object', 'The Type', '*', myDSPPBPtr^.localSocket); {set up NBP names table entry} WITH myMPPPBPtr^ DO {set up PRegisterName } { parameters} BEGIN interval := 7; {retransmit every 7*8=56 ticks} count := 3; {and retry 3 times} entityPtr := @myNTEName; {name to register} verifyFlag := 0; {don't verify this name} END; {register this socket} myErr := PRegisterName(myMPPPBPtr, FALSE); {register this socket} IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoErr(myErr); {check and handle error} WITH myDSPPBPtr^ DO {set up dspOptions parameters} BEGIN ioCRefNum := drvrRefNum; {ADSP driver ref num} csCode := dspOptions; ccbRefNum := connRefNum; {connection ref num} sendBlocking := blockFact; {quantum for data packet} badSeqMax := 0: {use default} useCheckSum := 0; {don't calculate checksum} END; myErr := PBControl(ParmBlkPtr(myDSPPBPtr), FALSE); {set options} IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoErr(myErr); {check and handle error} PickASocket(myAddrBlk); {routine using the PLookupName function to pick a socket } { that will be used to establish an open connection} {open a connection with the chosen socket} WITH myDSPPBPtr^ DO {set up dspOpen parameters} BEGIN ioCRefNum := drvrRefNum; {ADSP driver ref num} csCode := dspOpen; ccbRefNum := connRefNum; {connection ref num} remoteAddress := myAddrBlk; {address of remote socket } { from PLookupName function} filterAddress := myAddrBlk; {address filter, specified } { socket address only} ocMode := ocRequest; {open connection mode} ocInterval := 0; {use default retry interval} ocMaximum := 0; {use default retry maximum} END; myErr := PBControl(ParmBlkPtr(myDSPPBPtr), FALSE); {open a connection} IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoErr(myErr); {check and handle error} {the connection with the chosen socket is open, so now send to } { the send queue exactly myDataSize number of bytes} WITH myDSPPBPtr^ DO {set up dspWrite parameters} BEGIN ioCRefNum := drvrRefNum; {ADSP driver ref num} csCode := dspWrite; ccbRefNum := connRefNum; {connection ref num} reqCount := myDataSize; {write this number of bytes} dataPtr := myData2WritePtr; {pointer to send queue} eom := 1; {1 means last byte is logical } { end-of-message} flush := 1; {1 means send data now} END; myErr := PBControl(ParmBlkPtr(myDSPPBPtr), FALSE); {send data to the remote } { connection} IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoErr(myErr);{check and handle error} {now send an attention message to the remote connection end} WITH myDSPPBPtr^ DO {set up dspAttention parameters} BEGIN ioCRefNum := drvrRefNum; {ADSP driver ref num} csCode := dspAttention; ccbRefNum := connRefNum; {connection ref num} attnCode := 0; {user-defined attention code} attnSize := myDataSize; {length of attention message} attnData := myAttnMsgPtr; {attention message} END; myErr := PBControl(ParmBlkPtr(myDSPPBPtr), FALSE); IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoErr(myErr);{check and handle error} {Now read from the receive queue exactly myDataSize number } { of bytes.} WITH myDSPPBPtr^ DO {set up dspRead parameters} BEGIN ioCRefNum := drvrRefNum; {ADSP driver ref num} csCode := dspRead; ccbRefNum := connRefNum; {connection ref num} reqCount := myDataSize; {read this number of bytes} dataPtr := myData2ReadPtr; {pointer to read buffer} END; myErr := PBControl(ParmBlkPtr(myDSPPBPtr), FALSE); {read data from the remote } { connection} IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoErr(myErr);{check and handle error} {we're done with the connection, so remove it} WITH myDSPPBPtr^ DO {set up dspRemove parameters} BEGIN ioCRefNum := drvrRefNum; {ADSP driver ref num} csCode := dspRemove; ccbRefNum := connRefNum; {connection ref num} abort := 0; {don't close until everything } { is sent and received} END; myErr := PBControl(ParmBlkPtr(myDSPPBPtr), FALSE); {close and remove the connection} IF myErr <> noErr THEN DOErr(myErr);{check and handle error} {we're done with this connection, so give back the memory} DisposPtr(dspSendQPtr); DisposPtr(dspRecvQPtr); DisposPtr(dspAttnBufPtr); DisposPtr(myData2ReadPtr); DisposPtr(myData2WritePtr); DisposPtr(myAttnMsgPtr); DisposPtr(Ptr(myDSPPBPtr)); DisposPtr(Ptr(myMPPPBPtr)); END; {MyADSP} _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Creating…and…Using…a…Connection…Listener æC »Creating and Using a Connection Listener AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ A connection listener is a special sort of AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) connection end that cannot receive or transmit data streams or attention messages. The sole function of a connection listener is to wait passively to receive an open-connection request and to inform its client, the connection server, when it receives one. The connection server can then accept or deny the open-connection request. If it accepts the request, the connection server selects a socket to use as a connection end, establishes a connection end on that socket, and sends an acknowledgment and connection request back to the requesting connection end. The connection server can use the same socket as it used for the connection listener or can select a different socket as the connection end. Use the following procedure to establish a connection listener and to use that connection listener to open a connection with a remote connection end: 1. Use the MPPOpen function to open the .MPP driver and then use the OpenDriver function to open the .DSP driver. The OpenDriver function returns the reference number for the .DSP driver. You must supply this reference number each time you call the .DSP driver. 2. Allocate nonrelocatable memory for a connection control block (CCB). (The CCB is described in “The ADSP Connection Control Block” earlier in this chapter.) A connection listener does not need send and receive queues or an attention-message buffer. The memory that you allocate becomes the property of ADSP when you call the dspCLInit routine to establish a connection listener. You cannot write any data to this memory except by calling ADSP, and you must ensure that the memory remains locked until you call the dspRemove routine to eliminate the connection end. The CCB is 242 bytes. 3. Call the dspCLInit routine to establish a connection listener. You must provide a pointer to the CCB. If there is a specific socket that you want to use for the connection listener, you can specify the socket number in the localSocket parameter. If you want ADSP to assign the socket for you, specify 0 for the localSocket parameter. ADSP returns the socket number when the dspCLInit routine completes execution. 4. If you wish, you can use the NBPRegister function to add the name and address of your connection listener to the node’s names table. The NBPRegister function is described in the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume II. 5. Use the dspCLListen routine to cause the connection listener to wait for an open-connection request. Because the dspCLListen routine does not complete execution until it receives a connection request, you should call this routine asynchronously. You can specify a value for the filterAddress parameter to restrict the network number, node ID, or socket number from which you will accept an open-connection request. When the dspCLListen routine receives an open-connection request that meets the restrictions of the filterAddress parameter, it returns a noErr result code (if you executed the routine asynchronously, it places a noErr result code in the ioResult parameter) and places values in the parameter block for the remoteCID, remoteAddress, sendSeq, sendWindow, and attnSendSeq parameters. 6. If you want to open the connection, call the dspInit routine to establish a connection end. You can use any available socket on the node for the connection end, including the socket that you used for the connection listener. Because a single socket can have more than one CCB connected with it, the socket can function simultaneously as a connection end and a connection listener. You can check the address of the remote socket to determine if it meets your criteria for a connection end. Although the filterAddress parameter to the dspCLListen routine provides some screening of socket addresses, it cannot check for network number ranges, for example, or for a specific set of socket numbers. If for some reason you want to deny the connection request, call the dspDeny routine, specifying the CCB of the connection listener in the ccbRefNum parameter. Because the dspCLListen routine completes execution when it receives an open-connection request, you must return to step 5 to wait for another connection request. 7. Call the dspOpen routine to open the connection. Specify the value ocAccept for the ocMode parameter and specify in the ccbRefNum parameter the reference number of the CCB for the connection end that you want to use. When you call the dspOpen routine, you must provide the values returned by the dspCLListen routine for the remoteCID, remoteAddress, sendSeq, sendWindow, and attnSendSeq parameters. You can poll the state field in the CCB to determine when the connection is open. Alternatively, you can check the result code for the dspOpen routine when the routine completes execution. If the routine returns the noErr result code, then the connection is open. 8. You can now send and receive data and attention messages over the connection, as described in the preceding section, “Opening and Maintaining an ADSP Connection.” When you are ready to close the connection, you can use the dspClose or dspRemove routines, which are also described in the preceding section. 9. When you are finished using the connection listener, you can use the dspCLRemove routine to eliminate it. Once you have called the dspCLRemove routine, you can release the memory you allocated for the connection listener’s CCB. Listing 32-5 illustrates the use of ADSP to establish and use a connection listener. It opens the .MPP and .DSP drivers and allocates memory for the CCB. Then it uses the dspCLInit routine to establish a connection listener, uses the Name-Binding Protocol (NBP) to register the name of the connection end on the internet, and uses the dspCLListen routine to wait for a connection request. When the routine receives a connection request, it calls the dspOpen routine to complete the connection. ¿ Listing 32-5 Using ADSP to establish and use a connection listener VAR dspCCBPtr: TPCCB; myDSPPBPtr: DSPPBPtr; myMPPPBPtr: MPPPBPtr; myNTEName: NamesTableEntry; drvrRefNum: Integer; mppRefNum: Integer; connRefNum: Integer; myErr: OSErr; BEGIN myErr := OpenDriver('.MPP', mppRefNum); { open .MPP driver } IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoErr(myErr); {check and handle error} myErr := OpenDriver('.DSP', drvrRefNum); {open .DSP driver} IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoErr(myErr); {check and handle error} {allocate memory for data buffers} dspCCBPtr := TPCCB(NewPtr(SizeOf(TRCCB))); myDSPPBPtr := DSPPBPtr(NewPtr(SizeOf(DSPParamBlock))); myMPPPBPtr := MPPPBPtr(NewPtr(SizeOf(MPPParamBlock))); WITH myDSPPBPtr^ DO {set up dspCLInit parameters} BEGIN ioCRefNum := drvrRefNum; {ADSP driver ref num} csCode := dspCLInit; ccbPtr := dspCCBPtr; {pointer to CCB} localSocket := 0; {local socket number} END; myErr := PBControl(ParmBlkPtr(myDSPPBPtr), FALSE); {establish a connection listener} IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoErr(myErr); {check and handle error} connRefNum := myDSPPBPtr^.ccbRefNum; {save CCB ref num for later} NBPSetNTE(@myNTEName, 'The Object', 'The Type', '*', myDSPPBPtr^.localSocket); {set up NBP names table entry} WITH myMPPPBPtr^ DO {set up PRegisterName parameters} BEGIN interval := 7; {retransmit every 7*8=56 ticks} count := 3; {and retry 3 times} entityPtr := @myNTEname; {name to register} verifyFlag := 0; {don't verify this name} END; myErr := PRegisterName(myMPPPBPtr, FALSE); {register this name} IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoErr(myErr);{check and handle error} WITH myDSPPBPtr^ DO {set up dspCLListen parameters} BEGIN ioCRefNum := drvrRefNum; {ADSP driver ref num} csCode := dspCLListen; ccbRefNum := connRefNum; {connection ref num} filterAddress := AddrBlock(0); {connect with anybody} END; myErr := PBControl(ParmBlkPtr(myDSPPBPtr), TRUE); {listen for connection requests} WHILE myDSPPBPtr^.ioResult = 1 DO BEGIN {return control to user while waiting for } { a connection request} GoDoSomething; END; IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoErr(myErr);{check and handle error} {You received a connection request; now open a connection } { The dspCLListen call has returned values into the } { remoteCID, remoteAddress, sendSeq, sendWindow, } { and attnSendSeq fields of the parameter block.} WITH myDSPPBPtr^ DO {set up dspOpen parameters} BEGIN ioCRefNum := drvrRefNum; {ADSP driver ref num} csCode := dspOpen; ccbRefNum := connRefNum; {connection ref num} ocMode := ocAccept; {open connection mode} ocInterval := 0; {use default retry interval} ocMaximum := 0; {use default retry maximum} END; myErr := PBControl(ParmBlkPtr(myDSPPBPtr), FALSE); {open a connection} IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoErr(myErr);{check and handle error} {Listing 32-4 shows how to use ADSP to maintain a connection.} END; {MyCLADSP} _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Writing…a…User…Routine…for…Connection…Events æC »Writing a User Routine for Connection Events AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ When you execute the dspInit routine, you can specify a pointer to a routine that you provide (referred to as the user routine ). Whenever an unsolicited connection event occurs, the AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) sets a flag in the connection control block (CCB) and calls the user routine. The user routine must clear the flag to acknowledge that it has read the flag field, and then can respond to the event in any manner you deem appropriate. The CCB flags are described in “The ADSP Connection Control Block” earlier in this chapter. The four following types of unsolicited connection events set flags in the CCB: • ADSP has been informed by the remote connection end that the remote connection end is about to close the connection. An appropriate reponse might be to store a flag indicating that the connection end is about to close. When your application regains control, it can then display a dialog box informing the user of this event and asking whether the application should attempt to reconnect later. • ADSP has determined that the remote connection end is not responding and so has closed the connection. Your user routine can attempt to open a new connection immediately. Alternatively, you can store a flag indicating that the connection has closed, and when your application regains control, it can display a dialog box asking the user whether to attempt to reconnect. • ADSP has received an attention message from the remote connection end. Depending on what you are using the attention-message mechanism for, you might want to read the attention code in the attnCode field of the CCB and the attention message pointed to by the attnPtr field of the CCB. • ADSP has received a forward reset command from the remote client end, has discarded all ADSP data not yet delivered, including the data in the receive queue of the local client end, and has resynchronized the connection. Your response to this event depends on the purpose for which you are using the forward reset mechanism. You might want to resend the last data you have sent or inform the user of the event. When ADSP calls your user routine, the CPU is in interrupt-processing mode and register A1 contains a pointer to the CCB of the connection end that generated the event. You can examine the userFlags field of the CCB to determine what event caused the interrupt, and you can examine the state field of the CCB to determine the current state of the connection. Because the CPU is set to interrupt-processing mode, your user routine must preserve all registers other than A0, A1, D0, D1, and D2. Your routine must not make any direct or indirect calls to the Memory Manager and can’t depend on handles to unlocked blocks being valid. If you want to use any of your application’s global variables, you must save the contents of the A5 register before using the variables, and you must restore the A5 register before your routine terminates. Listings 32-4 and 32-6 illustrate the use of the CCB to store the pointer to your application’s global variables. If you want to execute a routine each time an unsolicited connection event occurs but the interrupt environment is too restrictive, you can specify a NIL pointer to the user routine and periodically poll the userFlags field of the CCB. † Warning: When an unsolicited connection event occurs, you must clear the bit in the userFlags field to 0 or the connection will hang. To ensure that you do not lose any attention messages, you must read any attention messages into an internal buffer before you clear the bit in the userFlags field. Ê Listing 32-6 is the user routine called by Listing 32-4. When this routine is called, it first checks the CCB to determine the source of the interrupt and then clears the bit in the userFlags field of the CCB. If the routine has received an attention message, the user routine reads the message into an internal buffer before it clears the flag bit. The definitions of procedures PushA5, GetMyTRCCBA5, and PopA5 are shown in Listing 32-6 for your convenience. In a complete application these procedures would be defined in the calling routine (Listing 32-4). ¿ Listing 32-6 An ADSP user routine PROCEDURE PushA5; {moves current value of A5 onto stack} INLINE $2F0D; {MOVE.L A5,-(SP)} PROCEDURE GetMyTRCCBA5; {Retrieves A5 from the head of the TRCCB } { (pointed to by A1) and sticks it in A5.} INLINE $2A69, $FFFC; {MOVE.L -4(A1), A5} PROCEDURE PopA5; {restores A5 from stack} INLINE $2A5F; {MOVE.L (SP)+, A5} PROCEDURE myConnectionEvtUserRoutine; BEGIN {The connection received an unexpected connection event. Find out } { what kind and process accordingly.} PushA5; {save the current A5} GetMyTRCCBA5; {set up A5 to point to your application's } { global variables} WITH dspCCB.u DO BEGIN IF BAND(userFlags, eClosed) <> 0 THEN TellUserItsClosed; IF BAND(userFlags, eTearDown) <> 0 THEN TellUserItsBroken; IF BAND(userFlags, eFwdReset) <> 0 THEN TellUserItsReset; IF BAND(userFlags, eAttention) <> 0 THEN BEGIN {the event is an attention message} myAttnCode := AttnCode; {Get the attention code.} CopyAttnMsg(AttnPtr, AttnSize, @myAttnData); {copy the attention } { message into our buffer} tempFlag := userFlags; tempCFlag := eAttention; BClr(LongInt(tempFlag), tempCFlag); {clear the flag} userFlags := tempFlag; {do something with the message} END; gReceivedAnEvent := TRUE; END; PopA5; {restore the current A5} END; _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY .DSP…Driver…Routines æC ».DSP Driver Routines AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The .DSP driver implements the AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP). You send commands to ADSP and obtain information about ADSP by executing the .DSP driver routines described in this section. Each routine is implemented as a call to the Device Manager’s PBControl function, as follows: FUNCTION PBControl (paramBlock: ParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; The paramBlock parameter is a pointer to the parameter block used by the PBControl function for .DSP routines, and the async parameter is a Boolean that specifies whether the function is to execute synchronously or asynchronously. Set the async parameter to TRUE to execute the function asynchronously. The parameter block is shown in “The .DSP Parameter Block” earlier in this chapter. The parameters used with each function are described in this section. For a general discussion of the use of ADSP, see “Using ADSP” earlier in this chapter. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Establishing…&…Terminating…an…ADSP…Connection æC »Establishing & Terminating an ADSP Connection AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You can use the routines described in this section to • establish a connection end • set the values for parameters that control the behavior of a connection end • open a connection • assign an identification number to a connection end • close a connection end • eliminate a connection end dspInit Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspInit ¨ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB Æ 34 ccbPtr long pointer to CCB Æ 38 userRoutine long pointer to routine to call on Æ 42 sendQSize word size in bytes of the send queue Æ 44 sendQueue long pointer to send queue Æ 48 recvQSize word size in bytes of the receive queue Æ 50 recvQueue long pointer to receive queue Æ 54 attnPtr long pointer to buffer for incoming ´ 58 localSocket byte DDP socket number for this end The dspInit routine establishes a connection end; that is, it assigns a specific socket for use by ADSP and initializes the variables that ADSP uses to maintain the connection. The dspInit routine does not open the connection end or establish a connection with a remote connection end; you must follow the dspInit routine with the dspOpen routine to perform those tasks. Use the dspCLInit routine to establish a connection listener. Use the dspRemove routine to eliminate a connection end. When you send bytes to a remote connection end, ADSP stores the bytes in a buffer called the send queue . Until the remote connection end acknowledges their receipt, ADSP keeps the bytes you sent in the send queue so that they are available to be retransmitted if necessary. When the local connection end receives bytes, it stores them in a buffer called the receive queue until you read them. You must allocate memory for the send and receive queues and for a buffer that holds incoming attention messages. You must also allocate a nonrelocatable block of memory for the CCB for this connection end. Note: When you call the dspInit routine, the memory that you allocate becomes the property of ADSP. You cannot write any data to this memory except by calling ADSP routines, and you must ensure that the memory remains locked until you call the dspRemove routine to eliminate the connection end. Fields ioResult The result of the routine. When you execute the routine asynchronously, the routine sets this parameter to 1 and returns a routine result of noErr as soon as the routine begins execution. When the routine completes execution, it sets the ioResult parameter to the actual result code. ioCRefNum The driver reference number. This parameter is returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. csCode The routine selector, always equal to dspInit for this routine. ccbRefNum The CCB reference number. The dspInit routine returns this number. You must provide this number in all subsequent calls to this connection end. ccbPtr A pointer to the CCB that you allocated. The CCB is 242 bytes in size and is described in “The ADSP Connection Control Block” earlier in this chapter. userRoutine A pointer to a routine that is to be called each time the connection end receives an unsolicited connection event. Specify NIL for this parameter if you do not want to supply a user routine. Connection events and user routines are discussed in “Writing a User Routine for Connection Events” earlier in this chapter. sendQSize The size in bytes of the send queue. A queue size of 600 bytes should work well for most applications. If you are using ADSP to send a continuous flow of data, a larger data buffer improves performance. If your application is sending the user’s keystrokes, a smaller buffer should be adequate. The constant minDSPQueueSize indicates the minimum queue size that you can use. sendQueue A pointer to the send queue that you allocated. recvQSize The size in bytes of the receive queue. A queue size of 600 bytes should work well for most applications. If you are using ADSP to receive a continuous flow of data, a larger data buffer improves performance. If your application is receiving a user’s keystrokes, a smaller buffer should be adequate. The constant minDSPQueueSize indicates the minimum queue size that you can use. recvQueue A pointer to the receive queue that you allocated. attnPtr A pointer to the attention-message buffer that you allocated. The attention-message buffer must be the size of the constant attnBufSize. localSocket The DDP socket number of the socket that you want ADSP to use for this connection end. Specify 0 for this parameter to cause ADSP to assign the socket. In the latter case, ADSP returns the socket number when the dspInit routine completes execution. Result codes noErr 0 No error ddpSktErr –91 Error opening socket errDSPQueueSize –1274 Send or receive queue is too small dspOptions Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspOptions Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB Æ 34 sendBlocking word send-blocking threshold Æ 38 badSeqMax byte threshold to send retransmit advice Æ 39 useCheckSum byte use DDP checksum? The dspOptions routine allows you to set values for several parameters that affect the behavior of the local connection end. You can set the options for any established connection end, whether open or not. Fields ioResult The result of the routine. When you execute the routine asynchronously, the routine sets this parameter to 1 and returns a routine result of noErr as soon as the routine begins execution. When the routine completes execution, it sets the ioResult parameter to the actual result code. ioCRefNum The driver reference number. This parameter is returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. csCode The routine selector, always equal to dspOptions for this routine. ccbRefNum The CCB reference number that was returned by the dspInit routine. sendBlocking The maximum number of bytes that may accumulate in the send queue before ADSP sends a packet to the remote connection end. ADSP sends a packet before the maximum number of bytes accumulates if the period specified by the send timer expires, if you execute the dspWrite routine with the flush parameter set to 1, or if a connection event requires that the local connection end send an acknowledgment packet to the remote connection end. You can set the sendBlocking parameter to any value from 1 byte to the maximum size of a packet (572 bytes). If you set the sendBlocking parameter to 0, the current value for this parameter is not changed. The default value for the sendBlocking parameter is 16 bytes. badSeqMax The maximum number of out-of-sequence data packets that the local connection end can receive before requesting the remote connection end to retransmit the missing data. Because a connection end does not acknowledge the receipt of a data packet received out of sequence, the retransmit timer of the remote connection end will expire eventually and the connection end will retransmit the data. The badSeqMax parameter allows you to cause the data to be retransmitted before the retransmit timer of the remote connection end has expired. You can set the badSeqMax parameter to any value from 1 to 255. If you set the badSeqMax parameter to 0, the current value for this parameter is not changed. The default value for the badSeqMax parameter is 3. useCheckSum A flag specifying whether DDP should compute a checksum and include it in each packet that it sends to the remote connection end. Set this parameter to 1 if you want DDP to use checksums or to 0 if you do not want DDP to use checksums. The default value for useCheckSum is 0. ADSP cannot include a checksum in a packet that has a short DDP header; that is, a packet being sent over LocalTalk to a remote socket that is on the same cable as the local socket. Note that the useCheckSum parameter affects only whether ADSP includes a checksum in a packet that it is sending. If ADSP receives a packet that includes a checksum, it validates the checksum regardless of the setting of the useCheckSum parameter. Result codes noErr 0 No error errRefNum –1280 Bad connection reference number _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Establishing…&…Terminating…an…ADSP…Connection…(cont'd) æC »Establishing & Terminating an ADSP Connection (cont'd) AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ dspOpen Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspOpen Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB ¨ 34 localCID word ID of this connection end ´ 36 remoteCID word ID of remote connection end ´ 38 remoteAddress long remote internet address Æ 42 filterAddress long filter for open connection requests ´ 46 sendSeq long initial send sequence number ´ 50 sendWindow word initial size of remote receive queue Æ 52 recvSeq long initial receive sequence number ´ 56 attnSendSeq long attention send sequence number Æ 60 attnRecvSeq long attention receive sequence number Æ 64 ocMode byte connection-opening mode Æ 65 ocInterval byte interval between open requests Æ 66 ocMaximum byte retries of open-connection request You use the ocMode field of the parameter block to specify the opening mode that the dspOpen routine is to use. The dspOpen routine puts a connection end into one of the four following opening modes: • The ocRequest mode, in which ADSP attempts to open a connection with the socket at the internet address you specify with the remoteAddress parameter. If the socket you specify as a remote address is a connection listener, it is possible that your application will receive a connection acknowledgment and request from a different address than the one to which you sent the open-connection request. You can use the filterAddress parameter to restrict the addresses with which you will accept a connection. The dspOpen routine completes execution in the ocRequest mode when one of the following occurs: ADSP establishes a connection, your connection end receives a connection denial from the remote connection end, your connection end denies the connection request returned by a connection listener, or ADSP cannot complete the connection within the maximum number of retries that you specified with the ocMaximum parameter. • The ocPassive mode, in which the connection end waits to receive an open-connection request from a remote connection end. You can use the filterAddress parameter to restrict the addresses from which you will accept a connection request. The dspOpen routine completes execution in the ocPassive mode when ADSP establishes a connection or when either connection end receives a connection denial. • The ocAccept mode, used by connection servers to complete an open-connection dialog. When a connection server is informed by its connection listener that the connection listener has received an open-connection request, the connection server calls the dspInit routine to establish a connection end and then calls the dspOpen routine in ocAccept mode to complete the connection. You must obtain the following parameters from the dspCLListen routine and provide them to the dspOpen routine: remoteAddress, remoteCID, sendSeq, sendWindow, and attnSendSeq. Connection listeners and connection servers are described in “Creating and Using a Connection Listener,” earlier in this chapter, and in “Establishing and Terminating an ADSP Connection ,” later in this chapter. The dspOpen routine completes execution in the ocAccept mode when ADSP establishes a connection or when either connection end receives a connection denial. • The ocEstablish mode, in which ADSP considers the connection end established and the connection state open. This mode is for use by clients that determine their connection-opening parameters without using ADSP or the .DSP driver to do so. You must first use the dspInit routine to establish a connection end and then execute the dspNewCID routine to obtain an identification number (ID) for the local connection end. You must then communicate with the remote connection end to send it the local connection ID and to determine the values of the following parameters: remoteAddress, remoteCID, sendSeq, sendWindow, recvSeq, attnSendSeq, and attnRecvSeq. Only then can you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocEstablish mode. The dspOpen routine completes execution in the ocEstablish mode immediately. The use of parameters by the dspOpen routine depends on the mode in which the routine is executed, as follows: ocRequest ocPassive ocAccept ocEstablish ¨ ioResult ¨ ioResult ¨ ioResult ¨ ioResult Æ ioCRefNum Æ ioCRefNum Æ ioCRefNum Æ ioCRefNum Æ csCode Æ csCode Æ csCode Æ csCode Æ ccbRefNum Æ ccbRefNum Æ ccbRefNum Æ ccbRefNum ¨ localCID ¨ localCID ¨ localCID — localCID ¨ remoteCID ¨ remoteCID Æ remoteCID Æ remoteCID Æ remoteAddress ¨ remoteAddress Æ remoteAddress Æ remoteAddress Æ filterAddress Æ filterAddress — filterAddress — filterAddress ¨ sendSeq ¨ sendSeq Æ sendSeq Æ sendSeq ¨ sendWindow ¨ sendWindow Æ sendWindow Æ sendWindow — recvSeq — recvSeq — recvSeq Æ recvSeq ¨ attnSendSeq ¨ attnSendSeq Æ attnSendSeq Æ attnSendSeq — attnRecvSeq — attnRecvSeq — attnRecvSeq Æ attnRecvSeq Æ ocMode Æ ocMode Æ ocMode Æ ocMode Æ ocInterval Æ ocInterval Æ ocInterval — ocInterval Æ ocMaximum Æ ocMaximum Æ ocMaximum — ocMaximum Key: Æ input ¨ output — not used Fields ioResult The result of the routine. When you execute the routine asynchronously, the routine sets this parameter to 1 and returns a routine result of noErr as soon as the routine begins execution. When the routine completes execution, it sets the ioResult parameter to the actual result code. ioCRefNum The driver reference number. This parameter is returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. csCode The routine selector, always equal to dspOpen for this routine. ccbRefNum The CCB reference number that was returned by the dspInit routine for the connection end that you want to use. localCID The identification number of the local connection end. This number is assigned by ADSP when the connection is opened. ADSP includes this number in every packet sent to a remote connection end. Before you call the dspOpen routine in ocEstablish mode, you must call the dspNewCID routine to cause ADSP to assign this value. remoteCID The identification number of the remote connection end. This parameter is returned by the dspOpen routine in the ocRequest and ocPassive modes. A connection server must provide this number to the dspOpen routine when the server executes the routine in ocAccept mode; in this case, the connection server obtains the remoteCID value from the dspCLListen routine. You must provide the remoteCID value to the dspOpen routine when you use the routine in ocEstablish mode. remoteAddress The internet address of the remote socket with which you wish to establish communications. This address consists of a 2-byte network number, a 1-byte node ID, and a 1-byte socket number. You must provide this parameter when you call the dspOpen routine in the ocRequest or ocEstablish modes. This parameter is returned by the dspOpen routine when you call the routine in the ocPassive mode. When you call the dspOpen routine in the ocAccept mode, you must use the value for the remoteAddress parameter that was returned by the dspCLListen routine. filterAddress The internet address of the socket from which you will accept a connection request. The address consists of three fields: a 2-byte network number, a 1-byte node ID, and a 1-byte socket number. Specify 0 for any of these fields for which you wish to impose no restrictions. If you specify a filter address of $00082500, for example, the connection end accepts a connection request from any socket at node $25 of network $0008. Set the filterAddress parameter equal to the remoteAddress parameter to accept a connection only with the socket to which you sent a connection request. When you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocPassive mode, you can receive a connection request from any ADSP connection end on the internet. When you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocRequest mode, your connection end can receive a connection request acknowledgment from an address different from the one you specified in the remoteAddress parameter only if the remote address you specified was that of a connection listener. In either case, you can use the filterAddress parameter to avoid acknowledging unwanted connection requests. When you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocAccept mode, your connection listener has already received and decided to accept the connection request. You can specify a filter address for a connection listener with the dspCLListen routine. A connection server can use the dspCLDeny routine to deny a connection request that was accepted by its connection listener. You cannot use the filter address when you execute the dspOpen routine in ocEstablish mode. sendSeq The sequence number of the first byte that the local connection end will send to the remote connection end. ADSP uses this number to coordinate communications and to check for errors. ADSP returns a value for the sendSeq parameter when you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocRequest or ocPassive modes. When you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocAccept mode, you must specify the value for the sendSeq parameter that was returned by the dspCLListen routine. You must provide the value for this parameter when you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocEstablish mode. sendWindow The sequence number of the last byte that the remote connection end has buffer space to receive. ADSP uses this number to coordinate communications and to check for errors. ADSP returns a value for the sendWindow parameter when you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocRequest or ocPassive modes. When you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocAccept mode, you must specify the value for the sendWindow parameter that was returned by the dspCLListen routine. You must provide the value for this parameter when you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocEstablish mode. recvSeq The sequence number of the next byte that the local connection end expects to receive. ADSP uses this number to coordinate communications and to check for errors. You must provide the value for this parameter when you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocEstablish mode. The dspOpen routine does not use this parameter when you execute it in any other mode. attnSendSeq The sequence number of the next attention packet that the local connection end will transmit. ADSP uses this number to coordinate communications and to check for errors. ADSP returns a value for the attnSendSeq parameter when you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocRequest or ocPassive modes. When you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocAccept mode, you must specify the value for the attnSendSeq parameter that was returned by the dspCLListen routine. You must provide the value for this parameter when you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocEstablish mode. attnRecvSeq The sequence number of the next attention packet that the local connection end expects to receive. ADSP uses this number to coordinate communications and to check for errors. You must provide the value for this parameter when you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocEstablish mode. The dspOpen routine does not use this parameter when you execute it in any other mode. ocMode The mode in which the dspOpen routine is to operate, as follows: Mode Value Meaning ocRequest 1 ADSP attempts to open a connection ocPassive 2 The connection end waits to receive ocAccept 3 The connection server accepts and ocEstablish 4 ADSP considers the connection ocInterval The period between transmissions of open-connection requests. If the remote connection end does not acknowledge or deny an open-connection request, ADSP retransmits the request after a time period specified by this parameter. The time period used by ADSP is (ocInterval ¥ 10) ticks; or (ocInterval / 6) seconds. For example, if you set the ocInterval parameter to 3, the time period between retransmissions is 30 ticks (1/2 second). You can set the ocInterval parameter to any value from 1 (1/6 second) to 180 (30 seconds). If you specify 0 for the ocInterval parameter, ADSP uses the default value of 6 (1 second). You must provide a value for the ocInterval parameter when you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocRequest, ocPassive, or ocAccept modes. The dspOpen routine does not use this parameter when you execute it in the ocEstablish mode. ocMaximum The maximum number of times to retransmit an open-connection request before ADSP terminates execution of the dspOpen routine. If you specify 0 for the ocMaximum parameter, ADSP uses the default value of 3. If you specify 255 for the ocMaximum parameter, ADSP retransmits the open-connection request indefinitely until the remote connection end either acknowledges or denies the request. You must provide a value for the ocMaximum parameter when you execute the dspOpen routine in the ocRequest, ocPassive, or ocAccept modes. The dspOpen routine does not use this parameter when you execute it in the ocEstablish mode. Result codes noErr 0 No error errOpenDenied –1273 Open request denied by recepient errOpening –1277 Attempt to open connection failed errState –1278 Connection end must be closed errAborted –1279 Request aborted by dspRemove or dspClose routine errRefNum –1280 Bad connection reference number dspNewCID Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspNewCID Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB ¨ 34 newCID word ID of new connection The dspNewCID routine causes ADSP to assign an ID to a connection end without opening the connection end or attempting to establish a connection with a remote connection end. Use this routine only if you implement your own protocol to establish communications with a remote connection end. You must first use the dspInit routine to establish a connection end. Next, you must call the dspNewCID routine to obtain a connection-end ID. Then you must establish communication with a remote connection end and pass the ID to the remote connection end. Finally, you must call the dspOpen routine in ocEstablish mode to cause ADSP to open the connection. See the description of the dspOpen routine for more information on establishing a connection in this fashion. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the routine. If you call the routine asynchronously, the routine sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The ioCRefNum parameter is the driver reference number returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. The csCode parameter is the routine selector; it is always dspNewCID for this routine. The ccbRefNum parameter is the CCB reference number that was returned by the dspInit routine. The newCID parameter is the connection-end ID returned by this routine. You must provide this number to the client of the remote connection end so that it can use it for the remoteCID parameter when it calls the dspOpen routine. Result codes noErr 0 No error errState –1278 Connection is not closed errRefNum –1280 Bad connection reference number dspClose Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspClose Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB Æ 34 abort byte abort send requests if not 0 The dspClose routine closes the connection end. The connection end is still established; that is, ADSP retains ownership of the CCB, send queue, receive queue, and attention-message buffer. You can continue to read bytes from the receive queue after you have called the dspClose routine. Use the dspRemove routine instead of the dspClose routine if you are through reading bytes from the receive queue and want to release the memory associated with the connection end. The dspClose routine does not return an error if you call it for a connection end that is already closed. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the routine. If you call the routine asynchronously, the routine sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The ioCRefNum parameter is the driver reference number returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. The csCode parameter is the routine selector; it is always dspClose for this routine. The ccbRefNum parameter is the CCB reference number that was returned by the dspInit routine. If the abort parameter is nonzero, ADSP cancels any outstanding requests to send data packets (such as the dspAttention routine) and discards all data in the send queue. If the abort parameter is 0, ADSP does not close the connection end until all of the data in the send queue and all outstanding attention messages have been sent and acknowledged. Result codes noErr 0 No error errRefNum –1280 Bad connection reference number dspRemove Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspRemove Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB Æ 34 abort byte abort connection if not 0 The dspRemove routine closes any open connection and eliminates the connection end; that is, ADSP no longer retains control of the CCB, send queue, receive queue, and attention-message buffer. You cannot continue to read bytes from the receive queue after you have called the dspRemove routine. After you call the dspRemove routine, you can release all of the memory you allocated for the connection end if you do not intend to reopen the connection end. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the routine. If you call the routine asynchronously, the routine sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The ioCRefNum parameter is the driver reference number returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. The csCode parameter is the routine selector, always dspRemove for this routine. The ccbRefNum parameter is the CCB reference number that was returned by the dspInit routine. If the abort parameter is nonzero, ADSP cancels any outstanding requests to send data packets (such as the dspAttention routine) and discards all data in the send queue. If the abort parameter is 0, ADSP does not close the connection end until all of the data in the send queue has been sent and acknowledged. Result codes noErr 0 No error errRefNum –1280 Bad connection reference number _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Establishing…&…Terminating…an…ADSP…Connection…Listener æC »Establishing & Terminating an ADSP Connection Listener AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ A connection listener is a special kind of connection end that listens for open-connection requests from remote connection ends. Connection listeners are used by connection servers; that is, programs that assign a socket for the local connection end only after they receive a connection request from a remote connection end. A single connection listener can receive connection requests from any number of remote connection ends. You can use the routines in this section to • establish a connection listener • cause the connection listener to wait for a connection request • deny a connection request • close and eliminate a connection listener dspCLInit Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspCLInit ¨ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB Æ 34 ccbPtr long pointer to CCB ´ 58 localSocket byte local DDP socket number The dspCLInit routine establishes a connection listener; that is, it assigns a specific socket for use by ADSP and initializes the variables that ADSP uses to maintain a connection listener. The dspCLInit routine does not cause the connection listener to listen for connection requests; you must follow the dspCLInit routine with the dspCLListen routine to activate the connection listener. Use the dspInit routine to establish a connection end that is not a connection listener. Use the dspCLRemove routine to eliminate a connection listener. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the routine. If you call the routine asynchronously, the routine sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The ioCRefNum parameter is the driver reference number returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. The csCode parameter is the routine selector, always dspCLInit for this routine. The dspCLInit routine returns the ccbRefNum parameter, which is the CCB reference number. You must provide this number in all subsequent dspCLListen and dspCLRemove calls to this connection listener. You must allocate memory for a CCB before you call the dspCLInit routine. The ccbPtr parameter is a pointer to the CCB that you allocated. The CCB is 242 bytes and is described in “The ADSP Connection Control Block” earlier in this chapter. The localSocket parameter is the DDP socket number of the socket that you want ADSP to use for this connection end. Specify 0 for this parameter to cause ADSP to assign the socket. In the latter case, ADSP returns the socket number when the dspCLInit routine completes execution. Result codes noErr 0 No error ddpSktErr –91 Error opening socket dspCLListen Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspCLListen Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB ¨ 36 remoteCID word ID of remote connection end ¨ 38 remoteAddress long remote internet address Æ 42 filterAddress long filter for open-connection requests ¨ 46 sendSeq long initial send sequence number ¨ 50 sendWindow word initial size of remote receive queue ¨ 56 attnSendSeq long attention send sequence number The dspCLListen routine causes a connection listener to listen for connection requests. You must have already used the dspCLInit routine to establish a connection listener before using the dspCLListen routine. The dspCLListen routine is used only by connection servers. When ADSP receives an open-connection request from a socket that satisfies the address requirements of the filterAddress parameter, it returns values for the remoteCID, remoteAddress, sendSeq, sendWindow, and attnSendSeq parameters and completes execution of the dspCLListen routine. You must then either accept the open-connection request by calling the dspOpen routine in the ocAccept mode or deny the request by calling the dspCLDeny routine. You can call the dspCLListen routine several times, specifying the same connection listener. For example, if you wanted to accept connections from any or all of three different addresses, you could call the dspCLListen routine three times with a different value for the filterAddress parameter each time. Note that you must execute the dspCLListen routine asynchronously to take advantage of this feature. Fields ioResult The result of the routine. When you execute the routine asynchronously, the routine sets this parameter to 1 and returns a routine result of noErr as soon as the routine begins execution. When the routine completes execution, it sets the ioResult parameter to the actual result code. ioCRefNum The driver reference number. This parameter is returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. csCode The routine selector, always dspCLListen for this routine. ccbRefNum The CCB reference number that was returned by the dspCLInit routine. remoteCID The identification number of the remote connection end. You must pass this value to the dspOpen routine when you open the connection or to the dspCLDeny routine when you deny the connection request. remoteAddress The internet address of the remote socket that sent a request to open a connection. This address consists of a 2-byte network number, a 1byte node ID, and a 1-byte socket number. You must pass this value to the dspOpen routine when you open the connection or to the dspCLDeny routine when you deny the connection request. filterAddress The internet address of the socket from which you will accept a connection request. The address consists of three fields: a 2-byte network number, a 1-byte node ID, and a 1-byte socket number. Specify 0 for any of these fields for which you wish to impose no restrictions. If you specify a filter address of $00082500, for example, the connection listener accepts a connection request from any socket at node $25 of network $0008. sendSeq The sequence number of the first byte that the local connection end will send to the remote connection end. ADSP uses this number to coordinate communications and to check for errors. You must pass this value to the dspOpen routine when you open the connection. sendWindow The sequence number of the last byte that the remote connection end has buffer space to receive. ADSP uses this number to coordinate communications and to check for errors. You must pass this value to the dspOpen routine when you open the connection. attnSendSeq The sequence number of the next attention packet that the local connection end will transmit. ADSP uses this number to coordinate communications and to check for errors. You must pass this value to the dspOpen routine when you open the connection. Result codes noErr 0 No error errState –1278 Not a connection listener errAborted –1279 Request aborted by the dspRemove routine errRefNum –1280 Bad connection reference number dspCLDeny Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspCLDeny Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB Æ 36 remoteCID word ID of remote connection end Æ 38 remoteAddress long remote internet address The dspCLDeny routine is used by a connection server to inform a remote connection end that its request to open a connection cannot be honored. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the routine. If you call the routine asynchronously, the routine sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The ioCRefNum parameter is the driver reference number returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. The csCode parameter is the routine selector; it is always dspCLDeny for this routine. The ccbRefNum parameter is the CCB reference number for the connection listener that received the connection request. This number is returned by the dspCLInit routine when you establish a connection listener. The remoteCID and remoteAddress parameters specify the address and ID of the remote connection end. These parameters are returned by the dspCLListen routine. Result codes noErr 0 No error errState –1278 Not a connection listener errAborted –1279 Request aborted by the dspRemove routine errRefNum –1280 Bad connection reference number dspCLRemove Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspCLRemove Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB Æ 34 abort byte abort connection listener if not 0 The dspCLRemove routine closes a connection end used as a connection listener. You can release the memory you allocated for the CCB if you do not intend to reopen the connection end. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the routine. If you call the routine asynchronously, the routine sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The ioCRefNum parameter is the driver reference number returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. The csCode parameter is the routine selector, always dspCLRemove for this routine. The ccbRefNum parameter is the CCB reference number that was returned by the dspCLInit routine. If the abort parameter is nonzero, ADSP cancels any outstanding requests to send packets (such as the dspCLDeny routine). Result codes noErr 0 No error errRefNum –1280 Bad connection reference number _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Maintaining…an…ADSP…Connection æC »Maintaining an ADSP Connection AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Once you have established a connection end and opened a connection, you must be able to send and receive data over the connection. You can use the routines in this section to • determine the status of a connection • read bytes from the connection end’s receive queue • write bytes to the connection end’s send queue and transmit them to the remote connection end • send an attention message to the remote connection end • discard all data that has been sent but not yet delivered, and reset the connection dspStatus Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspStatus Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB ¨ 34 statusCCB long pointer to CCB ¨ 38 sendQPending word bytes waiting to be sent or ¨ 40 sendQFree word available send queue in bytes ¨ 42 recvQPending word bytes waiting to be read from queue ¨ 44 recvQFree word available receive queue in bytes The dspStatus routine returns the number of bytes waiting to be read and sent and the space available in the send and receive queues. This routine also returns a pointer to the CCB, which contains information about the state of the connection end and about connection events received by the connection end. The CCB is described in “The ADSP Connection Control Block” earlier in this chapter. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the routine. If you call the routine asynchronously, the routine sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The ioCRefNum parameter is the driver reference number returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. The csCode parameter is the routine selector; it is always dspStatus for this routine. The ccbRefNum parameter is the CCB reference number that was returned by the dspInit routine. The statusCCB parameter returns a pointer to the CCB. The sendQPending parameter indicates the number of bytes of data in the send queue, including 1 byte for each end-of-message (EOM) indicator in the send queue. (ADSP counts 1 byte for each EOM, even though no actual data corresponds to the EOM indicator.) The send queue contains all data that has been sent to ADSP for transmission and that has not yet been acknowledged. Some of the data in the send queue might have already been transmitted, but ADSP retains it in the send queue until the remote connection end acknowledges its receipt in case the data has to be retransmitted. The sendQFree parameter indicates the number of bytes available in the send queue for additional data. The recvQPending parameter indicates the number of bytes in the receive queue, including one byte for each EOM if the EOM bit is set in an ADSP packet header. The receive queue contains all of the data that has been received by the connection end but not yet read by the connection end’s client. The recvQFree parameter indicates the number of bytes available in the receive queue for additional data. Result codes noErr 0 No error errRefNum –1280 Bad connection reference number dspRead Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspRead Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB Æ 34 reqCount word requested number of bytes ¨ 36 actCount word actual number of bytes read Æ 38 dataPtr long pointer to data buffer ¨ 42 eom byte 1 if end-of-message; 0 otherwise The dspRead routine reads bytes from the connection end’s receive queue and places them in a buffer that you specify. You can continue to read bytes as long as data is in the receive queue, even after you have called the dspClose routine or after the remote connection end has called the dspClose or dspRemove routines. The dspRead routine completes execution when it has read the number of bytes you specify or when it encounters an end-of-message (that is, the last byte of data in an ADSP packet that has the EOM bit set in the packet header). You can call the dspStatus routine to determine the number of bytes remaining to be read from the read queue, or you can continue to call the dspRead routine until the actCount and eom parameters both return 0. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the routine. If you call the routine asynchronously, the routine sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The ioCRefNum parameter is the driver reference number returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. The csCode parameter is the routine selector; it is always dspRead for this routine. The ccbRefNum parameter is the CCB reference number that was returned by the dspInit routine. You specify the number of bytes to read with the reqCount parameter, and you use the dataPtr parameter to provide a pointer to the buffer into which ADSP should place the data. ADSP returns the actual number of bytes read in the actCount parameter. If the last byte read constitutes an EOM, ADSP sets the eom parameter to 1. If either end closes the connection before you call the dspRead routine, the command reads whatever data is available and returns the actual amount of data read in the actCount parameter. If the connection is closed and there is no data in the receive queue, the dspRead routine returns the noErr result code with the actCount parameter set to 0 and the eom parameter set to 0. Result codes noErr 0 No error errFwdReset –1275 Read terminated by forward reset errState –1278 State isn’t open, closing, or closed errAborted –1279 Request aborted by dspRemove or dspClose routine errRefNum –1280 Bad connection reference number dspWrite Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspWrite Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB Æ 34 reqCount word requested number of bytes ¨ 36 actCount word actual number of bytes written Æ 38 dataPtr long pointer to data buffer Æ 42 eom byte 1 if end of message; 0 otherwise Æ 43 flush byte 1 to send data now; 0 otherwise The dspWrite routine writes bytes into the connection end’s send queue. The send queue contains all data that has been sent to ADSP for transmission and that has not yet been acknowledged. Some of the data in the send queue might have already been transmitted, but ADSP retains it in the send queue until the remote connection end acknowledges its receipt in case the data has to be retransmitted. The dspWrite routine completes execution when it has copied all of the data from the data buffer into the ADSP send queue. ADSP transmits the data in the send queue when the remote connection end has room to accept the data and one of the following conditions occurs: • You call the dspWrite routine with the flush parameter set to a nonzero number. • The number of bytes in the send queue equals or exceeds the blocking factor. (You use the sendBlocking parameter to the dspOptions routine to set the blocking factor.) • The send timer expires. • A connection event requires that the local connection end send an acknowledgment packet to the remote connection end. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the routine. If you call the routine asynchronously, the routine sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The ioCRefNum parameter is the driver reference number returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. The csCode parameter is the routine selector; it is always dspWrite for this routine. The ccbRefNum parameter is the CCB reference number that was returned by the dspInit routine. You specify the number of bytes to write with the reqCount parameter, and you use the dataPtr parameter to provide a pointer to the buffer from which ADSP should read the data. The dspWrite routine returns the actual number of bytes written in the actCount parameter. If the last byte written constitutes an EOM, set the eom parameter to 1. You can also set the reqCount parameter to 0 and the eom parameter to 1 to indicate that the last byte you sent the previous time you called the dspWrite routine was the end of the message. The high-order bits of the eom parameter are reserved for use by ADSP; you must leave these bits equal to 0. You can set the reqCount parameter to a value larger than the size of the send queue. If you do so, the dspWrite routine writes as much data as it can into the send queue, sends the data and waits for acknowledgment, and then writes more data into the send queue until it has written the amount of data you requested. In this case, the routine does not complete execution until it has finished writing all of the data into the send queue. Set the flush parameter to 1 to cause ADSP to immediately transmit any data in the send queue that has not already been transmitted. Set the flush parameter to 0 to allow data to accumulate in the send queue until another condition occurs that causes data to be transmitted. The high-order bits of the flush parameter are reserved for use by ADSP; you must leave these bits equal to 0. Result codes noErr 0 No error errState –1278 Connection is not open errAborted –1279 Request aborted by dspRemove or dspClose routine errRefNum –1280 Bad connection reference number dspAttention Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspAttention Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB Æ 34 attnCode word client attention code Æ 36 attnSize word size of attention data in bytes Æ 38 attnData long pointer to attention data The dspAttention routine sends an attention code and an attention message to the remote connection end. Attention codes and attention messages can have any meaning that your application and the application at the remote connection end both recognize. The purpose of attention codes and messages is to allow clients of ADSP to send messages outside the normal data stream. For example, if a connection end on a mainframe computer is connected to several connection ends in Macintosh computers being used as remote terminals, the mainframe computer might wish to inform the remote terminals that all connections will be terminated in ten minutes. The mainframe application could send an attention message to each of the remote terminals informing them of this fact, and the terminal emulation programs in the Macintosh computers could then display an alert message on the screen so that the users could prepare to shut down. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the routine. If you call the routine asynchronously, the routine sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The ioCRefNum parameter is the driver reference number returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. The csCode parameter is the routine selector; it is always dspAttention for this routine. The ccbRefNum parameter is the CCB reference number that was returned by the dspInit routine. The attnCode parameter is the attention code that you wish to send to the remote connection end. You can use any value from $0000 through $EFFF for the attention code. The values $F000 through $FFFF are reserved for use by ADSP. The attnSize parameter is the size in bytes of the attention message you wish to send, and the attnData parameter provides a pointer to the attention message. The attention message can be any size from 0 through 570 bytes. There are no restrictions on the content of the attention message. Result codes noErr 0 No error errAttention –1276 Attention message too long errState –1278 Connection is not open errAborted –1279 Request aborted by dspRemove or dspClose routine errRefNum –1280 Bad connection reference number dspReset Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspReset Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB The dspReset routine causes ADSP to discard all data in the send queue, all data in transit to the remote connection end, and all data in the remote connection end’s receive queue that the client has not yet read. This process is known as a forward reset. ADSP then resynchronizes the connection. You can determine that your connection end has received a forward reset and has discarded all data in the receive queue by checking the eFwdReset flag in the userFlags field of the CCB. The CCB is described in “The ADSP Connection Control Block” earlier in this chapter. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the routine. If you call the routine asynchronously, the routine sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The ioCRefNum parameter is the driver reference number returned by the OpenDriver function. You must specify this number every time you call the .DSP driver. The csCode parameter is the routine selector; it is always dspReset for this routine. The ccbRefNum parameter is the CCB reference number that was returned by the dspInit routine. Result codes noErr 0 No error errState –1278 Connection is not open errAborted –1279 Request aborted by dspRemove or dspClose routine errRefNum –1280 Bad connection reference number _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY The….ENET…Driver…Volume…VI æC »The .ENET Driver Volume VI AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The .ENET driver is normally called by the AppleTalk Manager through the AppleTalk connection file for EtherTalk when the user has selected EtherTalk from the Network control panel. You can write your own protocol stack or application that uses the .ENET driver directly, rather than through AppleTalk. This section describes how to open the .ENET driver, how to send data to it directly for transmission over the Ethernet network, and how to write a protocol handler to receive data from the network. The system .ENET driver locates and opens the drivers for installed NuBus® Ethernet cards. For each Ethernet NuBus card, the .ENET driver searches the open resource files for a driver with a resource type of 'enet' and a resource ID equal to the board ID of the NuBus card. If it doesn't find such a driver resource, it then looks for a driver named .ENET in the slot resources in the ROM of the NuBus card. See Designing Cards and Drivers for the Macntosh Family for discussions of NuBus board IDs and slot resources. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Providing…Your…Own…Ethernet…Driver æC »Providing Your Own Ethernet Driver AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ If you write an Ethernet driver for use with your own Ethernet NuBus card, you should provide the features and functions described in this chapter. You can store the driver in the firmware of the NuBus card as described in Designing Cards and Drivers for the Macntosh Family and in the Device Manager chapter of Inside Macintosh , Volume V, or you can provide a RAM-based driver as described in the Device Manager chapter of Inside Macintosh , Volume II. If you place your Ethernet driver in the ROM of the NuBus card, you must name the driver .ENET. If you provide a RAM-based driver, you must give it a resource type of 'enet' and a resource ID equal to the board ID of your NuBus card. The 'enet' resource type is identical to the 'DRVR' resource type described in the Device Manager chapter of Volume II. Note: You must not name a RAM-based driver “.ENET,” because doing so would replace the system .ENET driver. If you write an Ethernet driver for use with a non-NuBus network interface (such as an Ethernet card for the Macintosh SE/30 or an Ethernet connection through the SCSI port), you should provide the features and functions described in this chapter for the .ENET driver and should name your driver .ENET0. If you do so, any software written to use the .ENET driver should work with your driver. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Changing…the…Ethernet…Hardware…Address æC »Changing the Ethernet Hardware Address AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Each Ethernet NuBus card or other Ethernet hardware interface device contains a unique 6-byte hardware address assigned by the manufacturer of the device. The .ENET driver normally uses this address to determine whether to receive a packet. To change the hardware address for your node, place in the System file a resource of type 'eadr' with a resource ID equal to the slot number of the Ethernet NuBus card. If the Ethernet device is not a NuBus card (it might be a slot card in a Macintosh SE/30, for example), use a resource ID of 0. The 'eadr' resource consists only of a 6-byte number. Do not use the broadcast address or a multicast address for this number. (The broadcast address is $FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF. A multicast address is any Ethernet address in which the low-order bit of the high-order byte is set to 1.) When you open the .ENET driver, it looks for an 'eadr' resource. If it finds one, the driver substitutes the number in this resource for the Ethernet hardware address and uses it until the driver is closed or reset. Note: To avoid address collisions, you should never arbitrarily change the Ethernet hardware address. This feature should be used only by a system administrator who can keep track of all the Ethernet addresses in the system. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Opening…the….ENET…Driver æC »Opening the .ENET Driver AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Before you use the OpenSlot function to open the .ENET driver, you must determine which NuBus slots contain EtherTalk cards. The OpenSlot function is described in the Device Manager chapter of Volume V. Use the SGetTypesRsrc function described in the Slot Manager chapter of this volume to determine which NuBus slots contain EtherTalk cards. To find EtherTalk NuBus cards, use the value catNetwork in the field spCategory of the GetTypesRsrc function parameter block, and use the value typEtherNet in the field spCType. If you cannot find any EtherTalk NuBus cards, you should also attempt to open the .ENET0 driver in case a non-NuBus EtherTalk card is attached to the system. You should provide a user interface that allows the user to select a specific EtherTalk card in the case that more than one is present. Listing 32-7 illustrates the use of the GetTypesRsrc function and the OpenSlot function to open the .ENET driver. ¿ Listing 32-7 Finding an EtherTalk card and opening the .ENET driver VAR mySBlk: SpBlock; myPBRec: ParamBlockRec; myErr: OSErr; Found: Integer; EnetStr: Str15; Enet0Str: Str15; myRefNum: Integer; BEGIN Found := 0; {assume no sResource found} EnetStr := '.ENET'; Enet0Str := '.ENET0'; REPEAT WITH mySBlk DO BEGIN spParamData := 1; {include search of disabled resources. } { Start searching from spSlot and search } { the slots above it as well.} spCategory := catNetwork; spCType := typeEtherNet; spDrvrSW := 0; spDrvrHW := 0; spTBMask := 3; {match only Category and CType fields} spSlot := 0; {start search from here} spID := 0; {start search from here} spExtDev := 0; {ID of the external device} END; myErr := SGetTypeSRsrc(@mySBlk); IF myErr = noErr THEN {We found an sResource match, save it for later. } BEGIN Found := Found + 1; SaveSInfo(@mySBlk); END; UNTIL myErr = smNoMoresRsrcs; IF Found > 1 THEN BEGIN {If you found more than one sResource, put up a dialog box } { and let the user choose one. If any of the sResources you } { found were disabled, let the user know they are not available. } DisplaySInfo(@mySBLk); END; IF Found <> 0 THEN BEGIN WITH myPBRec DO BEGIN ioCompletion := NIL; ioNamePtr := @EnetStr; ioMix := NIL; {reserved} ioFlags := 0; {single device sResource} ioSlot := mySBlk.spSlot; ioID := mySBlk.spID; END; myErr := OpenSlot(@myPBRec, FALSE); {go open this} END ELSE myErr := OpenDriver(Enet0Str, myRefNum); IF myErr <> NoErr THEN DoError(myErr); END; _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Using…a…Write-Data…Structure…to…Transmit…Ethernet…Data æC »Using a Write-Data Structure to Transmit Ethernet Data AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ When you use the EWrite function to send data to the .ENET driver for transmission over the Ethernet network, you provide a pointer to a write-data structure (Figure 32-5). A write-data structure contains a series of pairs of length words and pointers. Each pair indicates the length and location of a portion of the data that constitutes the packet to be sent over the network. The first length-pointer pair points to a 14-byte header block, which starts with the destination node hardware address. Note that this is not the AppleTalk address, but is the hardware address of the destination node. If you are calling the .ENET driver directly, you must obtain the Ethernet address of the destination node yourself; AppleTalk cannot provide it. The next 6 bytes of the header block are reserved for use by the .ENET driver. These bytes are followed by the 2-byte Ethernet protocol type. Data may follow the header block; all other length-pointer pairs point to data. The write-data structure terminates with a 0 word. ¿ Figure 32-5 An Ethernet write-data structure ø When you first open the .ENET driver, it allocates a 768-byte buffer that it uses for transmitting data packets. This buffer is large enough to hold the largest EtherTalk packet, which is 621 bytes in size. If you want to transmit data packets larger than 768 bytes, call the ESetGeneral function. The .ENET driver then allocates a large enough data buffer to send packets up to 1514 bytes in size. Listing 32-8 defines an Ethernet write-data structure and then calls the EWrite function to send a data packet over Ethernet. ¿ Listing 32-8 Sending a data packet over Ethernet CONST size1 = 100; size2 = 333; TYPE WDS = RECORD {write-data structure} length : Integer; {length of nth entry} aptr : Ptr; {pointer to nth entry} END; VAR myWDS: ARRAY [1..4] OF WDS; myPB: EParamBlock; {.ENET parameter block} wheader: ARRAY [1..14] OF Byte; stuff1: ARRAY [1..size1] OF Byte; stuff2: ARRAY [1..size2] OF Byte; myErr: OSErr; BEGIN {set up the write header} wheader[1] := $02; {dest node ID} wheader[2] := $60; wheader[3] := $8C; wheader[4] := $04; wheader[5] := $05; wheader[6] := $06; {bytes 7-12 are reserved} wheader[13] := $08; {protocol type} wheader[14] := $00; myWDS[1].length := 14; {the write header is always 14 bytes} myWDS[1].aptr := @wheader; myWDS[2].length := size1; myWDS[2].aptr := @stuff1; myWDS[3].length := size2; myWDS[3].aptr := @stuff2; myWDS[4].length := 0; {terminator} myPB.ePointer := @myWDS; {pointer to write data structure} myErr := EWrite(@myPB, FALSE); {send something} IF myErr <> NoErr THEN DoError(myErr); END; _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Using…the…Default…Ethernet…Protocol…Handler…to…Read…Data æC »Using the Default Ethernet Protocol Handler to Read Data AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ When the EtherTalk Nubus card or other Ethernet hardware receives a data packet, it generates an interrupt to the CPU. The interrupt handler in ROM determines the source of the interrupt and calls the .ENET driver. The .ENET driver reads the packet header to determine the protocol type of the data packet and checks to see if any client has specified that protocol type in a call to the EAttachPH function. If so, the client either specified a NIL pointer to a protocol handler, or the client provided its own protocol handler. If the client specified a NIL pointer, the .ENET driver uses its default protocol handler to read the data. If no one has specified that protocol type in a call to the EAttachPH function, the .ENET driver discards the data. The EAttachPH function is described in “Attaching and Detaching an Ethernet Protocol Handler” later in this chapter. The default protocol handler checks for an ERead function pending execution and places the entire packet—including the packet header—into the buffer specified by that function. The function returns the number of bytes actually read. If the packet is larger than the data buffer, the ERead function places as much of the packet as will fit into the buffer and returns the buf2SmallErr result code. Call the ERead function asynchronously to await the next data packet. When the .ENET driver receives the data packet, it completes execution of the ERead function and calls your completion routine. Your completion routine should call the ERead function again so that an ERead function is always pending execution. If the .ENET driver receives a data packet with a protocol type for which you specified the default protocol handler while no ERead function is pending, the .ENET driver discards the packet. You can have several asynchronous calls to the ERead function pending execution simultaneously as long as you use different buffers and a different parameter block for each call. Listing 32-9 calls the EAttachPH function to specify that the .ENET driver should use the default protocol handler to process protocol type MyPType. The listing includes a completion routine that processes a received data packet and then makes an asynchronous call to the ERead function to await the next incoming data packet. In practice, you should call the EAttachPH function very early, during your program initialization sequence, if possible. As soon as the connection is established and you are expecting data, you should call the ERead function asynchronously. When the .ENET driver receives a packet, it then calls your completion routine, which should process the packet and queue another asynchronous call to the ERead function to await the next packet. ¿ Listing 32-9 Using the default Ethernet protocol handler to read data CONST BigBytes = 8888; VAR myPB: EParamBlock; EPBPtr: EParamBlkPtr; APtr: Ptr; myErr: OSErr; PROCEDURE MyCompRoutine; VAR myErr: OSErr; BEGIN {If this gets called, an incoming packet with the specified protocol } { type is here.} ProcessData(BigBytes, APtr); {do something with the data} IF EPBPtr^.ioResult <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); {call ERead again} WITH EPBPtr^ DO {set up ERead parameters} BEGIN ioCompletion := @MyCompRoutine; {pointer to completion routine} eProtType := 77; {protocol type} ePointer := APtr; {pointer to read data area} eBuffSize := BigBytes; {size of read data area} END; myErr := ERead(EPBPtr, TRUE); {call ERead to wait for } { the next packet} IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); END; BEGIN {main} EPBPtr := @myPB; WITH EPBPtr^ DO {set up EAttachPH parameters} BEGIN eProtType := 77; {protocol type} ePointer := NIL; {use default protocol handler} END; myErr := EAttachPH(EPBPtr, FALSE); {tell .ENET about this } { protocol handler} IF myErr <> NoErr THEN DoError(myErr); APtr := NewPtr(BigBytes); WITH EPBPtr^ DO {set up ERead parameters} BEGIN ioCompletion := @MyCompRoutine; {pointer to completion routine} eProtType := 77; {protocol type} ePointer := APtr; {pointer to read data area} eBuffSize := BigBytes; {size of read data area} END; myErr := ERead(EPBPtr, TRUE); {wait for your packet and } { then read it} IF myErr <> noErr THEN DoError(myErr); {application-defined tasks} END; {main} _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Using…Your…Own…Ethernet…Protocol…Handler…to…Read…Data æC »Using Your Own Ethernet Protocol Handler to Read Data AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ If a client of the .ENET driver has used the EAttachPH function to provide a pointer to its own protocol handler, the .ENET driver calls that protocol handler, which must in turn call the .ENET driver’s ReadPacket and ReadRest routines to read the data. Your protocol handler calls the .ENET driver’s ReadPacket and ReadRest routines in essentially the same way as you call the .MPP drivers ReadPacket and ReadRest routines (see the AppleTalk Manager chapter of Volume II). The following sections describe how the .ENET driver calls a custom protocol handler and the ReadPacket and ReadRest routines. Note: Because an Ethernet protocol handler must read from and write to the CPU’s registers, you cannot write a protocol handler in Pascal. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY How…the….ENET…Driver…Calls…Your…Protocol…Handler æC »How the .ENET Driver Calls Your Protocol Handler AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ You can provide an Ethernet protocol handler for a particular protocol type and use the EAttachPH function to attach it to the .ENET driver. When the driver receives an Ethernet packet, it reads the packet header into an internal buffer, reads the protocol type, and calls the protocol handler for that protocol type. The CPU is in interrupt mode, and the registers are used as follows: Registers on call to Ethernet protocol handler A0 Reserved for internal use by the .ENET driver. You must preserve this register until after the ReadRest routine has completed execution. A1 Reserved for internal use by the .ENET driver. You must preserve this register until after the ReadRest routine has completed execution. A2 Free for your use. A3 Pointer to first byte past data-link header bytes (the first byte after the 2-byte protocol-type field). A4 Pointer to the ReadPacket routine. The ReadRest routine starts 2 bytes after the start of the ReadPacket routine. A5 Free for your use until after the ReadRest routine has completed execution. D0 Free for your use. D1 Number of bytes in the Ethernet packet left to be read (that is, the number of bytes following the Ethernet header). D2 Free for your use. D3 Free for your use. If your protocol handler processes more than one protocol type, you can read the protocol-type field in the data-link header to determine the protocol type of the packet. The protocol-type field starts 2 bytes before the address pointed to by the A3 register. Note: The source address starts 8 bytes before the address pointed to by the A3 register, and the destination address starts 14 bytes before the address pointed to by the A3 register. If you know that the packet contains pad bytes and you know the actual size of the data, you can reduce the number in the D1 register by the number of pad bytes so that the .ENET driver can keep accurate track of the number of bytes remaining to be read. In all other circumstances, you should not change the value in the D1 register. After you have called the ReadRest routine, you can use registers A0 through A3 and D0 through D3 for your own use, but you must preserve all other registers. You cannot depend on having access to your application global variables. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY How…Your…Protocol…Handler…Calls…the….ENET…Driver æC »How Your Protocol Handler Calls the .ENET Driver AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Your protocol handler must call the .ENET driver routines ReadPacket and ReadRest to read the incoming data packet. You may call the ReadPacket routine as many times as you like to read the data piece by piece into one or more data buffers, but you must always use the ReadRest routine to read the final piece of the data packet. The ReadRest routine restores the machine state (the stack pointers, status register, and so forth) and checks for error conditions. Before you call the ReadPacket routine, you must allocate memory for a data buffer and place a pointer to the buffer in the A3 register. You place the number of bytes you want to read in the D3 register. You must not request more bytes than remain in the data packet. To call the ReadPacket routine, execute a JSR instruction to the address in the A4 register. The ReadPacket routine uses the registers as follows: Registers on entry to the ReadPacket routine A3 Pointer to a buffer to hold the data you want to read D3 Number of bytes to read; must be nonzero Registers on exit from the ReadPacket routine A0 Unchanged A1 Unchanged A2 Unchanged A3 First byte after the last byte read into buffer D0 Changed D1 Number of bytes left to be read D2 Unchanged D3 Equals 0 if requested number of bytes were read, nonzero if error The ReadPacket routine indicates an error by clearing to 0 the zero (z) flag in the status register. If the ReadPacket routine returns an error, you must terminate execution of your protocol handler with an RTS instruction without calling ReadPacket again or calling ReadRest at all. Call the ReadRest routine to read the last portion of the data packet, or call it after you have read all the data with ReadPacket routines and before you do any other processing or terminate execution. You must provide in the A3 register a pointer to a data buffer and must indicate in the D3 register the size of the data buffer. If you have already read all of the data with calls to the ReadPacket routine, you can specify a buffer of size 0. † Warning: If you do not call the ReadRest routine after your last call to the ReadPacket routine, the system will crash. Ê To call the ReadRest routine, execu† te a JSR instruction to an address 2 bytes past the address in the A4 register. The ReadRest routine uses the registers as follows: Registers on entry to the ReadRest routine A3 Pointer to a buffer to hold the data you want to read D3 Size of the buffer (word length); may be 0 Registers on exit from the ReadRest routine A0 Unchanged A1 Unchanged A2 Unchanged A3 Pointer to first byte after the last byte read into buffer D0 Changed D1 Changed D2 Unchanged D3 Equals 0 if requested number of bytes were read; less than 0 if more data was left than would fit in buffer (extra data equals –D3 bytes); greater than 0 if less data was left than the size of the buffer (extra buffer space equals D3 bytes) The ReadRest routine indicates an error by clearing to 0 the zero (z) flag in the status register. You must terminate execution of your protocol handler with an RTS instruction whether or not the ReadRest routine returns an error. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY .ENET…Driver…Routines æC ».ENET Driver Routines AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ An application that uses AppleTalk Manager routines for network communications can talk to whatever AppleTalk network the user has selected through the Network control panel. However, you can choose to write an application that talks only to Ethernet; in this case, your application has to address the Ethernet driver directly. This section describes the functions that you can use to control the .ENET driver, the Ethernet driver provided with system software version 7.0. Each .ENET driver function is of the following form: FUNCTION Efunc (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; The thePBptr parameter is a pointer to the .ENET parameter block and the async parameter is a Boolean that specifies whether the function is to be executed synchronously or asynchronously. Set the async parameter to TRUE to execute the function asynchronously. The .ENET parameter block is defined as follows: TYPE EParamBlock = packed record qLink: QElemPtr; {next queue entry} qType: Integer; {queue type} ioTrap: Integer; {routine trap} ioCmdAddr: Ptr; {routine address} ioCompletion: ProcPtr; {completion routine} ioResult: OsErr; {result code} ioNamePtr: StringPtr; {driver name} ioVRefNum: Integer; {volume reference number} ioRefNum: Integer; {driver reference number} csCode: Integer; {primary command code} CASE Integer OF ENetWrite, ENetAttachPH, ENetDetachPH, ENetRead, ENetRdCancel, ENetGetInfo, ENetSetGeneral: ( eProtType: Integer; {Ethernet protocol type} ePointer: Ptr; {pointer; use depends on } { function} eBuffSize Integer; {buffer size} eDataSize Integer {number of bytes read} ); ENetAddMulti, ENetDelMulti: ( eMultiAddr: ARRAY [0..5] of Char {Multicast address} ); END; The qLink, qType, ioTrap, ioCmdAddr, ioNamePtr, and ioVRefNum fields are filled in by the Device Manager; your application should not have to set or read these fields. The ioResult field returns the result of the function. If you call the function asynchronously, the function sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The ioCompletion field is a pointer to a completion routine that you can provide; the Device Manager calls your completion routine when it completes execution of the function. If you are not providing a completion routine, specify NIL for this field. You must obtain the driver reference number from the OpenDriver function and use it for the ioRefNum field. The csCode field specifies the command to be executed; the MPW Pascal interface fills in this field for you. The .ENET driver accepts the following constants as routine selectors: CONST {.ENET driver routine selectors} ENetSetGeneral = 253; {Set "general" mode} ENetGetInfo = 252; {Get info} ENetRdCancel = 251; {Cancel read} ENetRead = 250; {Read} ENetWrite = 249; {Write} ENetDetachPH = 248; {Detach protocol handler} ENetAttachPH = 247; {Attach protocol handler} ENetAddMulti = 246; {Add a multicast address} ENetDelMulti = 245; {Delete a multicast address} The remaining parameters are used only for specific functions; all of these parameters are described in the following sections. For a general discussion of the use of the Ethernet driver, see “The .ENET Driver” earlier in this chapter. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Attaching…and…Detaching…an…Ethernet…Protocol…Handler æC »Attaching and Detaching an Ethernet Protocol Handler AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The functions in this section allow you to attach a protocol handler to the .ENET driver, to specify which protocol handler the .ENET driver is to use for each protocol type, and to detach a protocol handler that you previously attached. The section “Using Your Own Ethernet Protocol Handler to Read Data,” earlier in this chapter, describes how to write and use Ethernet protocol handlers. FUNCTION EAttachPH (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 26 csCode word always ENetAttachPH Æ 28 eProtType word Ethernet protocol type Æ 30 ePointer long pointer to protocol handler The EAttachPH function serves two purposes: you can use it to attach to the .ENET driver your own protocol handler for a specific protocol type, or you can use it to specify that the .ENET driver should use the default protocol handler for a particular protocol type. If you attach your own protocol handler, the .ENET driver calls that protocol handler each time it receives a packet with the protocol type you specified. If you specify that the .ENET driver should use the default protocol handler, then you can use the ERead command to read packets with that protocol type. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the function. If you call the function asynchronously, the function sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The csCode parameter is a routine selector; it is always equal to ENetAttachPH for this function. You specify the protocol type in the eProtType parameter and provide a pointer to the protocol handler in the ePointer parameter. If you specify NIL for the ePointer parameter, then the .ENET driver uses the default protocol handler for that protocol type. Specify 0 for the eProtType parameter to attach a protocol handler for the IEEE 802.3 protocol, which uses protocol types 0 through $5DC. Note: The LAP Manager calls the EAttachPH function with a protocol type of 0 and thus receives all 802.3 protocol packets. Instead of using the EAttachPH function to install a protocol handler for an 802.3 Ethernet protocol type, you should use the L802Attach routine. In the case of an 802.3 protocol packet, the .ENET driver passes the packet to the LAP Manager 802.2 protocol handler. If the packet has the protocol type you specified with the L802Attach routine, the 802.2 protocol handler passes the packet on to your protocol handler. For more information about IEEE 802.2 and 802.3 protocols, see “The LAP Manager 802.2 Protocol” earlier in this chapter. Result codes noErr 0 No error LAPProtErr –94 Protocol handler is already attached or node’s protocol table is full FUNCTION EDetachPH (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 26 csCode word always ENetDetachPH Æ 28 eProtType word Ethernet protocol type The EDetachPH function detaches a protocol handler from the .ENET driver. Once you have removed a protocol type from the node’s protocol table with this function, the .ENET driver no longer delivers packets with that protocol type. You specify the protocol type in the eProtType parameter. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the function. If you call the function asynchronously, the function sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The csCode parameter is a routine selector that is set automatically for you by the MPW interface; it is always equal to ENetDetachPH for this function. When you call the EDetachPH function, any pending calls to the ERead function terminate with the reqAborted result code. Result codes noErr 0 No error LAPProtErr –94 No protocol handler is attached _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Writing…and…Reading…Ethernet…Packets æC »Writing and Reading Ethernet Packets AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The functions in this section send and read Ethernet packets, cancel execution of a read operation, return information about the .ENET driver, and switch the .ENET driver from limited-transmission mode to general-transmission mode. FUNCTION EWrite (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 26 csCode word always ENetWrite Æ 30 ePointer long pointer to write-data structure The EWrite function uses the .ENET driver to send a data packet over Ethernet. You must first prepare a write-data structure that specifies the destination address and the protocol type and contains the data that you want to send. You place a pointer to the write-data structure in the ePointer parameter. If you want to send a packet larger than 768 bytes, you must first call the ESetGeneral function to put the .ENET driver in general transmission mode. If the size of the packet you provide is less than 60 bytes, the driver adds pad bytes to the packet. Write-data structures are described in “Using a Write-Data Structure to Transmit Ethernet Data” earlier in this chapter. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the function. If you call the function asynchronously, the function sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The csCode parameter is a routine selector that is set automatically for you by the MPW interface; it is always equal to ENetWrite for this function. Result codes noErr 0 No error eLenErr –92 Packet too large or first entry of the write-data-structure did not contain the full 14-byte header excessCollsns –95 Hardware error FUNCTION ERead (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 26 csCode word always ENetRead Æ 28 eProtType word Ethernet protocol type Æ 30 ePointer long pointer to data buffer Æ 34 eBuffSize word size of data buffer ¨ 36 eDataSize word number of bytes read The ERead function uses the default protocol handler to read a data packet and place it in a data buffer. You can use the ERead function to read packets of a particular protocol type only after you have used the EAttachPH function to specify a NIL pointer to the protocol handler for that protocol type. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the function. If you call the function asynchronously, the function sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The csCode parameter is the routine selector, automatically set by the MPW interface. It is always ENetRead for this function. The eProtType parameter specifies the protocol type of the packet you want to read. The ePointer parameter is a pointer to the data buffer into which you want to read data, and the eBuffSize parameter indicates the size of the data buffer. If you are expecting EtherTalk data packets, the buffer should be at least 621 bytes in size; if you are expecting general Ethernet data packets, the buffer should be at least 1514 bytes in size. The ERead function places the entire packet, including the packet header, into your buffer. The function returns in the eDataSize parameter the number of bytes actually read. If the packet is larger than the data buffer, the ERead function places as much of the packet as will fit into the buffer and returns the buf2SmallErr result code. Call the ERead function asynchronously to await the next data packet. When the .ENET driver receives the data packet, it completes execution of the ERead function and calls your completion routine. If the .ENET driver receives a data packet with a protocol type for which you specified the default protocol handler while no ERead command is pending, the driver discards the data packet. You can have several asynchronous calls to the ERead function pending execution simultaneously, as long as you use a different parameter block for each call. Result codes noErr 0 No error LAPProtErr –94 Protocol not attached or protocol handler pointer was not 0 buf2SmallErr –3101 Packet too large for buffer; partial data returned reqAborted –1105 ERdCancel or EDetachPH function called FUNCTION ERdCancel (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 26 csCode word always ENetRdCancel Æ 30 ePointer long pointer to ERead parameter block The ERdCancel function cancels execution of a specific call to the ERead function. You must have called the ERead function asynchronously to use the ERdCancel function. You specify in the ePointer parameter a pointer to the parameter block that you used when you called the ERead function. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the function. If you call the function asynchronously, the function sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The csCode parameter is the routine selector, automatically set by the MPW interface. It is always ENetRdCancel for this function. When you call the ERdCancel function, the pending ERead function that you cancel receives the reqAborted result code. Result codes noErr 0 No error cbNotFound –1102 ERead not active FUNCTION EGetInfo (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 26 csCode word always ENetGetInfo Æ 30 ePointer long pointer to buffer Æ 34 eBuffSize word size of buffer The EGetInfo function returns information about the .ENET driver. Before calling this function, you must allocate a data buffer of at least 18 bytes. Put a pointer to the buffer in the ePointer parameter and the size of the buffer in the eBuffSize parameter. The EGetInfo function places the following information in the data buffer: Bytes Information 1–6 Ethernet address of the node on which the driver is installed 7–10 Number of times the receive queue has overflowed 11–14 Number of data transmission operations that have timed out 15–18 Number of packets received that contain an incorrect address An incorrect Ethernet address is one that is neither the broadcast address, a multicast address for which this node is registered, nor the node’s data link address. A node could receive an incorrect Ethernet address due to a hardware or software error. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the function. If you call the function asynchronously, the function sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The csCode parameter is the routine selector, automatically set by the MPW interface. It is always ENetGetInfo for this function. Result code noErr 0 No error FUNCTION ESetGeneral (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 26 csCode word always ENetSetGeneral The ESetGeneral function switches the .ENET driver from limited-transmission mode to general-transmission mode. In limited-transmission mode, the .ENET driver allocates a write-data buffer of 768 bytes. This buffer size is more than sufficient to hold an EtherTalk data packet, which can be no larger than 621 bytes. In general-transmission mode, the .ENET driver can transmit an Ethernet data packet of up to 1514 bytes. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the function. If you call the function asynchronously, the function sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The csCode parameter is the routine selector, automatically set by the MPW interface. It is always ENetSetGeneral for this function. There is no command to switch the .ENET driver from general-transmission mode to limited-transmission mode. To switch back to limited-transmission mode, you have to reset the driver by restarting the computer. Result codes noErr 0 No error memFullErr –108 Insufficient memory in heap _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Adding…and…Removing…Ethernet…Multicast…Addresses æC »Adding and Removing Ethernet Multicast Addresses AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ The functions in this section add or delete Ethernet multicast addresses for a particular node. A multicast address is an Ethernet address for which the node accepts packets just as it does for its permanently assigned Ethernet hardware address. In a multicast address, the low-order bit of the high-order byte is set to 1. Each node can have any number of multicast addresses, and any number of nodes can have the same multicast address. The purpose of a multicast address is to allow a group of Ethernet nodes to receive the same transmission simultaneously, in a fashion similar to the AppleTalk broadcast service. FUNCTION EAddMulti (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 26 csCode word always ENetAddMulti Æ 28 eMultiAddr 6 bytes multicast address The EAddMulti function adds a multicast address to the node on which the .ENET driver is running. You must provide (in the eMultiAddr parameter) the multicast address that you want to use. Each time a client of the .ENET driver calls the EAddMulti function for a particular multicast address, the driver increments a counter for that multicast address. Each time a client of the .ENET driver calls the EDelMulti function, the driver decrements the counter for that address. As long as the count for a multicast address is equal to or greater than 1, the .ENET driver accepts packets directed to that multicast address. Therefore, if any client of the .ENET driver in the node has called the EAddMulti function for a particular multicast address, the driver receives packets delivered to that address. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the function. If you call the function asynchronously, the function sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The csCode parameter is the routine selector, automatically set by the MPW interface. It is always ENetAddMulti for this function. Result codes noErr 0 No error eMultiErr –91 Invalid address or table is full FUNCTION EDelMulti (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 26 csCode word always ENetDelMulti Æ 28 eMultiAddr 6 bytes multicast address The EDelMulti function decrements the counter kept by the .ENET driver for a particular multicast address. Each time a client of the .ENET driver calls the EAddMulti function, the driver increments a counter for the multicast address specified by the eMultiAddr parameter. Each time a client of the .ENET driver calls the EDelMulti function, the driver decrements the counter for the address specified by the eMultiAddr parameter. As long as the count for a multicast address is equal to or greater than 1, the .ENET driver accepts packets directed to that multicast address. When the count for an address equals 0, the driver removes that address from the list of multicast addresses that it accepts. Note: Because more than one client of the .ENET driver might be using a particular multicast address, you should call the EDelMulti function only once for each time you called the EAddMulti function. The ioResult parameter returns the result of the function. If you call the function asynchronously, the function sets this field to 1 as soon as it begins execution, and it changes the field to the actual result code when it completes execution. The csCode parameter is the routine selector, automatically set by the MPW interface. It is always ENetDelMulti for this function. Result codes noErr 0 No error eMultiErr –91' Address not found _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Summary…of…the…Appletalk…Manager…Volume…VI æC »Summary of the Appletalk Manager Volume VI AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Click the arrow in the lower-right corner of this window to see the summary sections of the constants, datatypes, and routines for the AppleTalk Manager. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Appletalk…Manager…Constants æC »Appletalk Manager Constants AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ const {AppleTalk transitions} ATTransOpen = 0; {open transition} ATTransClose = 2; {prepare-to-close transition} ATTransClosePrep = 3; {permission-to-close transition} ATTransCancelClose = 4; {cancel-close transition} {.XPP driver routine selector} xCall = 246; {.XPP driver routine selector subcodes} zipGetLocalZones = 5; zipGetZoneList = 6; zipGetMyZone = 7; {ADSP routine selectors} dspInit = 255; {create a new connection end} dspRemove = 254; {remove a connection end} dspOpen = 253; {open a connection} dspClose = 252; {close a connection} dspCLInit = 251; {create a connection listener} dspCLRemove = 250; {remove a connection listener} dspCLListen = 249; {post a listener request} dspCLDeny = 248; {deny an open-connection request} dspStatus = 247; {get status of connection end} dspRead = 246; {read data from the connection} dspWrite = 245; {write data on the connection} dspAttention = 244; {send an attention message} dspOptions = 243; {set connection end options} dspReset = 242; {forward reset the connection} dspNewCID = 241; {generate a cid for a connection end} {ADSP connection opening modes} ocRequest = 1; {request a connection with remote} ocPassive = 2; {wait for a connection request from } { remote connection end} ocAccept = 3; {accept request as delivered by listener} ocEstablish = 4; {consider connection to be open} {ADSP connection end states} sListening = 1; {for connection listeners} sPassive = 2; {waiting for a connection request from } { remote connection end} sOpening = 3; {requesting a connection with remote} sOpen = 4; {connection is open} sClosing = 5; {connection is being torn down} sClosed = 6; {connection end state is closed} {ADSP client event flags} eClosed = $80; {received connection closed advice} eTearDown = $40; {closed due to broken connection} eAttention = $20; {received attention message} eFwdReset = $10; {received forward reset advice} {miscellaneous ADSP constants} attnBufSize = 570; {size of client attention buffer} minDSPQueueSize = 100; {minimum size of receive or send queue} {.ENET driver values} catNetwork = 4; {spCategory for EtherTalk NB card} typeEtherNet = 1; {spCType for EtherTalk NB card} {LAP Manager values} LAPMgrCall = 2; {Offset to LAP routines} LAddAEQ = 23; {LAPAddATQ routine selector} LRmvAEQ = 24; {LAPRmvATQ routine selector} {.ENET driver routine selectors} ENetSetGeneral = 253; {Set "general" mode} ENetGetInfo = 252; {Get info} ENetRdCancel = 251; {Cancel read} ENetRead = 250; {Read} ENetWrite = 249; {Write} ENetDetachPH = 248; {Detach protocol handler} ENetAttachPH = 247; {Attach protocol handler} ENetAddMulti = 246; {Add a multicast address} ENetDelMulti = 245; {Delete a multicast address} _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Appletalk…Manager…Data…Types æC »Appletalk Manager Data Types AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ TYPE ATQentry = RECORD qLink: ATQentryPtr; {next queue entry} qType: Integer; {reserved} CallAddr: ProcPtr; {pointer to your routine} END; ATQentryptr = ^ATQentry; ATPParamBlock = PACKED RECORD {extended parameter block for } { PSendRequest and PNSendRequest} qLink: QElemPtr; {next queue entry} qType: Integer; {queue type} ioTrap: Integer; {routine trap} ioCmdAddr: Ptr; {routine address} ioCompletion: ProcPtr; {completion routine} ioResult: OsErr; {result code} userData: LongInt; {ATP user bytes} reqTID: Integer; {request transaction ID} ioRefNum: Integer; {driver reference number} csCode: Integer; {primary command code} atpSocket: Byte; {currBitMap or socket number} atpFlags: Byte; {control information - set bit 2 } { for extended parameter block} addrBlock: AddrBlock; {source socket address} reqLength: Integer; {request size in bytes} reqPointer: Ptr; {pointer to request data} bdsPointer: Ptr; {pointer to response Buffer } { Data Structure} numOfBuffs: Byte; {number of responses expected} timeOutVal: Byte; {timeout interval} numOfResps: Byte; {number of responses } { actually received} retryCount: Byte; {number of retries} intBuff: Integer; {used internally for NSendRequest} TRelTime: Byte {release timer setting} END; XPPParamBlock = PACKED RECORD qLink: QElemPtr; {next queue entry} qType: Integer; {queue type} ioTrap: Integer; {routine trap} ioCmdAddr: Ptr; {routine address} ioCompletion: ProcPtr; {completion routine} ioResult: OsErr; {result code} cmdResult: LongInt; {command result} ioVRefNum: Integer; {volume reference number} ioRefNum: Integer; {driver reference number} csCode: Integer; {primary command code} CASE XPPPrmBlkType OF xCallParam xppSubCode: Integer; {secondary command code} xppTimeOut: Byte; {timeout period for .XPP} xppRetry: Byte; {retry count} filler1: Integer; {reserved} zipBuffPtr: Ptr; {returned zone names} zipNumZones: Integer; {number of zones returned} zipLastFlag: Byte; {nonzero when all zone } { names have been returned} filler2 Byte; {reserved} zipInfoField: packed array[1..70] of Byte {reserved for use by .XPP} END; XPPParmBlkPtr = ^XPPParamBlock; TRCCB = PACKED RECORD ccbLink: TPCCB; {link to next CCB} refNum: Integer; {reference number} state: Integer; {state of the connection end} userFlags: Byte; {user flags for connection} localSocket: Byte; {local socket number} remoteAddress: AddrBlock; {remote end internet address} attnCode: Integer; {attention code received} attnSize: Integer; {size of attention data} attnPtr: Ptr; {pointer to attention data} reserved: PACKED ARRAY [1..220] OF Byte {reserved for use by ADSP} END; AddrBlock = PACKED RECORD aNet: Integer; {network number} aNode: Byte; {node ID} aSocket: Byte; {socket number} END; DSPParamBlock = PACKED RECORD qLink: QElemPtr; {next queue entry} qType: Integer; {queue type} ioTrap: Integer; {routine trap} ioCmdAddr: Ptr; {routine address} ioCompletion: ProcPtr; {completion routine} ioResult: OsErr; {result code} ioNamePtr: StringPtr; {reserved} ioVRefNum: Integer; {reserved} ioCRefNum: Integer; {driver reference number} csCode: Integer; {primary command code} qStatus: LongInt; {reserved for ADSP} ccbRefNum: Integer; {CCB reference number} CASE Integer OF dspInit, dspCLInit: ( ccbPtr: TPCCB; {pointer to CCB} userRoutine: ProcPtr; {pointer to user routine} sendQSize: Integer; {size of send queue} sendQueue: Ptr; {pointer to send queue} recvQSize: Integer; {size of receive queue} recvQueue: Ptr; {pointer to receive queue} attnPtr: Ptr; {pointer to attention- } { message buffer} localSocket: Byte; {local socket number} filler1: Byte; {filler for proper alignment} ); dspOpen, dspCLListen, dspCLDeny: ( localCID: Integer; {local connection ID} remoteCID: Integer; {remote connection ID} remoteAddress: AddrBlock; {remote internet address} filterAddress: AddrBlock; {address filter} sendSeq: LongInt; {send sequence number} sendWindow: Integer; {size of remote buffer} recvSeq: LongInt; {receive sequence number} attnSendSeq: LongInt; {attention send seq number} attnRecvSeq: LongInt; {attention receive seq num} ocMode: Byte; {connection opening mode} ocInterval: Byte; {interval bet open requests} ocMaximum: Byte; {retries of open conn req} filler2: Byte; {filler for proper alignment} ); dspClose, dspRemove: ( abort: Byte; {abort send requests} filler3: Byte; {filler for proper alignment} ); dspStatus: ( statusCCB: TPCCB; {pointer to CCB} sendQPending: Integer; {bytes waiting in send queue} sendQFree: Integer; {available send-queue buffer} recvQPending: Integer; {bytes in receive queue} recvQFree: Integer; {avail receive-queue buffer} ) dspRead, dspWrite: ( reqCount: Integer; {requested number of bytes} actCount: Integer; {actual number of bytes} dataPtr: Ptr; {pointer to data buffer} eom: Byte; {1 if end of message} flush: Byte; {1 to send data now} ) dspAttention: ( attnCode: Integer; {client attention code} attnSize: Integer; {size of attention data} attnData: Ptr; {pointer to attention data} attnInterval: Byte; {reserved} filler4: Byte; {filler for proper alignment} ) dspOptions: ( sendBlocking: Integer; {send-blocking threshold} sendTimer: Byte; {reserved} rtmtTimer: Byte; {reserved} badSeqMax: Byte; {retransmit advice threshold} useCheckSum: Byte; {DDP checksum for packets} ) dspNewCID: ( newCID: Integer {new connection ID} ) END; EParamBlock = PACKED RECORD qLink: QElemPtr; {next queue entry} qType: Integer; {queue type} ioTrap: Integer; {routine trap} ioCmdAddr: Ptr; {routine address} ioCompletion: ProcPtr; {completion routine} ioResult: OsErr; {result code} ioNamePtr: StringPtr; {driver name} ioVRefNum: Integer; {volume reference number} ioRefNum: Integer; {driver reference number} csCode: Integer; {primary command code} CASE Integer OF ENetWrite, ENetAttachPH, ENetDetachPH, ENetRead, ENetRdCancel, ENetGetInfo, ENetSetGeneral: ( eProtType: Integer; {Ethernet protocol type} ePointer: Ptr; {pointer; use depends on } { function} eBuffSize Integer; {buffer size} eDataSize Integer {number of bytes read} ); ENetAddMulti, ENetDelMulti: ( eMultiAddr: ARRAY [0..5] of Char {Multicast address} ); END; EParamBlkPtr = ^EParamBlock; _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Appletalk…Manager…Routines…Summary æC »Appletalk Manager Routines Summary AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Getting Information About the .MPP Driver FUNCTION PGetAppleTalkInfo (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Adding and Removing AppleTalk Transition Queue Entries FUNCTION LAPAddATQ (theATQEntry: ATQEntryPtr): OSErr; FUNCTION LAPRmvATQ (theATQEntry: ATQEntryPtr): OSErr; Sending Messages to the AppleTalk Transition Queue FUNCTION PATalkClosePrep (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Defining Your Own AppleTalk Transition PROCEDURE ATEvent (event: LongInt; infoPtr: Ptr); FUNCTION ATPreFlightEvent (event,cancel: LongInt; infoPtr: Ptr) : OSErr; Canceling All Calls to the ATPGetRequest Function FUNCTION ATPKillAllGetReq (thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Obtaining Zone Information FUNCTION GetMyZone (thePBptr: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; FUNCTION GetLocalZones (thePBptr: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; FUNCTION GetZoneList (thePBptr: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Attaching and Detaching an Ethernet Protocol Handler FUNCTION EAttachPH (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; FUNCTION EDetachPH (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Writing and Reading Ethernet Packets FUNCTION EWrite (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; FUNCTION ERead (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; FUNCTION ERdCancel (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; FUNCTION EGetInfo (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; FUNCTION ESetGeneral (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Adding and Removing Ethernet Multicast Addresses FUNCTION EAddMulti (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; FUNCTION EDelMulti (thePBptr: EParamBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Appletalk…Manager…Global…Variable æC »Appletalk Manager Global Variable AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ LapMgrPtr The start of the LAP Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Appletalk…Manager…Result…Codes æC »Appletalk Manager Result Codes AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ noErr 0 no error qErr –1 Queue element not found closeErr –24 permission to close .MPP driver was denied paramErr –50 Version number is too high ddpSktErr –91 error opening socket eMultiErr –91 invalid address, address not found, or table is full eLenErr –92 packet too large or first entry of the write-data structure did not contain the full 14-byte header noBridgeErr –93 no router is available LAPProtErr –94 protocol handler is already attached, node’s protocol table is full, no protocol handler is attached, or protocol handler pointer was not 0 excessCollsns –95 hardware error memFullErr –108 Insufficient memory in heap reqFailed –1096 request to contact router failed; retry count exceeded cbNotFound –1102 control block not found, no pending asynchronous calls, or ERead not active reqAborted –1105 ERdCancel or EDetachPH function called errOpenDenied –1273 open request denied by recipient errDSPQueueSize –1274 send or receive queue is too small errFwdReset –1275 read terminated by forward reset errAttention –1276 attention message too long errOpening –1277 attempt to open connection failed errState –1278 bad connection state for this operation errAborted –1279 request aborted by dspRemove or dspClose routine errRefNum –1280 bad connection reference number buf2SmallErr –3101 packet too large for buffer; partial data returned _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Appletalk…Manager…Assembly-language…Information æC »Appletalk Manager Assembly-language Information AppleTalk Manager _______________________________________________________________________________ Constants ;ADSP queue element equates & size csQStatus .EQU CSParam ;adsp internal use csCCBRef .EQU csQStatus+4 ;refnum of ccb AppleTalk Transition Queue Entry Data Structure AeQQLink long next queue entry AeQQType word reserved AeQCallAddr long pointer to your routine ADSP Connection Control Block Data Structure ccbLink long link to next CCB refNum word reference number state word state of the connection end userFlags byte user flags for connection localSocket byte local socket number remoteAddress long internet address of remote end attnCode word attention code received attnSize word size of received attention data attnPtr long pointer to received attention data reserved 220 bytes reserved XPP Parameter Block xCallParam Variant ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 26 csCode word routine selector; always xCall Æ 28 xppSubCode word routine selector subcode Æ 30 xppTimeOut byte retry interval in seconds Æ 31 xppRetry byte retry count Æ 34 zipBuffPtr long pointer to data buffer ¨ 38 zipNumZones word number of names returned ¨ 40 zipLastFlag byte nonzero if no more names Æ 42 zipInfoField 70 bytes for use by ZIP; first word set to 0 Parameter Block for dspInit and dspCLInit ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word dspInit or dspCLInit ¨ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB Æ 34 ccbPtr long pointer to CCB Æ 38 userRoutine long pointer to routine to call on events Æ 42 sendQSize word size in bytes of the send queue Æ 44 sendQueue long pointer to send queue Æ 48 recvQSize word size in bytes of the receive queue Æ 50 recvQueue long pointer to receive queue Æ 54 attnPtr long pointer to buffer for incoming ´ 58 localSocket byte DDP socket number for this end Parameter Block for dspOptions ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspOptions Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB Æ 34 sendBlocking word send-blocking threshold Æ 38 badSeqMax byte threshold to send retransmit advice Æ 39 useCheckSum byte use DDP checksum? Parameter Block for dspOpen, dspCLListen, and dspCLDeny ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word dspOpen, dspCLListen, or Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB ¨ 34 localCID word ID of this connection end ´ 36 remoteCID word ID of remote connection end ´ 38 remoteAddress long remote internet address Æ 42 filterAddress long filter for open connection requests ´ 46 sendSeq long initial send sequence number ´ 50 sendWindow word initial size of remote receive queue Æ 52 recvSeq long initial receive sequence number ´ 56 attnSendSeq long attention send sequence number Æ 60 attnRecvSeq long attention receive sequence number Æ 64 ocMode byte connection-opening mode Æ 65 ocInterval byte interval between open requests Æ 66 ocMaximum byte retries of open-connection request Parameter Block for dspNewCID ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspNewCID Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB ¨ 34 newCID word ID of new connection Parameter Block for dspClose, dspRemove, and dspCLRemove, and dspCLRemove ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word dspClose, dspRemove, or Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB Æ 34 abort byte abort send requests or connection if not 0 Parameter Block for dspStatus ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word always dspStatus Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB ¨ 34 statusCCB pointer pointer to CCB ¨ 38 sendQPending word bytes waiting to be sent or ¨ 40 sendQFree word available send queue in bytes ¨ 42 recvQPending word bytes waiting to be read from queue ¨ 44 recvQFree word available receive queue in bytes Parameter Block for dspRead and dspWrite ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word dspRead or dspWrite Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB Æ 34 reqCount word requested number of bytes ¨ 36 actCount word actual number of bytes read or Æ 38 dataPtr pointer pointer to data buffer ¨ 42 eom byte 1 if end-of-message; 0 otherwise Æ 43 flush byte 1 to send data now; 0 otherwise Parameter Block for dspAttention and dspReset ¨ 16 ioResult word result code Æ 24 ioCRefNum word driver reference number Æ 26 csCode word dspAttention or dspReset Æ 32 ccbRefNum word reference number of CCB Æ 34 attnCode word client attention code Æ 36 attnSize word size of attention data in bytes Æ 38 attnData pointer pointer to attention data .ENET Driver Parameter Block 16 ¨ ioResult word result code 26 Æ csCode word routine selector 28 Æ eMultiAddr 6 bytes multicast address 28 Æ eProtType word Ethernet protocol type 30 Æ ePointer long pointer 34 Æ eBuffSize word size of buffer 36 ¨ eDataSize word number of bytes read _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY About…The…AppleTalkManager…Chapter æC »ABOUT THIS CHAPTER AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AppleTalk Manager is an interface to a pair of RAM device drivers that allow Macintosh programs to send and receive information via an AppleTalk network. This chapter describes the AppleTalk Manager in detail. The AppleTalk Manager has been enhanced through the implementation of new protocols and an increase in the functionality of the existing interface. Reader’s guide: The AppleTalk Manager provides services that allow Macintosh programs to interact with clients in devices connected to an AppleTalk network. Hence you need the information in this chapter only if your application uses AppleTalk. The following is a brief summary of the changes that have been made to the AppleTalk Manager interface. • New parameter block–style Pascal calls have been added for the entire AppleTalk Manager. These new calls give the application programmer better control of AppleTalk operation within an application. • At open time, the .MPP driver can be told to pick a node number in the server range. This is a more time consuming but more thorough operation than is selecting a node number in the workstation range, and it is required for devices acting as servers. • Multiple concurrent NBP requests are now supported (just as multiple concurrent ATP requests have been supported). The KillNBP command has been implemented to abort an outstanding NBP request. • ATP requests can now be sent through client-specified sockets, instead of having ATP pick the socket itself. • The ability to send packets to one’s own node is supported (although this functionality is, in the default case, disabled). • Two new ATP abort calls have been added: KillSendReq and KillGetReq. KillSendReq is functionally equivalent to RelTCB, although its arguments are different. KillGetReq is a new call for aborting outstanding GetRequests. • Additional machine-dependent resources have been added to support, for example, more dynamic sockets and more concurrent ATP requests. • A new protocol called the Echo Protocol (EP) is supported. • A new driver, .XPP, has been added. The .XPP driver implements the workstation side of the AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) and a small portion of the AppleTalk Filing Protocol. To determine if your application is running on a machine that supports these enhanced features, check the version number of the .MPP driver (at offset DCtlQueue+1 in the Device Control Entry). A version number of 48 (NCVersion) or greater indicates the presence of the new drivers. You should already be familiar with: • events, as discussed in the Toolbox Event Manager chapter • interrupts and the use of devices and device drivers, as described in the Device Manager chapter, if you want to write your own assembly- language additions to the AppleTalk Manager • the Inside AppleTalk manual, if you want to understand AppleTalk protocols in detail _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY AppleTalk…Protocols æC »APPLETALK PROTOCOLS AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AppleTalk Manager provides a variety of services that allow Macintosh programs to interact with programs in devices connected to an AppleTalk network. This interaction, achieved through the exchange of variable-length blocks of data (known as packets) over AppleTalk, follows well-defined sets of rules known as protocols. Although most programmers using AppleTalk needn’t understand the details of these protocols, they should understand the information in this section—what the services provided by the different protocols are, and how the protocols are interrelated. Detailed information about AppleTalk protocols is available in Inside AppleTalk. The AppleTalk system architecture consists of a number of protocols arranged in layers. Each protocol in a specific layer provides services to higher-level layers (known as the protocol’s clients) by building on the services provided by lower-level layers. A Macintosh program can use services provided by any of the layers in order to construct more sophisticated or more specialized services. Figure 1 shows the AppleTalk Protocols and their corresponding network layers. The AppleTalk Manager contains the following protocols: • AppleTalk Link Access Protocol • Datagram Delivery Protocol • Routing Table Maintenance Protocol • Name-Binding Protocol • AppleTalk Transaction Protocol The following protocols have been added to the AppleTalk Manager: • Echo Protocol • AppleTalk Session Protocol (workstation side) • AppleTalk Filing Protocol (small portion of the workstation side) In Figure 1, the lines indicate the interaction between the protocols. Notice that like the Routing Table Maintenance Protocol, the Echo Protocol is not directly accessible to Macintosh programs. The details of these protocols are provided in Inside AppleTalk. •••Refer to Figure 1.••• Figure 1–AppleTalk Protocols and OSI Network Layers Figure 2 illustrates the Macintosh AppleTalk Drivers and the layered structure of the protocols which are accessible through each driver. Note that the Routing Table Maintenance Protocol isn’t directly accessible to Macintosh Programs. •••Refer to Figure 2.••• Figure 2–Macintosh AppleTalk Drivers The AppleTalk Link Access Protocol (ALAP) provides the lowest-level services of the AppleTalk system. Its main function is to control access to the AppleTalk network among various competing devices. Each device connected to an AppleTalk network, known as a node, is assigned an eight-bit node ID number that identifies the node. ALAP ensures that each node on an AppleTalk network has a unique node ID, assigned dynamically when the node is started up. ALAP provides its clients with node-to-node delivery of data frames on a single AppleTalk network. An ALAP frame is a variable-length packet of data preceded and followed by control information referred to as the ALAP frame header and frame trailer, respectively. The ALAP frame header includes the node IDs of the frame’s destination and source nodes. The AppleTalk hardware uses the destination node ID to deliver the frame. The frame’s source node ID allows a program in the receiving node to determine the identity of the source. A sending node can ask ALAP to send a frame to all nodes on the AppleTalk network; this broadcast service is obtained by specifying a destination node ID of 255. ALAP can have multiple clients in a single node. When a frame arrives at a node, ALAP determines which client it should be delivered to by reading the frame’s ALAP protocol type. The ALAP protocol type is an eight-bit quantity, contained in the frame’s header, that identifies the ALAP client to whom the frame will be sent. ALAP calls the client’s protocol handler, which is a software process in the node that reads in and then services the frames. The protocol handlers for a node are listed in a protocol handler table. An ALAP frame trailer contains a 16-bit frame check sequence generated by the AppleTalk hardware. The receiving node uses the frame check sequence to detect transmission errors, and discards frames with errors. In effect, a frame with an error is “lost” in the AppleTalk network, because ALAP doesn’t attempt to recover from errors by requesting the sending node to retransmit such frames. Thus ALAP is said to make a “best effort” to deliver frames, without any guarantee of delivery. An ALAP frame can contain up to 600 bytes of client data. The first two bytes must be an integer equal to the length of the client data (including the length bytes themselves). Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) provides the next-higher level protocol in the AppleTalk architecture, managing socket-to-socket delivery of datagrams over AppleTalk internets. DDP is an ALAP client, and uses the node-to-node delivery service provided by ALAP to send and receive datagrams. Datagrams are packets of data transmitted by DDP. A DDP datagram can contain up to 586 bytes of client data. Sockets are logical entities within the nodes of a network; each socket within a given node has a unique eight-bit socket number. On a single AppleTalk network, a socket is uniquely identified by its AppleTalk address—its socket number together with its node ID. To identify a socket in the scope of an AppleTalk internet, the socket’s AppleTalk address and network number are needed. Internets are formed by interconnecting AppleTalk networks via intelligent nodes called bridges. A network number is a 16-bit number that uniquely identifies a network in an internet. A socket’s AppleTalk address together with its network number provide an internet-wide unique socket identifier called an internet address. Sockets are owned by socket clients, which typically are software processes in the node. Socket clients include code called the socket listener, which receives and services datagrams addressed to that socket. Socket clients must open a socket before datagrams can be sent or received through it. Each node contains a socket table that lists the listener for each open socket. A datagram is sent from its source socket through a series of AppleTalk networks, being passed on from bridge to bridge, until it reaches its destination network. The ALAP in the destination network then delivers the datagram to the node containing the destination socket. Within that node the datagram is received by ALAP calling the DDP protocol handler, and by the DDP protocol handler in turn calling the destination socket listener, which for most applications will be a higher-level protocol such as the AppleTalk Transaction Protocol. Bridges on AppleTalk internets use the Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) to maintain routing tables for routing datagrams through the internet. In addition, nonbridge nodes use RTMP to determine the number of the network to which they’re connected and the node ID of one bridge on their network. The RTMP code in nonbridge nodes contains only a subset of RTMP (the RTMP stub), and is a DDP client owning socket number 1 (the RTMP socket). Socket clients are also known as network-visible entities, because they’re the primary accessible entities on an internet. Network-visible entities can choose to identify themselves by an entity name, an identifier of the form object:type@zone Each of the three fields of this name is an alphanumeric string of up to 32 characters. The object and type fields are arbitrary identifiers assigned by a socket client, to provide itself with a name and type descriptor (for example, abs:Mailbox). The zone field identifies the zone in which the socket client is located; a zone is an arbitrary subset of AppleTalk networks in an internet. A socket client can identify itself by as many different names as it chooses. These aliases are all treated as independent identifiers for the same socket client. The Name-Binding Protocol (NBP) maintains a names table in each node that contains the name and internet address of each entity in that node. These name-address pairs are called NBP tuples. The collection of names tables in an internet is known as the names directory. NBP allows its clients to add or delete their name-address tuples from the node’s names table. It also allows its clients to obtain the internet addresses of entities from their names. This latter operation, known as name lookup (in the names directory), requires that NBP install itself as a DDP client and broadcast special name-lookup packets to the nodes in a specified zone. These datagrams are sent by NBP to the names information socket—socket number 2 in every node using NBP. NBP clients can use special meta-characters in place of one or more of the three fields of the name of an entity it wishes to look up. The character “=” in the object or type field signifies “all possible values”. The zone field can be replaced by “*”, which signifies “this zone”—the zone in which the NBP client’s node is located. For example, an NBP client performing a lookup with the name =:Mailbox@* will obtain in return the entity names and internet addresses of all mailboxes in the client’s zone (excluding the client’s own names and addresses). The client can specify whether one or all of the matching names should be returned. NBP clients specify how thorough a name lookup should be by providing NBP with the number of times (retry count) that NBP should broadcast the lookup packets and the time interval (retry interval) between these retries. As noted above, ALAP and DDP provide “best effort” delivery services with no recovery mechanism when packets are lost or discarded because of errors. Although for many situations such a service suffices, the AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) provides a reliable loss-free transport service. ATP uses transactions, consisting of a transaction request and a transaction response, to deliver data reliably. Each transaction is assigned a 16-bit transaction ID number to distinguish it from other transactions. A transaction request is retransmitted by ATP until a complete response has been received, thus allowing for recovery from packet-loss situations. The retry interval and retry count are specified by the ATP client sending the request. Although transaction requests must be contained in a single datagram, transaction responses can consist of as many as eight datagrams. Each datagram in a response is assigned a sequence number from 0 to 7, to indicate its ordering within the response. ATP is a DDP client, and uses the services provided by DDP to transmit requests and responses. ATP supports both at-least-once and exactly-once transactions. Four of the bytes in an ATP header, called the user bytes, are provided for use by ATP’s clients—they’re ignored by ATP. ATP’s transaction model and means of recovering from datagram loss are covered in detail below. The Echo Protocol (EP) provides an echoing service through static socket number 4 known as the echoer socket. The echoer listens for packets received through this socket. Any correctly formed packet sent to the echoer socket on a node will be echoed back to its sender. This simple protocol can be used for two important purposes: • EP can be used by any Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) client to determine if a particular node (known to have an echoer) is accessible over an internet. • EP is useful in determining the average time it takes for a packet to travel to a remote node and back. This is very helpful in developing client-dependent heuristics for estimating the timeouts to be specified by clients of ATP, ASP, and other protocols. Programs cannot access EP directly via the AppleTalk Manager. The EP implementation exists solely to respond to EP requests sent by other nodes. EP is a DDP client residing on statically-assigned socket 4, the echoing socket. Clients wishing to send EP requests (and receive EP responses) should use the Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) to send the appropriate packet. For more information about the EP packet format, see Inside AppleTalk. The AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) provides for the setting up, maintaining and closing down of a session. A session is a logical relationship between two network entities, a workstation and a server. The workstation tells the server what to do, and the server responds with the appropriate actions. ASP makes sure that the session dialog is maintained in the correct sequence and that both ends of the conversation are properly participating. ASP will generally be used between two communicating network entities where one is providing a service to the other (for example, a server is providing a service to a workstation) and the service provided is state-dependent. That is, the response to a particular request from an entity is dependent upon other previous requests from that entity. For example, a request to read bytes from a file is dependent upon a previous request to open that file in the first place. However, a request to return the time of day is independent of all such previous requests. When the service provided is state-dependent, requests must be delivered to the server in the same order as generated by the workstation. ASP guarantees requests are delivered to the server in the order in which they are issued, and that duplicate requests are never delivered (another requirement of state-dependent service). ASP is an asymmetric protocol, providing one set of services to the workstation and a different set of services to the server. ASP workstation clients initiate (open) sessions, send requests (commands) on that session, and close sessions down. ASP server clients receive and respond (through command replies) to these requests. ASP guarantees that these requests are delivered in the same order as they are made, and without duplication. ASP is also responsible for closing down the session if one end fails or becomes unreachable, and will inform its client (either server or workstation) of the action. ASP also provides various additional services, such as allowing a workstation to obtain server status information without opening a session to a server, writing blocks of data from the workstation to the server end of the session, and providing the ability for a server to send an attention message to the workstation. ASP assumes that the workstation client has a mechanism for looking up the network address of the server with which it wants to set up a session. (Generally this is done using the AppleTalk Name Binding Protocol.) Both ends of the session periodically check to see that the other end of the session is still responsive. If one end fails or becomes unreachable the other end closes the session. ASP is a client of ATP and calls ATP for transport services. ASP does not • ensure that consecutive commands complete in the order in which they were sent (and delivered) to the server • understand or interpret the syntax or the semantics of the commands sent to the server by the workstation • allow the server to send commands to the workstation (The server is allowed to alert the workstation through the server’s attention mechanism only.) Note: The .XPP driver does implement the workstation side of the AppleTalk Filing Protocol login command. The AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP) allows a workstation on an AppleTalk network to access files on an AFP file server. AFP specifies a remote filing system that provides user authentication and an access control mechanism that supports volume and folder-level access rights. For details of AFP, refer to Inside AppleTalk. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY AppleTalk…Transaction…Protocol æC »APPLETALK TRANSACTION PROTOCOL AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ This section covers ATP in greater depth, providing more detail about three of its fundamental concepts: transactions, buffer allocation, and recovery of lost datagrams. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Transactions A transaction is a interaction between two ATP clients, known as the requester and the responder. The requester calls the .ATP driver in its node to send a transaction request (TReq) to the responder, and then awaits a response. The TReq is received by the .ATP driver in the responder’s node and is delivered to the responder. The responder then calls its .ATP driver to send back a transaction response (TResp), which is received by the requester’s .ATP driver and delivered to the requester. Figure 3 illustrates this process. •••Refer to Figure 3.••• Figure 3–Transaction Process Simple examples of transactions are: • read a counter, reset it and send back the value read • read six sectors of a disk and send back the data read • write the data sent in the TReq to a printer A basic assumption of the transaction model is that the amount of ATP data sent in the TReq specifying the operation to be performed is small enough to fit in a single datagram. A TResp, on the other hand, may span several datagrams, as in the second example. Thus, a TReq is a single datagram, while a TResp consists of up to eight datagrams, each of which is assigned a sequence number from 0 to 7 to indicate its position in the response. The requester must, before calling for a TReq to be sent, set aside enough buffer space to receive the datagram(s) of the TResp. The number of buffers allocated (in other words, the maximum number of datagrams that the responder can send) is indicated in the TReq by an eight-bit bit map. The bits of this bit map are numbered 0 to 7 (the least significant bit being number 0); each bit corresponds to the response datagram with the respective sequence number. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Datagram Loss Recovery The way that ATP recovers from datagram loss situations is best explained by an example; see Figure 4. Assume that the requester wants to read six sectors of 512 bytes each from the responder’s disk. The requester puts aside six 512-byte buffers (which may or may not be contiguous) for the response datagrams, and calls ATP to send a TReq. In this TReq the bit map is set to binary 00111111 or decimal 63. The TReq carries a 16-bit transaction ID, generated by the requester’s .ATP driver before sending it. (This example assumes that the requester and responder have already agreed that each buffer can hold 512 bytes.) The TReq is delivered to the responder, which reads the six disk sectors and sends them back, through ATP, in TResp datagrams bearing sequence numbers 0 through 5. Each TResp datagram also carries exactly the same transaction ID as the TReq to which they’re responding. There are several ways that datagrams may be lost in this case. The original TReq could be lost for one of many reasons. The responding node might be too busy to receive the TReq or might be out of buffers for receiving it, there could be an undetected collision on the network, a bit error in the transmission line, and so on. To recover from such errors, the requester’s .ATP driver maintains an ATP retry timer for each transaction sent. If this timer expires and the complete TResp has not been received, the TReq is retransmitted and the retry timer is restarted. A second error situation occurs when one or more of the TResp datagrams isn’t received correctly by the requester’s .ATP driver (datagram 1 in Figure 4). Again, the retry timer will expire and the complete TResp will not have been received; this will result in a retransmission of the TReq. However, to avoid unnecessary retransmission of the TResp datagrams already properly received, the bit map of this retransmitted TReq is modified to reflect only those datagrams not yet received. Upon receiving this TReq, the responder retransmits only the missing response datagrams. Another possible failure is that the responder’s .ATP driver goes down or the responder becomes unreachable through the underlying network system. In this case, retransmission of the TReq could continue indefinitely. To avoid this situation, the requester provides a maximum retry count; if this count is exceeded, the requester’s .ATP driver returns an appropriate error message to the requester. •••Refer to Figure 4.••• Figure 4–Datagram Loss Recovery Note: There may be situations where, due to an anticipated delay, you’ll want a request to be retransmitted more than 255 times; specifying a retry count of 255 indicates “infinite retries” to ATP and will cause a message to be retransmitted until the request has either been serviced, or been cancelled through a specific call. _______________________________________________________________________________ »THE APPLETALK MANAGER _______________________________________________________________________________ Finally, in our example, what if the responder is able to provide only four disk sectors (having reached the end of the disk) instead of the six requested? To handle this situation, there’s an end-of-message (EOM) flag in each TResp datagram. In this case, the TResp datagram numbered 3 would come with this flag set. The reception of this datagram informs the requester’s .ATP driver that TResps numbered 4 and 5 will not be sent and should not be expected. When the transaction completes successfully (all expected TResp datagrams are received or TResp datagrams numbered 0 to n are received with datagram n’s EOM flag set), the requester is informed and can then use the data received in the TResp. ATP provides two classes of service: at-least-once (ALO) and exactly-once (XO). The TReq datagram contains an XO flag that’s set if XO service is required and cleared if ALO service is adequate. The main difference between the two is in the sequence of events that occurs when the TReq is received by the responder’s .ATP driver. In the case of ALO service, each time a TReq is received (with the XO flag cleared), it’s delivered to the responder by its .ATP driver; this is true even for retransmitted TReqs of the same transaction. Each time the TReq is delivered, the responder performs the requested operation and sends the necessary TResp datagrams. Thus, the requested operation is performed at least once, and perhaps several times, until the transaction is completed at the requester’s end. The at-least-once service is satisfactory in a variety of situations—for instance, if the requester wishes to read a clock or a counter being maintained at the responder’s end. However, in other circumstances, repeated execution of the requested operation is unacceptable. This is the case, for instance, if the requester is sending data to be printed at the responding end; exactly-once service is designed for such situations. The responder’s .ATP driver maintains a transactions list of recently received XO TReqs. Whenever a TReq is received with its XO flag set, the driver goes through this list to see if this is a retransmitted TReq. If it’s the first TReq of a transaction, it’s entered into the list and delivered to the responder. The responder executes the requested operation and calls its driver to send a TResp. Before sending it out, the .ATP driver saves the TResp in the list. When a retransmitted TReq for the same XO transaction is received, the responder’s .ATP driver will find a corresponding entry in the list. The retransmitted TReq is not delivered to the responder; instead, the driver automatically retransmits the response datagrams that were saved in the list. In this way, the responder never sees the retransmitted TReqs and the requested operation is performed only once. ATP must include a mechanism for eventually removing XO entries from the responding end’s transaction list; two provisions are made for this. When the requester’s .ATP driver has received all the TResp datagrams of a particular transaction, it sends a datagram known as a transaction release (TRel); this tells the responder’s .ATP driver to remove the transaction from the list. However, the TRel could be lost in the network (or the responding end may die, and so on), leaving the entry in the list forever. To account for this situation, the responder’s .ATP driver maintains a release timer for each transaction. If this timer expires and no activity has occurred for the transaction, its entry is removed from the transactions list. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY About…the…AppleTalk…Manager æC »ABOUT THE APPLETALK MANAGER AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ The AppleTalk Manager is divided into three parts (see Figure 5): • A lower-level driver called “.MPP” that contains code to implement ALAP, DDP, NBP, and the RTMP stub; this includes separate code resources loaded in when an NBP name is registered or looked up. • A higher-level driver called “.ATP” that implements ATP. • A Pascal interface to these two drivers, which is a set of Pascal data types and routines to aid Pascal programmers in calling the AppleTalk Manager. •••Refer to Figure 5.••• Figure 5–Calling the AppleTalk Manager The two drivers and the interface to them are not in ROM; your application must link to the appropriate object files. Pascal programmers make calls to the AppleTalk Manager’s Pascal interface, which in turn makes Device Manager Control calls to the two drivers. Assembly-language programmers make Device Manager Control calls directly to the drivers. Note: Pascal programmers can, of course, make PBControl calls directly if they wish. The AppleTalk Manager provides ALAP routines that allow a program to: • send a frame to another node • receive a frame from another node • add a protocol handler to the protocol handler table • remove a protocol handler from the protocol handler table Each node may have up to four protocol handlers in its protocol handler table, two of which are currently used by DDP. By calling DDP, socket clients can: • send a datagram via a socket • receive a datagram via a socket • open a socket and add a socket listener to the socket table • close a socket and remove a socket listener from the socket table Each node may have up to 12 open sockets in its socket table. Programs cannot access RTMP directly via the AppleTalk Manager; RTMP exists solely for the purpose of providing DDP with routing information. The NBP code allows a socket client to: • register the name and socket number of an entity in the node’s names table • determine the address (and confirm the existence) of an entity • delete the name of an entity from the node’s names table The AppleTalk Manager’s .ATP driver allows a socket client to do the following: • open a responding socket to receive requests • send a request to another socket and get back a response • receive a request via a responding socket • send a response via a responding socket • close a responding socket Note: Although the AppleTalk Manager provides four different protocols for your use, you’re not bound to use all of them. In fact, most programmers will use only the NBP and ATP protocols. AppleTalk communicates via channel B of the Serial Communications Controller (SCC). When the Macintosh is started up with a disk containing the AppleTalk code, the status of serial port B is checked. If port B isn’t being used by another device driver, and is available for use by AppleTalk, the .MPP driver is loaded into the system heap. On a Macintosh 128K, only the MPP code is loaded at system startup; the .ATP driver and NBP code are read into the application heap when the appropriate commands are issued. On a Macintosh 512K or XL, all AppleTalk code is loaded into the system heap at system startup. After loading the AppleTalk code, the .MPP driver installs its own interrupt handlers, installs a task into the vertical retrace queue, and prepares the SCC for use. It then chooses a node ID for the Macintosh and confirms that the node ID isn’t already being used by another node on the network. Warning: For this reason it’s imperative that the Macintosh be connected to the AppleTalk network through serial port B (the printer port) before being switched on. The AppleTalk Manager also provides Pascal routines for opening and closing the .MPP and .ATP drivers. The open calls allow a program to load AppleTalk code at times other than system startup. The close calls allow a program to remove the AppleTalk code from the Macintosh; the use of close calls is highly discouraged, since other co-resident programs are then “disconnected” from AppleTalk. Both sets of calls are described in detail under “Calling the AppleTalk Manager from Pascal”. Warning: If, at system startup, serial port B isn’t available for use by AppleTalk, the .MPP driver won’t open. However, a driver doesn’t return an error message when it fails to open. Pascal programmers must ensure the proper opening of AppleTalk by calling one of the two routines for opening the AppleTalk drivers (either MPPOpen or ATPLoad). If AppleTalk was successfully loaded at system startup, these calls will have no effect; otherwise they’ll check the availability of port B, attempt to load the AppleTalk code, and return an appropriate result code. Assembly-language note: Assembly-language programmers can use the Pascal routines for opening AppleTalk. They can also check the availability of port B themselves and then decide whether to open MPP or ATP. Detailed information on how to do this is provided in the section “Calling the AppleTalk Manager from Assembly Language”. The two AppleTalk device drivers, named .MPP and .ATP, are included in the 128K ROM. The AppleTalk Manager, however (the interface to the drivers), is not in ROM; your application must link to the appropriate object files. On the Macintosh Plus, you need only open the .MPP driver; this will also load the .ATP driver and NBP code automatically. Since, in the 128K ROM, device drivers return errors, it’s no longer necessary to check whether port B is free and configured for AppleTalk. If port B isn’t available, the .MPP driver won’t open and the result code portInUse or portNotCf will be returned. Assembly-language note: When called from assembly language, the Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) allows 14 (instead of 12) open sockets. The changes to the AppleTalk manager increase functionality and resources. Two interfaces for the AppleTalk Manager calls are discussed: the new or preferred interface and the alternate interface. Picking a node address in the server range, sending packets to one’s own node, multiple concurrent NBP requests, sending ATP requests through a specified socket and two new ATP calls are also discussed in this section. These calls can only be made with the preferred interface. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Calling…the…AppleTalk…Manager…from…Pascal æC »CALLING THE APPLETALK MANAGER FROM PASCAL AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ This section discusses how to use the AppleTalk Manager from Pascal. Equivalent assembly-language information is given in the “Calling the AppleTalk Manager from Assembly Language” section. You can execute many AppleTalk Manager routines either synchronously (meaning that the application can’t continue until the routine is completed) or asynchronously (meaning that the application is free to perform other tasks while the routine is being executed). When an application calls an AppleTalk Manager routine asynchronously, an I/O request is placed in the appropriate driver’s I/O queue, and control returns to the calling program—possibly even before the actual I/O is completed. Requests are taken from the queue one at a time, and processed; meanwhile, the calling program is free to work on other things. The routines that can be executed asynchronously contain a Boolean parameter called async. If async is TRUE, the call is executed asynchronously; otherwise the call is executed synchronously. Every time an asynchronous routine call is completed, the AppleTalk Manager posts a network event. The message field of the event record will contain a handle to the parameter block that was used to make that call. Most AppleTalk Manager routines return an integer result code of type OSErr. Each routine description lists all of the applicable result codes generated by the AppleTalk Manager, along with a short description of what the result code means. Lengthier explanations of all the result codes can be found in the summary at the end of the chapter. Result codes from other parts of the Operating System may also be returned. (See Appendix A for a list of all result codes.) Many Pascal calls to the AppleTalk Manager require information passed in a parameter block of type ABusRecord. The exact content of an ABusRecord depends on the protocol being called: TYPE ABProtoType = (lapProto,ddpProto,nbpProto,atpProto); ABusRecord = RECORD abOpcode: ABCallType; {type of call} abResult: INTEGER; {result code} abUserReference: LONGINT; {for your use} CASE ABProtoType OF lapProto: . . . {ALAP parameters} ddpProto: . . . {DDP parameters} nbpProto: . . . {NBP parameters} atpProto: . . . {ATP parameters} END; END; ABRecPtr = ^ABusRecord; ABRecHandle = ^ABRecPtr; The value of the abOpcode field is inserted by the AppleTalk Manager when the call is made, and is always a member of the following set: TYPE ABCallType = (tLAPRead,tLAPWrite,tDDPRead,tDDPWrite,tNBPLookup, tNBPConfirm,tNBPRegister,tATPSndRequest, tATPGetRequest,tATPSdRsp,tATPAddRsp,tATPRequest, tATPRespond); The abUserReference field is available for use by the calling program in any way it wants. This field isn’t used by the AppleTalk Manager routines or drivers. The size of an ABusRecord data structure in bytes is given by one of the following constants: CONST lapSize = 20; ddpSize = 26; nbpSize = 26; atpSize = 56; Variables of type ABusRecord must be allocated in the heap with Memory Manager NewHandle calls. For example: myABRecord := ABRecHandle(NewHandle(ddpSize)) Warning: These Memory Manager calls can’t be made inside interrupts. Routines that are executed asynchronously return control to the calling program with the result code noErr as soon as the call is placed in the driver’s I/O queue. This isn’t an indication of successful call completion; it simply indicates that the call was successfully queued to the appropriate driver. To determine when the call is actually completed, you can either check for a network event or poll the abResult field of the call’s ABusRecord. The abResult field, set to 1 when the call is made, receives the actual result code upon completion of the call. Warning: A data structure of type ABusRecord is often used by the AppleTalk Manager during an asynchronous call, and so is locked by the AppleTalk Manager. Don’t attempt to unlock or use such a variable. Each routine description includes a list of the ABusRecord fields affected by the routine. The arrow next to each field name indicates whether it’s an input, output, or input/output parameter: Arrow Meaning --> Parameter is passed to the routine <-- Parameter is returned by the routine <-> Parameter is passed to and returned by the routine _______________________________________________________________________________ »Opening and Closing AppleTalk •••Refer to Technical Note #224:••• FUNCTION MPPOpen : OSErr; [Not in ROM] MPPOpen first checks whether the .MPP driver has already been loaded; if it has, MPPOpen does nothing and returns noErr. If MPP hasn’t been loaded, MPPOpen attempts to load it into the system heap. If it succeeds, it then initializes the driver’s variables and goes through the process of dynamically assigning a node ID to that Macintosh. On a Macintosh 512K or XL, it also loads the .ATP driver and NBP code into the system heap. If serial port B isn’t configured for AppleTalk, or is already in use, the .MPP driver isn’t loaded and an appropriate result code is returned. Result codes noErr No error portInUse Port B is already in use portNotCf Port B not configured for AppleTalk FUNCTION MPPClose : OSErr; [Not in ROM] MPPClose removes the .MPP driver, and any data structures associated with it, from memory. If the .ATP driver or NBP code were also installed, they’re removed as well. MPPClose also returns the use of port B to the Serial Driver. Warning: Since other co-resident programs may be using AppleTalk, it’s strongly recommended that you never use this call. MPPClose will completely disable AppleTalk; the only way to restore AppleTalk is to call MPPOpen again. _______________________________________________________________________________ »AppleTalk Link Access Protocol »Data Structures ALAP calls use the following ABusRecord fields: lapProto: (lapAddress: LAPAdrBlock; {destination or source node ID} lapReqCount: INTEGER; {length of frame data or buffer size in bytes} lapActCount: INTEGER; {number of frame data bytes actually received} lapDataPtr: Ptr); {pointer to frame data or pointer to buffer} When an ALAP frame is sent, the lapAddress field indicates the ID of the destination node. When an ALAP frame is received, lapAddress returns the ID of the source node. The lapAddress field also indicates the ALAP protocol type of the frame: TYPE LAPAdrBlock = PACKED RECORD dstNodeID: Byte; {destination node ID} srcNodeID: Byte; {source node ID} lapProtType: ABByte {ALAP protocol type} END; When an ALAP frame is sent, lapReqCount indicates the size of the frame data in bytes and lapDataPtr points to a buffer containing the frame data to be sent. When an ALAP frame is received, lapDataPtr points to a buffer in which the incoming data can be stored and lapReqCount indicates the size of the buffer in bytes. The number of bytes actually sent or received is returned in the lapActCount field. Each ALAP frame contains an eight-bit ALAP protocol type in the header. ALAP protocol types 128 through 255 are reserved for internal use by ALAP, hence the declaration: TYPE ABByte = 1..127; {ALAP protocol type} Warning: Don’t use ALAP protocol type values 1 and 2; they’re reserved for use by DDP. Value 3 through 15 are reserved for internal use by Apple and also shouldn’t be used. »Using ALAP Most programs will never need to call ALAP, because higher-level protocols will automatically call it as necessary. If you do want to send a frame directly via ALAP, call the LAPWrite function. If you want to read ALAP frames, you have two choices: • Call LAPOpenProtocol with NIL for protoPtr (see below); this installs the default protocol handler provided by the AppleTalk Manager. Then call LAPRead to receive frames. • Write your own protocol handler, and call LAPOpenProtocol to add it to the node’s protocol handler table. The ALAP code will examine every incoming frame and send all those with the correct ALAP protocol type to your protocol handler. See the section “Protocol Handlers and Socket Listeners” for information on how to write a protocol handler. When your program no longer wants to receive frames with a particular ALAP protocol type value, it can call LAPCloseProtocol to remove the corresponding protocol handler from the protocol handler table. »ALAP Routines FUNCTION LAPOpenProtocol (theLAPType: ABByte; protoPtr: Ptr) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] LAPOpenProtocol adds the ALAP protocol type specified by theLAPType to the node’s protocol table. If you provide a pointer to a protocol handler in protoPtr, ALAP will send each frame with an ALAP protocol type of theLAPType to that protocol handler. If protoPtr is NIL, the default protocol handler will be used for receiving frames with an ALAP protocol type of theLAPType. In this case, to receive a frame you must call LAPRead to provide the default protocol handler with a buffer for placing the data. If, however, you’ve written your own protocol handler and protoPtr points to it, your protocol handler will have the responsibility for receiving the frame and it’s not necessary to call LAPRead. Result codes noErr No error lapProtErr Error attaching protocol type FUNCTION LAPCloseProtocol (theLAPType: ABByte) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] LAPCloseProtocol removes from the node’s protocol table the specified ALAP protocol type, as well as its protocol handler. Warning: Don’t close ALAP protocol type values 1 or 2. If you close these protocol types, DDP will be disabled; once disabled, the only way to restore DDP is to restart the system, or to close and then reopen AppleTalk. Result codes noErr No error lapProtErr Error detaching protocol type FUNCTION LAPWrite (abRecord: ABRecHandle; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ABusRecord <-- abOpcode {always tLAPWrite} <-- abResult {result code} --> abUserReference {for your use} --> lapAddress.dstNodeID {destination node ID} --> lapAddress.lapProtType {ALAP protocol type} --> lapReqCount {length of frame data} --> lapDataPtr {pointer to frame data} LAPWrite sends a frame to another node. LAPReqCount and lapDataPtr specify the length and location of the data to send. The lapAddress.lapProtType field indicates the ALAP protocol type of the frame and the lapAddress.dstNodeID indicates the node ID of the node to which the frame should be sent. Note: The first two bytes of an ALAP frame’s data must contain the length in bytes of that data, including the length bytes themselves. Result codes noErr No error excessCollsns Unable to contact destination node; packet not sent ddpLenErr ALAP data length too big lapProtErr Invalid ALAP protocol type FUNCTION LAPRead (abRecord: ABRecHandle; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ABusRecord <-- abOpcode {always tLAPRead} <-- abResult {result code} --> abUserReference {for your use} <-- lapAddress.dstNodeID {destination node ID} <-- lapAddress.srcNodeID {source node ID} --> lapAddress.lapProtType {ALAP protocol type} --> lapReqCount {buffer size in bytes} <-- lapActCount {number of frame data bytes actually received} --> lapDataPtr {pointer to buffer} LAPRead receives a frame from another node. LAPReqCount and lapDataPtr specify the size and location of the buffer that will receive the frame data. If the buffer isn’t large enough to hold all of the incoming frame data, the extra bytes will be discarded and buf2SmallErr will be returned. The number of bytes actually received is returned in lapActCount. Only frames with ALAP protocol type equal to lapAddress.lapProtType will be received. The node IDs of the frame’s source and destination nodes are returned in lapAddress.srcNodeID and lapAddress.dstNodeID. You can determine whether the packet was broadcast to you by examining the value of lapAddress.dstNodeID—if the packet was broadcast it’s equal to 255, otherwise it’s equal to your node ID. Note: You should issue LAPRead calls only for ALAP protocol types that were opened (via LAPOpenProtocol) to use the default protocol handler. Warning: If you close a protocol type for which there are still LAPRead calls pending, the calls will be canceled but the memory occupied by their ABusRecords will not be released. For this reason, before closing a protocol type, call LAPRdCancel to cancel any pending LAPRead calls associated with that protocol type. Result codes noErr No error buf2SmallErr Frame too large for buffer readQErr Invalid protocol type or protocol type not found in table FUNCTION LAPRdCancel (abRecord: ABRecHandle) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] Given the handle to the ABusRecord of a previously made LAPRead call, LAPRdCancel dequeues the LAPRead call, provided that a packet satisfying the LAPRead has not already arrived. LAPRdCancel returns noErr if the LAPRead call is successfully removed from the queue. If LAPRdCancel returns recNotFnd, check the abResult field to verify that the LAPRead has been completed and determine its outcome. Result codes noErr No error readQErr Invalid protocol type or protocol type not found in table recNotFnd ABRecord not found in queue »Example This example sends an ALAP packet synchronously and waits asynchronously for a response. Assume that both nodes are using a known protocol type (in this case, 73) to receive packets, and that the destination node has a node ID of 4. VAR myABRecord: ABRecHandle; myBuffer: PACKED ARRAY [0..599] OF CHAR; {buffer for both send and receive} myLAPType: Byte; errCode, index, dataLen: INTEGER; someText: Str255; async: BOOLEAN; BEGIN errCode := MPPOpen; IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('Error in opening AppleTalk') {Maybe serial port B isn't available for use by AppleTalk} ELSE BEGIN {Call Memory Manager to allocate ABusRecord} myABRecord := ABRecHandle(NewHandle(lapSize)); myLAPType := 73; {Enter myLAPType into protocol handler table and install default handler to } { service frames of that ALAP type. No packets of that ALAP type will be } { received until we call LAPRead.} errCode := LAPOpenProtocol(myLAPType, NIL); IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('Error while opening the protocol type') {Have we opened too many protocol types? Remember that DDP uses two of } { them.} ELSE BEGIN {Prepare data to be sent} someText := 'This data will be in the ALAP data area'; {The .MPP implementation requires that the first two bytes of the ALAP } { data field contain the length of the data, including the length bytes } { themselves.} dataLen := LENGTH(someText) + 2; buffer[0] := CHR(dataLen DIV 256); {high byte of data length} buffer[1] := CHR(dataLen MOD 256); {low byte of data length} FOR index := 1 TO dataLen - 2 DO {stuff buffer with packet data} buffer[index + 1] := someText[index]; async := FALSE; WITH myABRecord^^ DO {fill parameters in the ABusRecord} BEGIN lapAddress.lapProtType := myLAPType; lapAddress.dstNodeID := 4; lapReqCount := dataLen; lapDataPtr := @buffer; END; {Send the frame} errCode := LAPWrite(myABRecord, async); {In the case of a sync call, errCode and the abResult field of } { the myABRecord will contain the same result code. We can also } { reuse myABRecord, since we know whether the call has completed.} IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('Error while writing out the packet') {Maybe the receiving node wasn't on-line} ELSE BEGIN {We have sent out the packet and are now waiting for a response. We } { issue an async LAPRead call so that we don't “hang” waiting for a } { response that may not come.} async := TRUE; WITH myABRecord^^ DO BEGIN lapAddress.lapProtType := myLAPType; {ALAP type we want to receive } lapReqCount := 600; {our buffer is maximum size} lapDataPtr := @buffer; END; errCode := LAPRead(myABRecord, async); {wait for a packet} IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('Error while trying to queue up a LAPRead') {Was the protocol handler installed correctly?} ELSE BEGIN {We can either sit here in a loop and poll the abResult } { field or just exit our code and use the event } { mechanism to flag us when the packet arrives.} CheckForMyEvent; {your procedure for checking for a network event} errCode := LAPCloseProtocol(myLAPType); IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('Error while closing the protocol type'); END; END; END; END; END. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Datagram Delivery Protocol »Data Structures DDP calls use the following ABusRecord fields: ddpProto: (ddpType: Byte; {DDP protocol type} ddpSocket: Byte; {source or listening socket number} ddpAddress: AddrBlock; {destination or source socket address} ddpReqCount: INTEGER; {length of datagram data or buffer size in bytes} ddpActCount: INTEGER; {number of bytes actually received} ddpDataPtr: Ptr; {pointer to buffer} ddpNodeID: Byte); {original destination node ID} When a DDP datagram is sent, ddpReqCount indicates the size of the datagram data in bytes and ddpDataPtr points to a buffer containing the datagram data. DDPSocket specifies the socket from which the datagram should be sent. DDPAddress is the internet address of the socket to which the datagram should be sent: TYPE AddrBlock = PACKED RECORD aNet: INTEGER; {network number} aNode: Byte; {node ID} aSocket: Byte {socket number} END; Note: The network number you specify in ddpAddress.aNet tells MPP whether to create a long header (for an internet) or a short header (for a local network only). A short DDP header will be sent if ddpAddress.aNet is 0 or equal to the network number of the local network. When a DDP datagram is received, ddpDataPtr points to a buffer in which the incoming data can be stored and ddpReqCount indicates the size of the buffer in bytes. The number of bytes actually sent or received is returned in the ddpActCount field. DDPAddress is the internet address of the socket from which the datagram was sent. DDPType is the DDP protocol type of the datagram, and ddpSocket specifies the socket that will receive the datagram. Warning: DDP protocol types 1 through 15 and DDP socket numbers 1 through 63 are reserved by Apple for internal use. Socket numbers 64 through 127 are available for experimental use. Use of these experimental sockets isn’t recommended for commercial products, since there’s no mechanism for eliminating conflicting usage by different developers. »Using DDP Before it can use a socket, the program must call DDPOpenSocket, which adds a socket and its socket listener to the socket table. When a program is finished using a socket, call DDPCloseSocket, which removes the socket’s entry from the socket table. To send a datagram via DDP, call DDPWrite. To receive datagrams, you have two choices: • Call DDPOpenSocket with NIL for sktListener (see below); this installs the default socket listener provided by the AppleTalk Manager. Then call DDPRead to receive datagrams. • Write your own socket listener and call DDPOpenSocket to install it. DDP will call your socket listener for every incoming datagram for that socket; in this case, you shouldn’t call DDPRead. For information on how to write a socket listener, see the section “Protocol Handlers and Socket Listeners”. To cancel a previously issued DDPRead call (provided it’s still in the queue), call DDPRdCancel. »DDP Routines FUNCTION DDPOpenSocket (VAR theSocket: Byte; sktListener: Ptr) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] DDPOpenSocket adds a socket and its socket listener to the socket table. If theSocket is nonzero, it must be in the range 64 to 127, and it specifies the socket’s number; if theSocket is 0, DDPOpenSocket dynamically assigns a socket number in the range 128 to 254, and returns it in theSocket. SktListener contains a pointer to the socket listener; if it’s NIL, the default listener will be used. If you’re using the default socket listener, you must then call DDPRead to receive a datagram (in order to specify buffer space for the default socket listener). If, however, you’ve written your own socket listener and sktListener points to it, your listener will provide buffers for receiving datagrams and you shouldn’t use DDPRead calls. DDPOpenSocket will return ddpSktErr if you pass the number of an already opened socket, if you pass a socket number greater than 127, or if the socket table is full. Note: The range of static socket numbers 1 through 63 is reserved by Apple for internal use. Socket numbers 64 through 127 are available for unrestricted experimental use. Result codes noErr No error ddpSktErr Socket error FUNCTION DDPCloseSocket (theSocket: Byte) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] DDPCloseSocket removes the entry of the specified socket from the socket table and cancels all pending DDPRead calls that have been made for that socket. If you pass a socket number of 0, or if you attempt to close a socket that isn’t open, DDPCloseSocket will return ddpSktErr. Result codes noErr No error ddpSktErr Socket error FUNCTION DDPWrite (abRecord: ABRecHandle; doChecksum: BOOLEAN; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ABusRecord <-- abOpcode {always tDDPWrite} <-- abResult {result code} --> abUserReference {for your use} --> ddpType {DDP protocol type} --> ddpSocket {source socket number} --> ddpAddress {destination socket address} --> ddpReqCount {length of datagram data} --> ddpDataPtr {pointer to buffer} DDPWrite sends a datagram to another socket. DDPReqCount and ddpDataPtr specify the length and location of the data to send. The ddpType field indicates the DDP protocol type of the frame, and ddpAddress is the complete internet address of the socket to which the datagram should be sent. DDPSocket specifies the socket from which the datagram should be sent. Datagrams sent over the internet to a node on an AppleTalk network different from the sending node’s network have an optional software checksum to detect errors that might occur inside the intermediate bridges. If doChecksum is TRUE, DDPWrite will compute this checksum; if it’s FALSE, this software checksum feature is ignored. Note: The destination socket can’t be in the same node as the program making the DDPWrite call. Result codes noErr No error ddpLenErr Datagram length too big ddpSktErr Source socket not open noBridgeErr No bridge found FUNCTION DDPRead (abRecord: ABRecHandle; retCksumErrs: BOOLEAN; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ABusRecord <-- abOpcode {always tDDPRead} <-- abResult {result code} --> abUserReference {for your use} <-- ddpType {DDP protocol type} --> ddpSocket {listening socket number} <-- ddpAddress {source socket address} --> ddpReqCount {buffer size in bytes} <-- ddpActCount {number of bytes actually received} --> ddpDataPtr {pointer to buffer} <-- ddpNodeID {original destination node ID} DDPRead receives a datagram from another socket. The size and location of the buffer that will receive the data are specified by ddpReqCount and ddpDataPtr. If the buffer isn’t large enough to hold all of the incoming frame data, the extra bytes will be discarded and buf2SmallErr will be returned. The number of bytes actually received is returned in ddpActCount. DDPSocket specifies the socket to receive the datagram (the “listening” socket). The node to which the packet was sent is returned in ddpNodeID; if the packet was broadcast ddpNodeID will contain 255. The address of the socket that sent the packet is returned in ddpAddress. If retCksumErrs is FALSE, DDPRead will discard any packets received with an invalid checksum and inform the caller of the error. If retCksumErrs is TRUE, DDPRead will deliver all packets, whether or not the checksum is valid; it will also notify the caller when there’s a checksum error. Note: The sender of the datagram must be in a different node from the receiver. You should issue DDPRead calls only for receiving datagrams for sockets opened with the default socket listener; see the description of DDPOpenSocket. Note: If the buffer provided isn’t large enough to hold all of the incoming frame data (buf2SmallErr), the checksum can’t be calculated; in this case, DDPRead will deliver packets even if retCksumErrs is FALSE. Result codes noErr No error buf2SmallErr Datagram too large for buffer cksumErr Checksum error ddpLenErr Datagram length too big ddpSktErr Socket error readQErr Invalid socket or socket not found in table FUNCTION DDPRdCancel (abRecord: ABRecHandle) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] Given the handle to the ABusRecord of a previously made DDPRead call, DDPRdCancel dequeues the DDPRead call, provided that a packet satisfying the DDPRead hasn’t already arrived. DDPRdCancel returns noErr if the DDPRead call is successfully removed from the queue. If DDPRdCancel returns recNotFnd, check the abResult field of abRecord to verify that the DDPRead has been completed and determine its outcome. Result codes noErr No error readQErr Invalid socket or socket not found in table recNotFnd ABRecord not found in queue »Example This example sends a DDP packet synchronously and waits asynchronously for a response. Assume that both nodes are using a known socket number (in this case, 30) to receive packets. Normally, you would want to use NBP to look up your destination’s socket address. VAR myABRecord: ABRecHandle; myBuffer: PACKED ARRAY [0..599] OF CHAR; {buffer for both send and receive} mySocket: Byte; errCode, index, dataLen: INTEGER; someText: Str255; async, retCksumErrs, doChecksum: BOOLEAN; BEGIN errCode := MPPOpen; IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('Error in opening AppleTalk') {Maybe serial port B isn't available for use by AppleTalk} ELSE BEGIN {Call Memory Manager to allocate ABusRecord} myABRecord := ABRecHandle(NewHandle(ddpSize)); mySocket := 30; {Add mySocket to socket table and install default socket listener to service } { datagrams addressed to that socket. No packets addressed to mySocket will be } { received until we call DDPRead. } errCode := DDPOpenSocket(mySocket, NIL); IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('Error while opening the socket') {Have we opened too many socket listeners? Remember that DDP uses two of } { them.} ELSE BEGIN {Prepare data to be sent} someText := 'This is a sample datagram'; dataLen := LENGTH(someText); FOR index := 0 TO dataLen - 1 DO {stuff buffer with packet data} myBuffer[index] := someText[index + 1]; async := FALSE; WITH myABRecord^^ DO {fill the parameters in the ABusRecord} BEGIN ddpType := 5; ddpAddress.aNet := 0; {send on “our” network} ddpAddress.aNode := 34; ddpAddress.aSocket := mySocket; ddpReqCount := dataLen; ddpDataPtr := @myBuffer; END; doChecksum := FALSE; {If packet contains a DDP long header, compute checksum and insert it into } { the header.} errCode := DDPWrite(myABRecord, doChecksum, async); {send packet} {In the case of a sync call, errCode and the abResult field of myABRecord } { will contain the same result code. We can also reuse myABRecord, since we } { know whether the call has completed.} IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('Error while writing out the packet') {Maybe the receiving node wasn't on-line} ELSE BEGIN {We have sent out the packet and are now waiting for a response. We } { issue an async DDPRead call so that we don't “hang” waiting for a } { response that may not come. To cancel the async read call, we must } { close the socket associated with the call or call DDPRdCancel.} async := TRUE; retCksumErrs := TRUE; {return packets even if } { they have a checksum error} WITH myABRecord^^ DO BEGIN ddpSocket := mySocket; ddpReqCount := 600; {our reception buffer is max size} ddpDataPtr := @myBuffer; END; {Wait for a packet asynchronously} errCode := DDPRead(myABRecord, retCksumErrs, async); IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('Error while trying to queue up a DDPRead') {Was the socket listener installed correctly?} ELSE BEGIN {We can either sit here in a loop and poll the } { abResult field or just exit our code and use the } { event mechanism to flag us when the packet arrives.} CheckForMyEvent; {your procedure for checking for a } { network event} {If there were no errors, a packet is inside the array } { mybuffer, the length is in ddpActCount, and the } { address of the sending socket is in ddpAddress. } { Process the packet received here and report any errors.} errCode := DDPCloseSocket(mySocket); {we're done with it} IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('Error while closing the socket'); END; END; END; END; END. _______________________________________________________________________________ »AppleTalk Transaction Protocol »Data Structures ATP calls use the following ABusRecord fields: atpProto: (atpSocket: Byte; {listening or responding socket number} atpAddress: AddrBlock; {destination or source socket address} atpReqCount: INTEGER; {request size or buffer size} atpDataPtr: Ptr; {pointer to buffer} atpRspBDSPtr: BDSPtr; {pointer to response BDS} atpBitMap: BitMapType; {transaction bit map} atpTransID: INTEGER; {transaction ID} atpActCount: INTEGER; {number of bytes actually received} atpUserData: LONGINT; {user bytes} atpXO: BOOLEAN; {exactly-once flag} atpEOM: BOOLEAN; {end-of-message flag} atpTimeOut: Byte; {retry timeout interval in seconds} atpRetries: Byte; {maximum number of retries} atpNumBufs: Byte; {number of elements in response BDS or number } { of response packets sent} atpNumRsp: Byte; {number of response packets received or } { sequence number} atpBDSSize: Byte; {number of elements in response BDS} atpRspUData: LONGINT; {user bytes sent or received in transaction } { response} atpRspBuf: Ptr; {pointer to response message buffer} atpRspSize: INTEGER); {size of response message buffer} The socket receiving the request or sending the response is identified by atpSocket. ATPAddress is the address of either the destination or the source socket of a transaction, depending on whether the call is sending or receiving data, respectively. ATPDataPtr and atpReqCount specify the location and size (in bytes) of a buffer that either contains a request or will receive a request. The number of bytes actually received in a request is returned in atpActCount. ATPTransID specifies the transaction ID. The transaction bit map is contained in atpBitMap, in the form: TYPE BitMapType = PACKED ARRAY[0..7] OF BOOLEAN; Each bit in the bit map corresponds to one of the eight possible packets in a response. For example, when a request is made for which five response packets are expected, the bit map sent is binary 00011111 or decimal 31. If the second packet in the response is lost, the requesting socket will retransmit the request with a bit map of binary 00000010 or decimal 2. ATPUserData contains the user bytes of an ATP header. ATPXO is TRUE if the transaction is to be made with exactly-once service. ATPEOM is TRUE if the response packet is the last packet of a transaction. If the number of responses is less than the number that were requested, then ATPEOM must also be TRUE. ATPNumRsp contains either the number of responses received or the sequence number of a response. The timeout interval in seconds and the maximum number of times that a request should be made are indicated by atpTimeOut and atpRetries, respectively. Note: Setting atpRetries to 255 will cause the request to be retransmitted indefinitely, until a full response is received or the call is canceled. ATP provides a data structure, known as a response buffer data structure (response BDS), for allocating buffer space to receive the datagram(s) of the response. A response BDS is an array of one to eight elements. Each BDS element defines the size and location of a buffer for receiving one response datagram; they’re numbered 0 to 7 to correspond to the sequence numbers of the response datagrams. ATP needs a separate buffer for each response datagram expected, since packets may not arrive in the proper sequence. It does not, however, require you to set up and use the BDS data structure to describe the response buffers; if you don’t, ATP will do it for you. Two sets of calls are provided for both requests and responses; one set requires you to allocate a response BDS and the other doesn’t. Assembly-language note: The two calls that don’t require you to define a BDS data structure (ATPRequest and ATPResponse) are available in Pascal only. The number of BDS elements allocated (in other words, the maximum number of datagrams that the responder can send) is indicated in the TReq by an eight-bit bit map. The bits of this bit map are numbered 0 to 7 (the least significant bit being number 0); each bit corresponds to the response datagram with the respective sequence number. ATPRspBDSPtr and atpBDSSize indicate the location and number of elements in the response BDS, which has the following structure: TYPE BDSElement = RECORD buffSize: INTEGER; {buffer size in bytes} buffPtr: Ptr; {pointer to buffer} dataSize: INTEGER; {number of bytes actually received} userBytes: LONGINT {user bytes} END; BDSType = ARRAY[0..7] OF BDSElement; {response BDS} BDSPtr = ^BDSType; ATPNumBufs indicates the number of elements in the response BDS that contain information. In most cases, you can allocate space for your variables of BDSType statically with a VAR declaration. However, you can allocate only the minimum space required by your ATP calls by doing the following: VAR myBDSPtr: BDSPtr; . . . numOfBDS := 3; {number of elements needed} myBDSPtr := BDSPtr(NewPtr(SIZEOF(BDSElement) * numOfBDS)); Note: The userBytes field of the BDSElement and the atpUserData field of the ABusRecord represent the same information in the datagram. Depending on the ATP call made, one or both of these fields will be used. »Using ATP Before you can use ATP on a Macintosh 128K, the .ATP driver must be read from the system resource file via an ATPLoad call. The .ATP driver loads itself into the application heap and installs a task into the vertical retrace queue. Warning: When another application starts up, the application heap is reinitialized; on a Macintosh 128K, this means that the ATP code is lost (and must be reloaded by the next application). When you’re through using ATP on a Macintosh 128K, call ATPUnload—the system will be returned to the state it was in before the .ATP driver was opened. On a Macintosh 512K or XL, the .ATP driver will have been loaded into the system heap either at system startup or upon execution of MPPOpen or ATPLoad. ATPUnload has no effect on a Macintosh 512K or XL. To send a transaction request, call ATPSndRequest or ATPRequest. The .ATP driver will automatically select and open a socket through which the request datagram will be sent, and through which the response datagrams will be received. The requester must specify the full network address (network number, node ID, and socket number) of the socket to which the request is to be sent. This socket is known as the responding socket, and its address must be known in advance by the requester. At the responder’s end, before a transaction request can be received, a responding socket must be opened, and the appropriate calls be made, to receive a request. To do this, the responder first makes an ATPOpenSocket call which allows the responder to specify the address (or part of it) of the requesters from whom it’s willing to accept transaction requests. Then it issues an ATPGetRequest call to provide ATP with a buffer for receiving a request; when a request is received, ATPGetRequest is completed. The responder can queue up several ATPGetRequest calls, each of which will be completed as requests are received. Upon receiving a request, the responder performs the requested operation, and then prepares the information to be returned to the requester. It then calls ATPSndRsp (or ATPResponse) to send the response. Actually, the responder can issue the ATPSndRsp call with only part (or none) of the response specified. Additional portions of the response can be sent later by calling ATPAddRsp. The ATPSndRsp and ATPAddRsp calls provide flexibility in the design (and range of types) of transaction responders. For instance, the responder may, for some reason, be forced to send the responses out of sequence. Also, there might be memory constraints that force sending the complete transaction response in parts. Even though eight response datagrams might need to be sent, the responder might have only enough memory to build one datagram at a time. In this case, it would build the first response datagram and call ATPSndRsp to send it. It would then build the second response datagram in the same buffer and call ATPAddRsp to send it; and so on, for the third through eighth response datagrams. A responder can close a responding socket by calling ATPCloseSocket. This call cancels all pending ATP calls for that socket, such as ATPGetRequest, ATPSndRsp, and ATPResponse. For exactly-once transactions, the ATPSndRsp and ATPAddRsp calls don’t terminate until the entire transaction has completed (that is, the responding end receives a release packet, or the release timer has expired). To cancel a pending, asynchronous ATPSndRequest or ATPRequest call, call ATPReqCancel. To cancel a pending, asynchronous ATPSndRsp or ATPResponse call, call ATPRspCancel. Pending asynchronous ATPGetRequest calls can be canceled only by issuing the ATPCloseSocket call, but that will cancel all outstanding calls for that socket. •••Refer to Technical Note #250:••• Warning: You cannot reuse a variable of type ABusRecord passed to an ATP routine until the entire transaction has either been completed or canceled. »ATP Routines FUNCTION ATPLoad : OSErr; [Not in ROM] •••Refer to Technical Note #224:••• ATPLoad first verifies that the .MPP driver is loaded and running. If it isn’t, ATPLoad verifies that port B is configured for AppleTalk and isn’t in use, and then loads MPP into the system heap. ATPLoad then loads the .ATP driver, unless it’s already in memory. On a Macintosh 128K, ATPLoad reads the .ATP driver from the system resource file into the application heap; on a Macintosh 512K or XL, ATP is read into the system heap. Note: On a Macintosh 512K or XL, ATPLoad and MPPOpen perform essentially the same function. Result codes noErr No error portInUse Port B is already in use portNotCf Port B not configured for AppleTalk FUNCTION ATPUnload : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ATPUnload makes the .ATP driver purgeable; the space isn’t actually released by the Memory Manager until necessary. Note: This call applies only to a Macintosh 128K; on a Macintosh 512K or Macintosh XL, ATPUnload has no effect. Result codes noErr No error FUNCTION ATPOpenSocket (addrRcvd: AddrBlock; VAR atpSocket: Byte) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ATPOpenSocket opens a socket for the purpose of receiving requests. ATPSocket contains the socket number of the socket to open; if it’s 0, a number is dynamically assigned and returned in atpSocket. AddrRcvd contains a filter of the sockets from which requests will be accepted. A 0 in the network number, node ID, or socket number field of the addrRcvd record acts as a “wild card”; for instance, a 0 in the socket number field means that requests will be accepted from all sockets in the node(s) specified by the network and node fields. Result codes noErr No error tooManySkts Socket table full noDataArea Too many outstanding ATP calls Note: If you’re only going to send requests and receive responses to these requests, you don’t need to open an ATP socket. When you make the ATPSndRequest or ATPRequest call, ATP automatically opens a dynamically assigned socket for that purpose. FUNCTION ATPCloseSocket (atpSocket: Byte) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ATPCloseSocket closes the responding socket whose number is specified by atpSocket. It releases the data structures associated with all pending, asynchronous calls involving that socket; these pending calls are completed immediately and return the result code sktClosed. Result codes noErr No error noDataArea Too many outstanding ATP calls FUNCTION ATPSndRequest (abRecord: ABRecHandle; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ABusRecord <-- abOpcode {always tATPSndRequest} <-- abResult {result code} --> abUserReference {for your use} --> atpAddress {destination socket address} --> atpReqCount {request size in bytes} --> atpDataPtr {pointer to buffer} --> atpRspBDSPtr {pointer to response BDS} --> atpUserData {user bytes} --> atpXO {exactly-once flag} <-- atpEOM {end-of-message flag} --> atpTimeOut {retry timeout interval in seconds} --> atpRetries {maximum number of retries} --> atpNumBufs {number of elements in response BDS} <-- atpNumRsp {number of response packets actually received} ATPSndRequest sends a request to another socket. ATPAddress is the internet address of the socket to which the request should be sent. ATPDataPtr and atpReqCount specify the location and size of a buffer that contains the request information to be sent. ATPUserData contains the user bytes for the ATP header. ATPSndRequest requires you to allocate a response BDS. ATPRspBDSPtr is a pointer to the response BDS; atpNumBufs indicates the number of elements in the BDS (this is also the maximum number of response datagrams that will be accepted). The number of response datagrams actually received is returned in atpNumRsp; if a nonzero value is returned, you can examine the response BDS to determine which packets of the transaction were actually received. If the number returned is less than requested, one of the following is true: • Some of the packets have been lost and the retry count has been exceeded. • ATPEOM is TRUE; this means that the response consisted of fewer packets than were expected, but that all packets sent were received (the last packet came with the atpEOM flag set). ATPTimeOut indicates the length of time that ATPSndRequest should wait for a response before retransmitting the request. ATPRetries indicates the maximum number of retries ATPSndRequest should attempt. ATPXO should be TRUE if you want the request to be part of an exactly-once transaction. ATPSndRequest completes when either the transaction is completed or the retry count is exceeded. Result codes noErr No error reqFailed Retry count exceeded tooManyReqs Too many concurrent requests noDataArea Too many outstanding ATP calls FUNCTION ATPRequest (abRecord: ABRecHandle; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ABusRecord <-- abOpcode {always tATPRequest} <-- abResult {result code} --> abUserReference {for your use} --> atpAddress {destination socket address} --> atpReqCount {request size in bytes} --> atpDataPtr {pointer to buffer} <-- atpActCount {number of bytes actually received} --> atpUserData {user bytes} --> atpXO {exactly-once flag} <-- atpEOM {end-of-message flag} --> atpTimeOut {retry timeout interval in seconds} --> atpRetries {maximum number of retries} <-- atpRspUData {user bytes received in transaction response} --> atpRspBuf {pointer to response message buffer} --> atpRspSize {size of response message buffer} ATPRequest is functionally analogous to ATPSndRequest. It sends a request to another socket, but doesn’t require the caller to set up and use the BDS data structure to describe the response buffers. ATPAddress indicates the socket to which the request should be sent. ATPDataPtr and atpReqCount specify the location and size of a buffer that contains the request information to be sent. ATPUserData contains the user bytes to be sent in the request’s ATP header. ATPTimeOut indicates the length of time that ATPRequest should wait for a response before retransmitting the request. ATPRetries indicates the maximum number of retries ATPRequest should attempt. To use this call, you must have an area of contiguous buffer space that’s large enough to receive all expected datagrams. The various datagrams will be assembled in this buffer and returned to you as a complete message upon completion of the transaction. The location and size of this buffer are passed in atpRspBuf and atpRspSize. Upon completion of the call, the size of the received response message is returned in atpActCount. The user bytes received in the ATP header of the first response packet are returned in atpRspUData. ATPXO should be TRUE if you want the request to be part of an exactly-once transaction. Although you don’t provide a BDS, ATPRequest in fact creates one and calls the .ATP driver (as in an ATPSndRequest call). For this reason, the abRecord fields atpRspBDSPtr and atpNumBufs are used by ATPRequest; you should not expect these fields to remain unaltered during or after the function’s execution. For ATPRequest to receive and correctly deliver the response as a single message, the responding end must, upon receiving the request (with an ATPGetRequest call), generate the complete response as a message in a single buffer and then call ATPResponse. Note: The responding end could also use ATPSndRsp and ATPAddRsp provided that each response packet (except the last one) contains exactly 578 ATP data bytes; the last packet in the response can contain less than 578 ATP data bytes. Also, if this method is used, only the ATP user bytes of the first response packet will be delivered to the requester; any information in the user bytes of the remaining response packets will not be delivered. ATPRequest completes when either the transaction is completed or the retry count is exceeded. Result codes noErr No error reqFailed Retry count exceeded tooManyReqs Too many concurrent requests sktClosed Socket closed by a cancel call noDataArea Too many outstanding ATP calls FUNCTION ATPReqCancel (abRecord: ABRecHandle; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] Given the handle to the ABusRecord of a previously made ATPSndRequest or ATPRequest call, ATPReqCancel dequeues the ATPSndRequest or ATPRequest call, provided that the call hasn’t already completed. ATPReqCancel returns noErr if the ATPSndRequest or ATPRequest call is successfully removed from the queue. If it returns cbNotFound, check the abResult field of abRecord to verify that the ATPSndRequest or ATPRequest call has completed and determine its outcome. Result codes noErr No error cbNotFound ATP control block not found FUNCTION ATPGetRequest (abRecord: ABRecHandle; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ABusRecord <-- abOpcode {always tATPGetRequest} <-- abResult {result code} --> abUserReference {for your use} --> atpSocket {listening socket number} <-- atpAddress {source socket address} --> atpReqCount {buffer size in bytes} --> atpDataPtr {pointer to buffer} <-- atpBitMap {transaction bit map} <-- atpTransID {transaction ID} <-- atpActCount {number of bytes actually received} <-- atpUserData {user bytes} <-- atpXO {exactly-once flag} ATPGetRequest sets up the mechanism to receive a request sent by either an ATPSndRequest or an ATPRequest call. ATPSocket contains the socket number of the socket that should listen for a request; this socket must already have been opened by calling ATPOpenSocket. The address of the socket from which the request was sent is returned in atpAddress. ATPDataPtr specifies a buffer to store the incoming request; atpReqCount indicates the size of the buffer in bytes. The number of bytes actually received in the request is returned in atpActCount. ATPUserData contains the user bytes from the ATP header. The transaction bit map is returned in atpBitMap. The transaction ID is returned in atpTransID. ATPXO will be TRUE if the request is part of an exactly-once transaction. ATPGetRequest completes when a request is received. To cancel an asynchronous ATPGetRequest call, you must call ATPCloseSocket, but this cancels all pending calls involving that socket. Result codes noErr No error badATPSkt Bad responding socket sktClosed Socket closed by a cancel call FUNCTION ATPSndRsp (abRecord: ABRecHandle; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ABusRecord <-- abOpcode {always tATPSdRsp} <-- abResult {result code} --> abUserReference {for your use} --> atpSocket {responding socket number} --> atpAddress {destination socket address} --> atpRspBDSPtr {pointer to response BDS} --> atpTransID {transaction ID} --> atpEOM {end-of-message flag} --> atpNumBufs {number of response packets being sent} --> atpBDSSize {number of elements in response BDS} ATPSndRsp sends a response to another socket. ATPSocket contains the socket number from which the response should be sent and atpAddress contains the internet address of the socket to which the response should be sent. ATPTransID must contain the transaction ID. ATPEOM is TRUE if the response BDS contains the final packet in a transaction composed of a group of packets and the number of packets in the response is less than expected. ATPRspBDSPtr points to the buffer data structure containing the responses to be sent. ATPBDSSize indicates the number of elements in the response BDS, and must be in the range 1 to 8. ATPNumBufs indicates the number of response packets being sent with this call, and must be in the range 0 to 8. Note: In some situations, you may want to send only part (or possibly none) of your response message back immediately. For instance, you might be requested to send back seven disk blocks, but have only enough internal memory to store one block. In this case, set atpBDSSize to 7 (total number of response packets), atpNumBufs to 0 (number of response packets currently being sent), and call ATPSndRsp. Then as you read in one block at a time, call ATPAddRsp until all seven response datagrams have been sent. During exactly-once transactions, ATPSndRsp won’t complete until the release packet is received or the release timer expires. Result codes noErr No error badATPSkt Bad responding socket noRelErr No release received sktClosed Socket closed by a cancel call noDataArea Too many outstanding ATP calls badBuffNum Bad sequence number FUNCTION ATPAddRsp (abRecord: ABRecHandle) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ABusRecord <-- abOpcode {always tATPAddRsp} <-- abResult {result code} --> abUserReference {for your use} --> atpSocket {responding socket number} --> atpAddress {destination socket address} --> atpReqCount {buffer size in bytes} --> atpDataPtr {pointer to buffer} --> atpTransID {transaction ID} --> atpUserData {user bytes} --> atpEOM {end-of-message flag} --> atpNumRsp {sequence number} ATPAddRsp sends one additional response packet to a socket that has already been sent the initial part of a response via ATPSndRsp. ATPSocket contains the socket number from which the response should be sent and atpAddress contains the internet address of the socket to which the response should be sent. ATPTransID must contain the transaction ID. ATPDataPtr and atpReqCount specify the location and size of a buffer that contains the information to send; atpNumRsp is the sequence number of the response. ATPEOM is TRUE if this response datagram is the final packet in a transaction composed of a group of packets. ATPUserData contains the user bytes to be sent in this response datagram’s ATP header. Note: No BDS is needed with ATPAddRsp because all pertinent information is passed within the record. Result codes noErr No error badATPSkt Bad responding socket badBuffNum Bad sequence number noSendResp ATPAddRsp issued before ATPSndRsp noDataArea Too many outstanding ATP calls FUNCTION ATPResponse (abRecord: ABRecHandle; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ABusRecord <-- abOpcode {always tATPResponse} <-- abResult {result code} --> abUserReference {for your use} --> atpSocket {responding socket number} --> atpAddress {destination socket address} --> atpTransID {transaction ID) --> atpRspUData {user bytes sent in transaction response} --> atpRspBuf {pointer to response message buffer} --> atpRspSize {size of response message buffer} ATPResponse is functionally analogous to ATPSndRsp. It sends a response to another socket, but doesn’t require the caller to provide a BDS. ATPAddress must contain the complete network address of the socket to which the response should be sent (taken from the data provided by an ATPGetRequest call). ATPTransID must contain the transaction ID. ATPSocket indicates the socket from which the response should be sent (the socket on which the corresponding ATPGetRequest was issued). ATPRspBuf points to the buffer containing the response message; the size of this buffer must be passed in atpRspSize. The four user bytes to be sent in the ATP header of the first response packet are passed in atpRspUData. The last packet of the transaction response is sent with the EOM flag set. Although you don’t provide a BDS, ATPResponse in fact creates one and calls the .ATP driver (as in an ATPSndRsp call). For this reason, the abRecord fields atpRspBDSPtr and atpNumBufs are used by ATPResponse; you should not expect these fields to remain unaltered during or after the function’s execution. During exactly-once transactions ATPResponse won’t complete until the release packet is received or the release timer expires. Warning: The maximum permissible size of the response message is 4624 bytes. Result codes noErr No error badATPSkt Bad responding socket noRelErr No release received atpLenErr Response too big sktClosed Socket closed by a cancel call noDataArea Too many outstanding ATP calls FUNCTION ATPRspCancel (abRecord: ABRecHandle; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] Given the handle to the ABusRecord of a previously made ATPSndRsp or ATPResponse call, ATPRspCancel dequeues the ATPSndRsp or ATPResponse call, provided that the call hasn’t already completed. ATPRspCancel returns noErr if the ATPSndRsp or ATPResponse call is successfully removed from the queue. If it returns cbNotFound, check the abResult field of abRecord to verify that the ATPSndRsp or ATPResponse call has completed and determine its outcome. Result codes noErr No error cbNotFound ATP control block not found »Example This example shows the requesting side of an ATP transaction that asks for a 512-byte disk block from the responding end. The block number of the file is a byte and is contained in myBuffer[0]. VAR myABRecord: ABRecHandle; myBDSPtr: BDSPtr; myBuffer: PACKED ARRAY [0..511] OF CHAR; errCode: INTEGER; async: BOOLEAN; BEGIN errCode := ATPLoad; IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('Error in opening AppleTalk') {Maybe serial port B isn't available for use by AppleTalk} ELSE BEGIN {Prepare the BDS; allocate space for a one-element BDS} myBDSPtr := BDSPtr(NewPtr(SIZEOF(BDSElement))); WITH myBDSPtr^[0] DO BEGIN buffSize := 512; {size of our buffer used in reception} buffPtr := @myBuffer; {pointer to the buffer} END; {Prepare the ABusRecord} myBuffer[0] := CHR(1); {requesting disk block number 1} myABRecord := ABRecHandle(NewHandle(atpSize)); WITH myABRecord^^ DO BEGIN atpAddress.aNet := 0; atpAddress.aNode := 30; {we probably got this from an NBP call} atpAddress.aSocket := 15; {socket to send request to} atpReqCount := 1; {size of request data field (disk block #)} atpDataPtr := @myBuffer; {ptr to request to be sent} atpRspBDSPtr := @myBDSPtr; atpUserData := 0; {for your use} atpXO := FALSE; {at-least-once service} atpTimeOut := 5; {5-second timeout} atpRetries := 3; {3 retries; request will be sent 4 times max} atpNumBufs := 1; {we're only expecting 1 block to be returned} END; async := FALSE; {Send the request and wait for the response} errCode := ATPSndRequest(myABRecord, async); IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('An error occurred in the ATPSndRequest call') ELSE BEGIN {The disk block requested is now in myBuffer. We can verify } { that atpNumRsp contains 1, meaning one response received.} . . . END; END; END. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Name-Binding Protocol »Data Structures NBP calls use the following fields: nbpProto: (nbpEntityPtr: EntityPtr; {pointer to entity name} nbpBufPtr: Ptr; {pointer to buffer} nbpBufSize: INTEGER; {buffer size in bytes} nbpDataField: INTEGER; {number of addresses or socket number} nbpAddress: AddrBlock; {socket address} nbpRetransmitInfo: RetransType); {retransmission information} When data is sent via NBP, nbpBufSize indicates the size of the data in bytes and nbpBufPtr points to a buffer containing the data. When data is received via NBP, nbpBufPtr points to a buffer in which the incoming data can be stored and nbpBufSize indicates the size of the buffer in bytes. NBPAddress is used in some calls to give the internet address of a named entity. The AddrBlock data type is described above under “Datagram Delivery Protocol”. NBPEntityPtr points to a variable of type EntityName, which has the following data structure: TYPE EntityName = RECORD objStr: Str32; {object} typeStr: Str32; {type} zoneStr: Str32 {zone} END; EntityPtr = ^EntityName; Str32 = STRING[32]; NBPRetransmitInfo contains information about the number of times a packet should be transmitted and the interval between retransmissions: TYPE RetransType = PACKED RECORD retransInterval: Byte; {retransmit interval in } { 8-tick units} retransCount: Byte {total number of attempts} END; RetransCount contains the total number of times a packet should be transmitted, including the first transmission. If retransCount is 0, the packet will be transmitted a total of 255 times. »Using NBP On a Macintosh 128K, the AppleTalk Manager’s NBP code is read into the application heap when any one of the NBP (Pascal) routines is called; you can call the NBPLoad function yourself if you want to load the NBP code explicitly. When you’re finished with the NBP code and want to reclaim the space it occupies, call NBPUnload. On a Macintosh 512K or XL, the NBP code is read in when the .MPP driver is loaded. Note: When another application starts up, the application heap is reinitialized; on a Macintosh 128K, this means that the NBP code is lost (and must be reloaded by the next application). When an entity wants to communicate via an AppleTalk network, it should call NBPRegister to place its name and internet address in the names table. When an entity no longer wants to communicate on the network, or is being shut down, it should call NBPRemove to remove its entry from the names table. To determine the address of an entity you know only by name, call NBPLookup, which returns a list of all entities with the name you specify. Call NBPExtract to extract entity names from the list. If you already know the address of an entity, and want only to confirm that it still exists, call NBPConfirm. NBPConfirm is more efficient than NBPLookup in terms of network traffic. »NBP Routines FUNCTION NBPRegister (abRecord: ABRecHandle; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ABusRecord <-- abOpcode {always tNBPRegister} <-- abResult {result code} --> abUserReference {for your use} --> nbpEntityPtr {pointer to entity name} --> nbpBufPtr {pointer to buffer} --> nbpBufSize {buffer size in bytes} --> nbpAddress.aSocket {socket address} --> nbpRetransmitInfo {retransmission information} NBPRegister adds the name and address of an entity to the node’s names table. NBPEntityPtr points to a variable of type EntityName containing the entity’s name. If the name is already registered, NBPRegister returns the result code nbpDuplicate. NBPAddress indicates the socket for which the name should be registered. NBPBufPtr and nbpBufSize specify the location and size of a buffer for NBP to use internally. While the variable of type EntityName is declared as three 32-byte strings, only the actual characters of the name are placed in the buffer pointed to by nbpBufPtr. For this reason, nbpBufSize needs only to be equal to the actual length of the name, plus an additional 12 bytes for use by NBP. Warning: This buffer must not be altered or released until the name is removed from the names table via an NBPRemove call. If you allocate the buffer through a NewHandle call, you must lock it as long as the name is registered. Warning: The zone field of the entity name must be set to the meta-character “*”. Result codes noErr No error nbpDuplicate Duplicate name already exists FUNCTION NBPLookup (abRecord: ABRecHandle; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ABusRecord <-- abOpcode {always tNBPLookup} <-- abResult {result code} --> abUserReference {for your use} --> nbpEntityPtr {pointer to entity name} --> nbpBufPtr {pointer to buffer} --> nbpBufSize {buffer size in bytes} <-> nbpDataField {number of addresses received} --> nbpRetransmitInfo {retransmission information} NBPLookup returns the addresses of all entities with a specified name. NBPEntityPtr points to a variable of type EntityName containing the name of the entity whose address should be returned. (Meta-characters are allowed in the entity name.) NBPBufPtr and nbpBufSize contain the location and size of an area of memory in which the entity names and their corresponding addresses should be returned. NBPDataField indicates the maximum number of matching names to find addresses for; the actual number of addresses found is returned in nbpDataField. NBPRetransmitInfo contains the retry interval and the retry count. When specifying nbpBufSize, for each NBP tuple expected, allow space for the actual characters of the name, the address, and four bytes for use by NBP. Result codes noErr No error nbpBuffOvr Buffer overflow FUNCTION NBPExtract (theBuffer: Ptr; numInBuf: INTEGER; whichOne: INTEGER; VAR abEntity: EntityName; VAR address: AddrBlock) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] NBPExtract returns one address from the list of addresses returned by NBPLookup. TheBuffer and numInBuf indicate the location and number of tuples in the buffer. WhichOne specifies which one of the tuples in the buffer should be returned in the abEntity and address parameters. Result codes noErr No error extractErr Can’t find tuple in buffer FUNCTION NBPConfirm (abRecord: ABRecHandle; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] ABusRecord <-- abOpcode {always tNBPConfirm} <-- abResult {result code} --> abUserReference {for your use} --> nbpEntityPtr {pointer to entity name} <-- nbpDataField {socket number} --> nbpAddress {socket address} --> nbpRetransmitInfo {retransmission information} NBPConfirm confirms that an entity known by name and address still exists (is still entered in the names directory). NBPEntityPtr points to a variable of type EntityName that contains the name to confirm, and nbpAddress specifies the address to be confirmed. (No meta-characters are allowed in the entity name.) NBPRetransmitInfo contains the retry interval and the retry count. The socket number of the entity is returned in nbpDataField. NBPConfirm is more efficient than NBPLookup in terms of network traffic. Result codes noErr No error nbpConfDiff Name confirmed for different socket nbpNoConfirm Name not confirmed FUNCTION NBPRemove (abEntity: EntityPtr) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] NBPRemove removes an entity name from the names table of the given entity’s node. Result codes noErr No error nbpNotFound Name not found FUNCTION NBPLoad : OSErr; [Not in ROM] On a Macintosh 128K, NBPLoad reads the NBP code from the system resource file into the application heap. On a Macintosh 512K or XL, NBPLoad has no effect since the NBP code should have already been loaded when the .MPP driver was opened. Normally you’ll never need to call NBPLoad, because the AppleTalk Manager calls it when necessary. Result codes noErr No error FUNCTION NBPUnload : OSErr; [Not in ROM] On a Macintosh 128K, NBPUnload makes the NBP code purgeable; the space isn’t actually released by the Memory Manager until necessary. On a Macintosh 512K or Macintosh XL, NBPUnload has no effect. Result codes noErr No error »Example This example of NBP registers our node as a print spooler, searches for any print spoolers registered on the network, and then extracts the information for the first one found. CONST mySocket = 20; VAR myABRecord: ABRecHandle; myEntity: EntityName; entityAddr: AddrBlock; nbpNamePtr: Ptr; myBuffer: PACKED ARRAY [0..999] OF CHAR; errCode: INTEGER; async: BOOLEAN; BEGIN errCode := MPPOpen; IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('Error in opening AppleTalk') {Maybe serial port B isn't available for use by AppleTalk} ELSE BEGIN {Call Memory Manager to allocate ABusRecord} myABRecord := ABRecHandle(NewHandle(nbpSize)); {Set up our entity name to register} WITH myEntity DO BEGIN objStr := 'Gene Station'; {we are called 'Gene Station' } typeStr := 'PrintSpooler'; { and are of type 'PrintSpooler'} zoneStr := '*'; {Allocate data space for the entity name (used by NBP)} nbpNamePtr := NewPtr(LENGTH(objStr) + LENGTH(typeStr) + LENGTH(zoneStr) + 12); END; {Set up the ABusRecord for the NBPRegister call} WITH myABRecord^^ DO BEGIN nbpEntityPtr := @myEntity; nbpBufPtr := nbpNamePtr; {buffer used by NBP internally} nbpBufSize := nbpNameBufSize; nbpAddress.aSocket := mySocket; {socket to register us on} nbpRetransmitInfo.retransInterval := 8; {retransmit every 64 } nbpRetransmitInfo.retransCount := 3; { ticks and try 3 times} END; async := FALSE; errCode := NBPRegister(myABRecord, async); IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('Error occurred in the NBPRegister call') {Maybe the name is already registered somewhere else on the } { network.} ELSE BEGIN {Now that we've registered our name, find others of type } { 'PrintSpooler'.} WITH myEntity DO BEGIN objStr := '='; {any one of type } typeStr := 'PrintSpooler'; { “PrintSpooler” } zoneStr := '*'; { in our zone} END; WITH myABRecord^^ DO BEGIN nbpEntityPtr := @myEntity; nbpBufPtr := @myBuffer; {buffer to place responses in} nbpBufSize := SIZEOF(myBuffer); {The field nbpDataField, before the NBPLookup call, represents an } { approximate number of responses. After the call, nbpDataField } { contains the actual number of responses received.} nbpDataField := 100; {we want about 100 responses back} END; errCode := NBPLookup(myABRecord, async); {make sync call} IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('An error occurred in the NBPLookup') {Did the buffer overflow?} ELSE BEGIN {Get the first reply} errCode := NBPExtract(@mybuffer, myABRecord^^.nbpDataField, 1, myEntity, entityAddr); {The socket address and name of the entity are returned here. If we } { want all of them, we'll have to loop for each one in the buffer.} IF errCode <> noErr THEN WRITELN('Error in NBPExtract'); {Maybe the one we wanted wasn't in the buffer} END; END; END; END. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Miscellaneous Routines FUNCTION GetNodeAddress (VAR myNode,myNet: INTEGER) : OSErr; [Not in ROM] GetNodeAddress returns the current node ID and network number of the caller. If the .MPP driver isn’t installed, it returns noMPPErr. If myNet contains 0, this means that a bridge hasn’t yet been found. Result codes noErr No error noMPPErr MPP driver not installed FUNCTION IsMPPOpen : BOOLEAN; [Not in ROM] IsMPPOpen returns TRUE if the .MPP driver is loaded and running. FUNCTION IsATPOpen : BOOLEAN; [Not in ROM] IsATPOpen returns TRUE if the .ATP driver is loaded and running. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY New…AppleTalk…Manager…Pascal…Interface æC »NEW APPLETALK MANAGER PASCAL INTERFACE AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ In addition to the interface documented in the previous section, a new parameter block–style interface to the AppleTalk Manager is now available for Pascal programmers. This new interface, referred to as the preferred interface, is available in addition to the Pascal interface described in the previous section, which is referred to as the alternate interface. All AppleTalk Manager calls, old and new, are supported by the preferred interface. The alternate interface has not been extended to support the new AppleTalk Manager calls. However, the alternate interface provides the only implementation of LAPRead and DDPRead. These are higher-level calls not directly supported through the assembly-language interface. Developers will wish to use the alternate interface for these calls, and also for compatibility with previous applications. In all other cases, it is recommended that the new preferred interface be used. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Using Pascal All AppleTalk Manager calls in the preferred interface are essentially equivalent to the corresponding assembly-language calls. Their form is FUNCTION MPPCall (pbPtr: Ptr; asyncFlag: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; where pbPtr points to a device manager parameter block, and asyncFlag is TRUE if the call is to be executed asynchronously. Three parameter block types are provided by the preferred interface (MPP, ATP, and XPP). The MPP parameter block is shown below. The ATP parameter block is shown in the following section, and the XPP parameter block is shown in the “Calling the .XPP Driver” section of this document. The field names in these parameter blocks are the same as the parameter block offset names defined in the assembly-language section (except as documented below). The caller fills in the parameter block with the fields as specified in that section and issues the appropriate call. The interface issues the actual device manager control call. On asynchronous calls, the caller may pass a completion routine pointer in the parameter block, at offset ioCompletion. This routine will be executed upon completion of the call. It is executed at interrupt level and must not make any memory manager calls. If it uses application globals, it must ensure that register A5 is set up correctly; for details see SetupA5 and RestoreA5 in the Operating System Utilities chapter. If no completion routine is desired, ioCompletion should be set to NIL. Asynchronous calls return control to the caller with result code of noErr as soon as they are queued to the driver. This isn’t an indication of successful completion. To determine when the call is actually completed, if you don’t want to use a completion routine, you can poll the ioResult field; this field is set to 1 when the call is made, and receives the actual result code upon completion. Refer to the appropriate sections of this chapter for the parameter blocks used by each MPP and ATP call. As different MPP and ATP calls take different arguments in their parameter block, two Pascal variant records have been defined to account for all the different cases. These parameter blocks are shown in the sections that follow. The first four fields (which are the same for all calls) are automatically filled in by the device manager. The csCode and ioRefnum fields are automatically filled in by the interface, depending on which call is being made, except in XPP where the caller must fill in the ioRefnum. The ioVRefnum field is unused. There are two fields that at the assembly-language level have more than one name. These two fields have been given only one name in the preferred interface. These are entityPtr and ntqelPtr, which are both referred to as entityPtr, and atpSocket and currBitmap, which are both referred to as atpSocket. These are the only exceptions to the naming convention. »MPP Parameter Block MPPParamBlock = PACKED RECORD qLink: QElemPtr; {next queue entry} qType: INTEGER; {queue type} ioTrap: INTEGER; {routine trap} ioCmdAddr: Ptr; {routine address} ioCompletion: ProcPtr; {completion routine} ioResult: OSErr; {result code} ioNamePtr: StringPtr; {command result (ATP user bytes) [long]} ioVRefNum: INTEGER; {volume reference or drive number} ioRefNum: INTEGER; {driver reference number} csCode: INTEGER; {call command code AUTOMATICALLY SET} CASE MPPParmType OF LAPWriteParm: (filler0:INTEGER; wdsPointer:Ptr); {->Write Data Structure} AttachPHParm,DetachPHParm: (protType:Byte; {ALAP Protocol Type} filler1:Byte; handler:Ptr); {->protocol handler routine} OpenSktParm,CloseSktParm,WriteDDPParm: (socket:Byte; {socket number} checksumFlag:Byte; {checksum flag} listener:Ptr); {->socket listener routine} RegisterNameParm,LookupNameParm,ConfirmNameParm,RemoveNameParm: (interval:Byte; {retry interval} count:Byte; {retry count} entityPtr:Ptr; {->names table element or } { ->entity name} CASE MPPParmType OF RegisterNameParm: (verifyFlag:Byte; {set if verify needed} filler3:Byte); LookupNameParm: (retBuffPtr:Ptr; {->return buffer} retBuffSize:INTEGER; {return buffer size} maxToGet:INTEGER; {matches to get} numGotten:INTEGER); {matched gotten} ConfirmNameParm: (confirmAddr:AddrBlock; {->entity} newSocket:Byte; {socket number} filler4:Byte)); SetSelfSendParm: (newSelfFlag:Byte; {self-send toggle flag} oldSelfFlag:Byte); {previous self-send state} KillNBPParm: (nKillQEl:Ptr); {ptr to Q element to cancel} END; »ATP Parameter Block ATPParamBlock = PACKED RECORD qLink: QElemPtr; {next queue entry} qType: INTEGER; {queue type} ioTrap: INTEGER; {routine trap} ioCmdAddr: Ptr; {routine address} ioCompletion: ProcPtr; {completion routine} ioResult: OSErr; {result code} userData: LONGINT; {ATP user bytes [long]} reqTID: INTEGER; {request transaction ID} ioRefNum: INTEGER; {driver reference number csCode: INTEGER; {Call command code } { AUTOMATICALLY SET} atpSocket: Byte; {currBitMap or socket number} atpFlags: Byte; {control information} addrBlock: AddrBlock; {source/dest. socket address} reqLength: INTEGER; {request/response length} reqPointer: Ptr; {-> request/response data} bdsPointer: Ptr; {-> response BDS} CASE MPPParmType OF SendRequestParm,NSendRequestParm: (numOfBuffs:Byte; {numOfBuffs} timeOutVal:Byte; {timeout interval} numOfResps:Byte; {number responses actually received} retryCount:Byte; {number of retries} intBuff:INTEGER); {used internally for NSendRequest} SendResponseParm: (filler0:Byte; {number of responses being sent} bdsSize:Byte; {number of BDS elements} transID:INTEGER); {transaction ID} GetRequestParm: (bitMap:Byte; {bit map} filler1:Byte); AddResponseParm: (rspNum:Byte; {sequence number} filler2:Byte); KillSendReqParm,KillGetReqParm: (aKillQEl:Ptr); {ptr to Q element to cancel} END; The following table is a complete list of all the parameter block calls provided by the preferred interface. AppleTalk Manager Routine Preferred Interface Call AttachPH Function PAttachPH (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; DetachPH Function PDetachPH (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; WriteLAP Function PWriteLAP (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; OpenSkt Function POpenSkt (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; CloseSkt Function PCloseSkt (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; WriteDDP Function PWriteDDP (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; RegisterName Function PRegisterName (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; LookupName Function PLookupName (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; ConfirmName Function PConfirmName (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; RemoveName Function PRemoveName (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; OpenATPSkt Function POpenATPSkt (thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; CloseATPSkt Function PCloseATPSkt (thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; SendRequest Function PSendRequest (thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; GetRequest Function PGetRequest (thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; SendResponse Function PSendResponse (thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; AddResponse Function PAddResponse(thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; ReltCB Function PRelTCB (thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; RelRspCB Function PRelRspCB (thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; SetSelfSend Function PSetSelfSend (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; NSendRequest Function PNSendRequest (thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; KillSendReq Function PKillSendReq (thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; KillGetReq Function PKillGetReq (thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; KillNBP Function PKillNBP (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; _______________________________________________________________________________ »Building Data Structures Because it is difficult for Pascal to deal with certain assembly-language structures, the preferred interface provides a number of routines for building these structures. These routines are summarized below. PROCEDURE BuildLAPwds (wdsPtr,dataPtr: Ptr; destHost,protoType,frameLen: INTEGER); This routine builds a single-frame write data structure LAP WDS for use with the PWriteLAP call. Given a buffer of length frameLen pointed to by dataPtr, it fills in the WDS pointed to by wdsPtr and sets the destination node and protocol type as indicated by destHost and protoType, respectively. The WDS indicated must contain at least two elements. PROCEDURE BuildDDPwds (wdsPtr,headerPtr,dataPtr: Ptr; destAddress: AddrBlock; DDPType : INTEGER; dataLen: INTEGER); This routine builds a single-frame write data structure DDP WDS, for use with the PWriteDDP call. Given a header buffer of at least 17 bytes pointed to by headerPtr and a data buffer of length dataLen pointed to by dataPtr, it fills in the WDS pointed to by wdsPtr, and sets the destination address and protocol type as indicated by destaddress and DDPtype, respectively. The WDS indicated must contain at least 3 elements. PROCEDURE NBPSetEntity (buffer: Ptr; nbpObject,nbpType,nbpZone: Str32); This routine builds an NBP entity structure, for use with the PLookupNBP and PConfirmName calls. Given a buffer of at least the size of the EntityName data structure (99 bytes) pointed to by buffer, this routine sets the indicated object, type, and zone in that buffer. PROCEDURE NBPSetNTE (ntePtr: Ptr; nbpObject,nbpType,nbpZone: Str32; Socket: INTEGER); This routine builds an NBP names table entry, for use with the PRegisterName call. Given a names table entry of at least the size of the EntityName data structure plus nine bytes (108 bytes) pointed to by ntePtr, this routine sets the indicated object, type, zone, and socket in that names table entry. FUNCTION NBPExtract (theBuffer: Ptr; numInBuf: INTEGER; whichOne: INTEGER; VAR abEntity: EntityName; VAR address: AddrBlock) : OSErr; This routine is provided in the alternate interface, but can be used as provided for extracting NBP entity names from a look-up response buffer. FUNCTION GetBridgeAddress: INTEGER; This routine returns the current address of a bridge in the low byte, or zero if there is none. FUNCTION BuildBDS (buffPtr,bdsPtr: Ptr; buffSize: INTEGER) : INTEGER; This routine builds a BDS, for use with the ATP calls. Given a data buffer of length buffSize pointed to by buffPtr, it fills in the BDS pointed to by bdsPtr. The buffer will be broken up into pieces of maximum size (578 bytes). The user bytes in the BDS are not modified by this routine. This routine is provided only as a convenience; generally the caller will be able to build the BDS completely from Pascal without it. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Picking…a…Node…Address…in…the…Server…Range æC »PICKING A NODE ADDRESS IN THE SERVER RANGE AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ Normally upon opening, the node number picked by the AppleTalk manager will be in the node number range ($01–$7F). It is possible to indicate that a node number in the server range ($80–$FE) is desired. Picking a number in the server range is a more time-consuming but more thorough process, and it’s required for server nodes because it greatly decreases the possibility of a node number conflict. To open AppleTalk with a server node number, an extended open call is used. An extended open call is indicated by having the immediate bit set in the Open trap itself. In the extended open call, the high bit (bit 31) of the extension longword field (ioMix) indicates whether a server or workstation node number should be picked. Set this bit to 1 to request a server node number. The rest of this field should be zero, as should all other unused fields in the queue element. A server node number can only be requested on the first Open call to the .MPP driver. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Sending…Packets…to…One’s…Own…Node æC »SENDING PACKETS TO ONE’S OWN NODE AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ Upon opening, the ability to send a packet to one’s own node (intranode delivery) is disabled. This feature of the AppleTalk Manager can be manipulated through the SetSelfSend function. Once enabled, it is possible, at all levels, to send packets to entities within one’s own node. An example of where this might be desirable is an application sending data to a print spooler that is actually running in the background on the same node. Enabling (or disabling) this feature affects the entire node and should be performed with care. For instance, a desk accessory may not expect to receive names from within its own node as a response to an NBP look-up; enabling this feature from an application could break the desk accessory. All future programs should be written with this feature in mind. FUNCTION PSetSelfSend (thePBptr: MPPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter Block --> 26 csCode word Always PSetSelfSend --> 28 newSelfFlag byte New SelfSend flag <-- 29 oldSelfFlag byte Old SelfSend flag PSetSelfSend enables or disables the intranode delivery feature of the AppleTalk Manager. If newSelfFlag is nonzero, the feature will be enabled; otherwise it will be disabled. The previous value of the flag will be returned in oldSelfFlag. Result Codes noErr No error _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY ATP…Driver…Changes æC »ATP DRIVER CHANGES AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ Changes to the ATP driver include the ability to send an ATP request through a specific socket rather than having ATP open a new socket, a new call to abort outstanding SendRequest calls, and a new call to abort specific outstanding GetRequest calls. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Sending an ATP Request Through a Specified Socket ATP requests can now be sent through client-specified sockets. ATP previously would open a dynamic socket, send the request through it, and close the socket when the request was completed. The client can now choose to send a request through an already-opened socket; this also allows more than one request to be sent per socket. A new call, PNSendRequest, has been added for this purpose. The function of the old SendRequest call itself remains unchanged. FUNCTION PNSendRequest (thePBptr: ATPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block --> 18 userData longword User bytes <-- 22 reqTID word Transaction ID used in request --> 26 csCode word Always sendRequest <-> 28 atpSocket byte Socket to send request on or current bitmap <-> 29 atpFlags byte Control information --> 30 addrBlock longword Destination socket address --> 34 reqLength word Request size in bytes --> 36 reqPointer pointer Pointer to request data --> 40 bdsPointer pointer Pointer to response BDS --> 44 numOfBuffs byte Number of responses expected --> 45 timeOutVal byte Timeout interval <-- 46 numOf Resps byte Number of responses received <-> 47 retryCount byte Number of retries <-- 48 intBuff word Used internally The PNSendRequest call is functionally equivalent to the SendRequest call, however PNSendRequest allows you to specify, in the atpSocket field, the socket through which the request is to be sent. This socket must have been previously opened through an OpenATPSkt request (otherwise a badATPSkt error will be returned). Note that PNSendRequest requires two additional bytes of memory at the end of the parameter block, immediately following the retryCount. These bytes are for the internal use of the AppleTalk Manager and should not be modified while the PNSendRequest call is active. There is a machine-dependent limit as to the number of concurrent PNSendRequests that can be active on a given socket. If this limit is exceeded, the error tooManyReqs is returned. One additional difference between SendRequest and PNSendRequest is that a PNSendRequest can only be aborted by a PKillSendReq call (see below), whereas a SendRequest can be aborted by either a RelTCB or KillSendReq call. Result Codes noErr No error reqFailed Retry count exceeded tooManyReqs Too many concurrent requests noDataArea Too many outstanding ATP calls reqAborted Request cancelled by user _______________________________________________________________________________ »Aborting ATP SendRequests The RelTCB call is still supported, but only for aborting SendRequests. To abort PNSendRequests, a new call, PKillSendReq, has been added. This call will abort both SendRequests and PNSendRequests. PKillSendReq’s only argument is the queue element pointer of the request to be aborted. The queue element pointer is passed at the offset of the PKillSendReq queue element specified by aKillQE1. FUNCTION PKillSendReq (thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block --> 26 csCode word Always PKillSendReq --> 44 aKillQEl pointer Pointer to queue element PKillSendReq is functionally equivalent to RelTCB, except that it takes different arguments and will abort both SendRequests and PNSendRequests. To abort one of these calls, place a pointer to the queue element of the call to abort in aKillQEl and issue the PKillSendReq call. Result Codes noErr No error cbNotFound aKillQEl does not point to a SendReq or NSendReq queue element _______________________________________________________________________________ »Aborting ATP GetRequests ATP GetRequests can now be aborted through the PKillGetReq call. This call looks and works just like the PKillSendReq call, and is used to abort a specific GetRequest call. Previously it was necessary to close the socket to abort all GetRequest calls on the socket. FUNCTION PKillGetReq (thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block --> 26 csCode word Always PKillGetReq --> 44 aKillQEl pointer Pointer to queue element PKillGetReq will abort a specific outstanding GetRequest call (as opposed to closing the socket, which aborts all outstanding GetRequests on that socket). The call will be completed with a reqAborted error. To abort a GetRequest, place a pointer to the queue element of the call to abort in aKillQEl and issue the PKillGetReq call. Result Codes noErr No error cbNotFound aKillQEl does not point to a GetReq queue element _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Name…Binding…Protocol…Changes æC »NAME BINDING PROTOCOL CHANGES AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ Changes to the Name Binding Protocol include supporting multiple concurrent requests and a means for aborting an active request. »Multiple Concurrent NBP Requests NBP now supports multiple concurrent active requests. Specifically, a number of LookupNames, RegisterNames and ConfirmNames can all be active concurrently. The maximum number of concurrent requests is machine dependent; if it is exceeded the error tooManyReqs will be returned. Active requests can be aborted by the PKillNBP call. »KillNBP function FUNCTION PKillNBP (thePBptr: ATPPBPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; •••Refer to Technical Note #199:••• Parameter block --> 26 csCode word Always PKillNBP --> 28 aKillQEl pointer Pointer to queue element PKillNBP is used to abort an outstanding LookupName, RegisterName or ConfirmName request. To abort one of these calls, place a pointer to the queue element of the call to abort in a KillQEl and issue the PKillNBP call. The call will be completed with a ReqAborted error. Result Codes noErr No error cbNotFound aKillQEl does not point to a valid NBP queue element _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Variable…Resources æC »VARIABLE RESOURCES AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ The table below lists machine-dependent resources for the different Macintosh system configurations. The RAM-based resources are available through the AppleShare Server. Resource Macintosh Plus RAM-Based Macintosh SE Macintosh II Protocol Handlers 4 8 8 8 Statically Assigned Sockets 14* 12 12 14 Concurrent ATP SendRequests 6 12 12 12 ATP Sockets 6 32 32 126 Concurrent ATP Responses 8 16 16 32 Concurrent NBP Requests 1 6 6 10 Concurrent ASP Sessions N/A 5 10 20 Concurrent ATP NSendRequests Per Socket ** N/A 9 14 62 * Includes dynamic sockets ** Determined dynamically at runtime based on CPU speed. N/A : Not Applicable _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Calling…the…AppleTalk…Manager…from…Assembly…Language æC »CALLING THE APPLETALK MANAGER FROM ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ This section discusses how to use the AppleTalk Manager from assembly language. Equivalent Pascal information is given in the preceding section. All routines make Device Manager Control calls. The description of each routine includes a list of the fields needed. Some of these fields are part of the parameter block described in the Device Manager chapter; additional fields are provided for the AppleTalk Manager. The number next to each field name indicates the byte offset of the field from the start of the parameter block pointed to by A0. An arrow next to each parameter name indicates whether it’s an input, output, or input/output parameter: Arrow Meaning --> Parameter is passed to the routine <-- Parameter is returned by the routine <-> Parameter is passed to and returned by the routine All Device Manager Control calls return an integer result code of type OSErr in the ioResult field. Each routine description lists all of the applicable result codes generated by the AppleTalk Manager, along with a short description of what the result code means. Lengthier explanations of all the result codes can be found in the summary at the end of this chapter. Result codes from other parts of the Operating System may also be returned. (See Appendix A for a list of all result codes.) _______________________________________________________________________________ »Opening AppleTalk •••Refer to Technical Note #224:••• Two tests are made at system startup to determine whether the .MPP driver should be opened at that time. If port B is already in use, or isn’t configured for AppleTalk, .MPP isn’t opened until explicitly requested by an application; otherwise it’s opened at system startup. It’s the application’s responsibility to test the availability of port B before opening AppleTalk. Assembly-language programmers can use the Pascal calls MPPOpen and ATPLoad to open the .MPP and .ATP drivers. The global variable SPConfig is used for configuring the serial ports; it’s copied from a byte in parameter RAM (which is discussed in the Operating System Utilities chapter). The low-order four bits of this variable contain the current configuration of port B. The following use types are provided as global constants for testing or setting the configuration of port B: useFree .EQU 0 ;unconfigured useATalk .EQU 1 ;configured for AppleTalk useAsync .EQU 2 ;configured for the Serial Driver The application shouldn’t attempt to open AppleTalk unless SPConfig is equal to either useFree or useATalk. A second test involves the global variable PortBUse; the low-order four bits of this byte are used to monitor the current use of port B. If PortBUse is negative, the program is free to open AppleTalk. If PortBUse is positive, the program should test to see whether port B is already being used by AppleTalk; if it is, the low-order four bits of PortBUse will be equal to the use type useATalk. The .MPP driver sets PortBUse to the correct value (useATalk) when it’s opened and resets it to $FF when it’s closed. Bits 4-6 of this byte are used for driver-specific information; ATP uses bit 4 to indicate whether it’s currently opened: atpLoadedBit .EQU 4 ;set if ATP is opened »Example The following code illustrates the use of the SPConfig and PortBUse variables. MOVE #-<atpUnitNum+1>,atpRefNum(A0) ;save known ATP refNum in ; case ATP not opened OpenAbus SUB #ioQElSize,SP ;allocate queue entry MOVE.L SP,A0 ;A0 -> queue entry CLR.B ioPermssn(A0) ;make sure permission's clear MOVE.B PortBUse,D1 ;is port B in use? BPL.S @10 ;if so, make sure by AppleTalk MOVEQ #portNotCf,D0 ;assume port not configured for AppleTalk MOVE.B SPConfig,D1 ;get configuration data AND.B #$0F,D1 ;mask it to low 4 bits SUBQ.B #useATalk,D1 ;unconfigured or configured for AppleTalk BGT.S @30 ;if not, return error LEA mppName,A1 ;A1 = address of driver name MOVE.L A1,ioFileName(A0) ;set in queue entry _Open ;open MPP BNE.S @30 ;return error, if it can't load it BRA.S @20 ;otherwise, go check ATP @10 MOVEQ #portInUse,D0 ;assume port in use error AND.B #$0F,D1 ;clear all but use bits SUBQ.B #useATalk,D1 ;is AppleTalk using it? BNE.S @30 ;if not, then error @20 MOVEQ #0,D0 ;assume no error BTST #atpLoadedBit,PortBUse ;ATP already open? BNE.S @30 ;just return if so LEA atpName,A1 ;A1 = address of driver name MOVE.L A1,ioFileName(A0) ;set in queue entry _Open ;open ATP @30 ADD #ioQElSize,SP ;deallocate queue entry RTS ;and return mppName .BYTE 4 ;length of .MPP driver name .ASCII '.MPP' ;name of .MPP driver atpName .BYTE 4 ;length of .ATP driver name .ASCII '.ATP' ;name of .ATP driver _______________________________________________________________________________ »AppleTalk Link Access Protocol »Data Structures An ALAP frame is composed of a three-byte header, up to 600 bytes of data, and a two-byte frame check sequence (Figure 6). You can use the following global constants to access the contents of an ALAP header: lapDstAdr .EQU 0 ;destination node ID lapSrcAdr .EQU 1 ;source node ID lapType .EQU 2 ;ALAP protocol type lapHdSz .EQU 3 ;ALAP header size •••Refer to Figure 6.••• Figure 6–ALAP Frame Two of the protocol handlers in every node are used by DDP. These protocol handlers service frames with ALAP protocol types equal to the following global constants: shortDDP .EQU 1 ;short DDP header longDDP .EQU 2 ;long DDP header When you call ALAP to send a frame, you pass it information about the frame in a write data structure, which has the format shown in Figure 7. •••Refer to Figure 7.••• Figure 7–Write Data Structure for ALAP If you specify a destination node ID of 255, the frame will be broadcast to all nodes. The byte that’s “used internally” is used by the AppleTalk Manager to store the address of the node sending the frame. »Using ALAP Most programs will never need to call ALAP, because higher-level protocols will automatically call ALAP as necessary. If you do want to send a frame directly via an ALAP, call the WriteLAP function. There’s no ReadLAP function in assembly language; if you want to read ALAP frames, you must call AttachPH to add your protocol handler to the node’s protocol handler table. The ALAP module will examine every incoming frame and call your protocol handler for each frame received with the correct ALAP protocol. When your program no longer wants to receive frames with a particular ALAP protocol type value, it can call DetachPH to remove the corresponding protocol handler from the protocol handler table. See the “Protocol Handlers and Socket Listeners” section for information on how to write a protocol handler. »ALAP Routines WriteLAP function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always writeLAP --> 30 wdsPointer pointer ;write data structure WriteLAP sends a frame to another node. The frame data and destination of the frame are described by the write data structure pointed to by wdsPointer. The first two data bytes of an ALAP frame sent to another computer using the AppleTalk Manager must indicate the length of the frame in bytes. The ALAP protocol type byte must be in the range 1 to 127. Result codes noErr No error excessCollsns No CTS received after 32 RTS’s ddpLengthErr Packet length exceeds maximum lapProtErr Invalid ALAP protocol type AttachPH function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always attachPH --> 28 protType byte ;ALAP protocol type --> 30 handler pointer ;protocol handler AttachPH adds the protocol handler pointed to by handler to the node’s protocol table. ProtType specifies what kind of frame the protocol handler can service. After AttachPH is called, the protocol handler is called for each incoming frame whose ALAP protocol type equals protType. Result codes noErr No error lapProtErr Error attaching protocol type DetachPH function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always detachPH --> 28 protType byte ;ALAP protocol type DetachPH removes from the node’s protocol table the specified ALAP protocol type and corresponding protocol handler. Result codes noErr No error lapProtErr Error detaching protocol type _______________________________________________________________________________ »Datagram Delivery Protocol »Data Structures A DDP datagram consists of a header followed by up to 586 bytes of actual data (Figure 8). The headers can be of two different lengths; they’re identified by the following ALAP protocol types: shortDDP .EQU 1 ;short DDP header longDDP .EQU 2 ;long DDP header •••Refer to Figure 8.••• Figure 8–DDP Datagram Long DDP headers (13 bytes) are used for sending datagrams between two or more different AppleTalk networks. You can use the following global constants to access the contents of a long DDP header: ddpHopCnt .EQU 0 ;count of bridges passed (4 bits) ddpLength .EQU 0 ;datagram length (10 bits) ddpChecksum .EQU 2 ;checksum ddpDstNet .EQU 4 ;destination network number ddpSrcNet .EQU 6 ;source network number ddpDstNode .EQU 8 ;destination node ID ddpSrcNode .EQU 9 ;source node ID ddpDstSkt .EQU 10 ;destination socket number ddpSrcSkt .EQU 11 ;source socket number ddpType .EQU 12 ;DDP protocol type The size of a DDP long header is given by the following constant: ddpHSzLong .EQU ddpType+1 The short headers (five bytes) are used for datagrams sent to sockets within the same network as the source socket. You can use the following global constants to access the contents of a short DDP header: ddpLength .EQU 0 ;datagram length sDDPDstSkt .EQU ddpChecksum ;destination socket number sDDPSrcSkt .EQU sDDPDstSkt+1 ;source socket number sDDPType .EQU sDDPSrcSkt+1 ;DDP protocol type The size of a DDP short header is given by the following constant: ddpHSzShort .EQU sDDPType+1 The datagram length is a ten-bit field. You can use the following global constant as a mask for these bits: ddpLenMask .EQU $03FF The following constant indicates the maximum length of a DDP datagram: ddpMaxData .EQU 586 When you call DDP to send a datagram, you pass it information about the datagram in a write data structure with the format shown in Figure 9. •••Refer to Figure 9.••• Figure 9–Write Data Structure for DDP The first seven bytes are used internally for the ALAP header and the DDP datagram length and checksum. The other bytes used internally store the network number, node ID, and socket number of the socket client sending the datagram. Warning: The first entry in a DDP write data structure must begin at an odd address. If you specify a node ID of 255, the datagram will be broadcast to all nodes within the destination network. A network number of 0 means the local network to which the node is connected. Warning: DDP always destroys the high-order byte of the destination network number when it sends a datagram with a short header. Therefore, if you want to reuse the first entry of a DDP write data structure entry, you must restore the destination network number. »Using DDP Before it can use a socket, the program must call OpenSkt, which adds a socket and its socket listener to the socket table. When a client is finished using a socket, call CloseSkt, which removes the socket’s entry from the socket table. To send a datagram via DDP, call WriteDDP. If you want to read DDP datagrams, you must write your own socket listener. DDP will send every incoming datagram for that socket to your socket listener. See the “Protocol Handlers and Socket Listeners” section for information on how to write a socket listener. »DDP Routines OpenSkt function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always openSkt <-> 28 socket byte ;socket number --> 30 listener pointer ;socket listener OpenSkt adds a socket and its socket listener to the socket table. If the socket parameter is nonzero, it must be in the range 64 to 127, and it specifies the socket’s number; if socket is 0, OpenSkt opens a socket with a socket number in the range 128 to 254, and returns it in the socket parameter. Listener contains a pointer to the socket listener. OpenSkt will return ddpSktErr if you pass the number of an already opened socket, if you pass a socket number greater than 127, or if the socket table is full (the socket table can hold a maximum of 12 sockets). Result codes noErr No error ddpSktErr Socket error CloseSkt function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always closeSkt --> 28 socket byte ;socket number CloseSkt removes the entry of the specified socket from the socket table. If you pass a socket number of 0, or if you attempt to close a socket that isn’t open, CloseSkt will return ddpSktErr. Result codes noErr No error ddpSktErr Socket error WriteDDP function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always writeDDP --> 28 socket byte ;socket number --> 29 checksumFlag byte ;checksum flag --> 30 wdsPointer pointer ;write data structure WriteDDP sends a datagram to another socket. WDSPointer points to a write data structure containing the datagram and the address of the destination socket. If checksumFlag is TRUE, WriteDDP will compute the checksum for all datagrams requiring long headers. Result codes noErr No error ddpLenErr Datagram length too big ddpSktErr Socket error noBridgeErr No bridge found _______________________________________________________________________________ »AppleTalk Transaction Protocol »Data Structures An ATP packet consists of an ALAP header, DDP header, and ATP header, followed by actual data (Figure 10). You can use the following global constants to access the contents of an ATP header: atpControl .EQU 0 ;control information atpBitMap .EQU 1 ;bit map atpRespNo .EQU 1 ;sequence number atpTransID .EQU 2 ;transaction ID atpUserData .EQU 4 ;user bytes The size of an ATP header is given by the following constant: atpHdSz .EQU 8 •••Refer to Figure 10.••• Figure 10–ATP Packet ATP packets are identified by the following DDP protocol type: atp .EQU 3 The control information contains a function code and various control bits. The function code identifies either a TReq, TResp, or TRel packet with one of the following global constants: atpReqCode .EQU $40 ;TReq packet atpRspCode .EQU $80 ;TResp packet atpRelCode .EQU $C0 ;TRel packet The send-transmission-status, end-of-message, and exactly-once bits in the control information are accessed via the following global constants: atpSTSBit .EQU 3 ;send-transmission-status bit atpEOMBit .EQU 4 ;end-of-message bit atpXOBit .EQU 5 ;exactly-once bit Many ATP calls require a field called atpFlags (Figure 11), which contains the above three bits plus the following two bits: sendChk .EQU 0 ;send-checksum bit tidValid .EQU 1 ;transaction ID validity bit •••Refer to Figure 11.••• Figure 11–ATPFlags Field The maximum number of response packets in an ATP transaction is given by the following global constant: atpMaxNum .EQU 8 When you call ATP to send responses, you pass the responses in a response BDS, which is a list of up to eight elements, each of which contains the following: bdsBuffSz .EQU 0 ;size of data to send bdsBuffAddr .EQU 2 ;pointer to data bdsUserData .EQU 8 ;user bytes When you call ATP to receive responses, you pass it a response BDS with up to eight elements, each in the following format: bdsBuffSz .EQU 0 ;buffer size in bytes bdsBuffAddr .EQU 2 ;pointer to buffer bdsDataSz .EQU 6 ;number of bytes actually received bdsUserData .EQU 8 ;user bytes The size of a BDS element is given by the following constant: bdsEntrySz .EQU 12 ATP clients are identified by internet addresses in the form shown in Figure 12. •••Refer to Figure 12.••• Figure 12–Internet Address »Using ATP Before you can use ATP on a Macintosh 128K, the .ATP driver must be read from the system resource file via a Device Manager Open call. The name of the .ATP driver is '.ATP' and its reference number is –11. When the .ATP driver is opened, it reads its ATP code into the application heap and installs a task into the vertical retrace queue. Warning: When another application starts up, the application heap is reinitialized; on a Macintosh 128K, this means that the ATP code is lost (and must be reloaded by the next application). When you’re through using ATP on a Macintosh 128K, call the Device Manager Close routine—the system will be returned to the state it was in before the .ATP driver was opened. On a Macintosh 512K or XL, the .ATP driver will have been loaded into the system heap either at system startup or upon execution of a Device Manager Open call loading MPP. You shouldn’t close the .ATP driver on a Macintosh 512K or XL; AppleTalk expects it to remain open on these systems. To send a request to another socket and get a response, call SendRequest. The call terminates when either an entire response is received or a specified retry timeout interval elapses. To open a socket for the purpose of responding to requests, call OpenATPSkt. Then call GetRequest to receive a request; when a request is received, the call is completed. After receiving and servicing a request, call SendResponse to return response information. If you cannot or do not want to send the entire response all at once, make a SendResponse call to send some of the response, and then call AddResponse later to send the remainder of the response. To close a socket opened for the purpose of sending responses, call CloseATPSkt. During exactly-once transactions, SendResponse doesn’t terminate until the transaction is completed via a TRel packet, or the retry count is exceeded. Warning: Don’t modify the parameter block passed to an ATP call until the call is completed. »ATP Routines OpenATPSkt function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always openATPSkt <-> 28 atpSocket byte ;socket number --> 30 addrBlock long word ;socket request specification OpenATPSkt opens a socket for the purpose of receiving requests. ATPSocket contains the socket number of the socket to open. If it’s 0, a number is dynamically assigned and returned in atpSocket. AddrBlock contains a specification of the socket addresses from which requests will be accepted. A 0 in the network number, node ID, or socket number field of addrBlock means that requests will be accepted from every network, node, or socket, respectively. Result codes noErr No error tooManySkts Too many responding sockets noDataArea Too many outstanding ATP calls CloseATPSkt function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always closeATPSkt --> 28 atpSocket byte ;socket number CloseATPSkt closes the socket whose number is specified by atpSocket, for the purpose of receiving requests. Result codes noErr No error noDataArea Too many outstanding ATP calls SendRequest function Parameter block --> 18 userData long word ;user bytes <-- 22 reqTID word ;transaction ID used in request --> 26 csCode word ;always sendRequest <-- 28 currBitMap byte ;bit map <-> 29 atpFlags byte ;control information --> 30 addrBlock long word ;destination socket address --> 34 reqLength word ;request size in bytes --> 36 reqPointer pointer ;pointer to request data --> 40 bdsPointer pointer ;pointer to response BDS --> 44 numOfBuffs byte ;number of responses expected --> 45 timeOutVal byte ;timeout interval <-- 46 numOfResps byte ;number of responses received <-> 47 retryCount byte ;number of retries SendRequest sends a request to another socket and waits for a response. UserData contains the four user bytes. AddrBlock indicates the socket to which the request should be sent. ReqLength and reqPointer contain the size and location of the request to send. BDSPointer points to a response BDS where the responses are to be returned; numOfBuffs indicates the number of responses requested. The number of responses received is returned in numOfResps. If a nonzero value is returned in numOfResps, you can examine currBitMap to determine which packets of the transaction were actually received and to detect pieces for higher-level recovery, if desired. TimeOutVal indicates the number of seconds that SendRequest should wait for a response before resending the request. RetryCount indicates the maximum number of retries SendRequest should attempt. The end-of-message flag of atpFlags will be set if the EOM bit is set in the last packet received in a valid response sequence. The exactly-once flag should be set if you want the request to be part of an exactly-once transaction. To cancel a SendRequest call, you need the transaction ID; it’s returned in reqTID. You can examine reqTID before the completion of the call, but its contents are valid only after the tidValid bit of atpFlags has been set. SendRequest completes when either an entire response is received or the retry count is exceeded. Note: The value provided in retryCount will be modified during SendRequest if any retries are made. This field is used to monitor the number of retries; for each retry, it’s decremented by 1. Result codes noErr No error reqFailed Retry count exceeded tooManyReqs Too many concurrent requests noDataArea Too many outstanding ATP calls reqAborted Request canceled by user GetRequest function Parameter block <-- 18 userData long word ;user bytes --> 26 csCode word ;always getRequest --> 28 atpSocket byte ;socket number <-- 29 atpFlags byte ;control information <-- 30 addrBlock long word ;source of request <-> 34 reqLength word ;request buffer size --> 36 reqPointer pointer ;pointer to request buffer <-- 44 bitMap byte ;bit map <-- 46 transID word ;transaction ID GetRequest sets up the mechanism to receive a request sent by a SendRequest call. UserData returns the four user bytes from the request. ATPSocket contains the socket number of the socket that should listen for a request. The internet address of the socket from which the request was sent is returned in addrBlock. ReqLength and reqPointer indicate the size (in bytes) and location of a buffer to store the incoming request. The actual size of the request is returned in reqLength. The transaction bit map and transaction ID will be returned in bitMap and transID. The exactly-once flag in atpFlags will be set if the request is part of an exactly-once transaction. GetRequest completes when a request is received. Result codes noErr No error badATPSkt Bad responding socket SendResponse function Parameter block <-- 18 userData long word ;user bytes from TRel <-- 22 reqTID word ;transaction ID used in request --> 26 csCode word ;always sendResponse --> 28 atpSocket byte ;socket number --> 29 atpFlags byte ;control information --> 30 addrBlock long word ;response destination --> 40 bdsPointer pointer ;pointer to response BDS --> 44 numOfBuffs byte ;number of response packets being sent --> 45 bdsSize byte ;BDS size in elements --> 46 transID word ;transaction ID SendResponse sends a response to a socket. If the response was part of an exactly-once transaction, userData will contain the user bytes from the TRel packet. ATPSocket contains the socket number from which the response should be sent. The end-of-message flag in atpFlags should be set if the response contains the final packet in a transaction composed of a group of packets and the number of responses is less than requested. AddrBlock indicates the address of the socket to which the response should be sent. BDSPointer points to a response BDS containing room for the maximum number of responses to be sent; bdsSize contains this maximum number. NumOfBuffs contains the number of response packets to be sent in this call; you may wish to make AddResponse calls to complete the response. TransID indicates the transaction ID of the associated request. During exactly-once transactions, SendResponse doesn’t complete until either a TRel packet is received from the socket that made the request, or the retry count is exceeded. Result codes noErr No error badATPSkt Bad responding socket noRelErr No release received noDataArea Too many outstanding ATP calls badBuffNum Sequence number out of range AddResponse function Parameter block --> 18 userData long word ;user bytes --> 26 csCode word ;always addResponse --> 28 atpSocket byte ;socket number --> 29 atpFlags byte ;control information --> 30 addrBlock long word ;response destination --> 34 reqLength word ;response size --> 36 reqPointer pointer ;pointer to response --> 44 rspNum byte ;sequence number --> 46 transID word ;transaction ID AddResponse sends an additional response packet to a socket that has already been sent the initial part of a response via SendResponse. UserData contains the four user bytes. ATPSocket contains the socket number from which the response should be sent. The end-of-message flag in atpFlags should be set if this response packet is the final packet in a transaction composed of a group of packets and the number of responses is less than requested. AddrBlock indicates the socket to which the response should be sent. ReqLength and reqPointer contain the size (in bytes) and location of the response to send; rspNum indicates the sequence number of the response (in the range 0 to 7). TransID must contain the transaction ID. Warning: If the transaction is part of an exactly-once transaction, the buffer used in the AddResponse call must not be altered or released until the corresponding SendResponse call has completed. Result codes noErr No error badATPSkt Bad responding socket noSendResp AddResponse issued before SendResponse badBuffNum Sequence number out of range noDataArea Too many outstanding ATP calls RelTCB function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always relTCB --> 30 addrBlock long word ;destination of request --> 46 transID word ;transaction ID of request RelTCB dequeues the specified SendRequest call and returns the result code reqAborted for the aborted call. The transaction ID can be obtained from the reqTID field of the SendRequest queue entry; see the description of SendRequest for details. Result codes noErr No error cbNotFound ATP control block not found noDataArea Too many outstanding ATP calls RelRspCB function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always relRspCB --> 28 atpSocket byte ;socket number that request was received on --> 30 addrBlock long word ;source of request --> 46 transID word ;transaction ID of request In an exactly-once transaction, RelRspCB cancels the specified SendResponse, without waiting for the release timer to expire or a TRel packet to be received. No error is returned for the SendResponse call. Whan called to cancel a transaction that isn’t using exactly-once service, RelRspCB returns cbNotFound. The transaction ID can be obtained from the reqTID field of the SendResponse queue entry; see the description of SendResponse for details. Result codes noErr No error cbNotFound ATP control block not found _______________________________________________________________________________ »Name-Binding Protocol »Data Structures The first two bytes in the NBP header (Figure 13) indicate the type of the packet, the number of tuples in the packet, and an NBP packet identifier. You can use the following global constants to access these bytes: nbpControl .EQU 0 ;packet type nbpTCount .EQU 0 ;tuple count nbpID .EQU 1 ;packet identifier nbpTuple .EQU 2 ;start of first tuple •••Refer to Figure 13.••• Figure 13–NBP Packet NBP packets are identified by the following DDP protocol type: nbp .EQU 2 NBP uses the following global constants in the nbpControl field to identify NBP packets: brRq .EQU 1 ;broadcast request lkUp .EQU 2 ;lookup request lkUpReply .EQU 3 ;lookup reply NBP entities are identified by internet address in the form shown in Figure 14 below. Entities are also identified by tuples, which include both an internet address and an entity name. You can use the following global constants to access information in tuples: tupleNet .EQU 0 ;network number tupleNode .EQU 2 ;node ID tupleSkt .EQU 3 ;socket number tupleEnum .EQU 4 ;used internally tupleName .EQU 5 ;entity name The meta-characters in an entity name can be identified with the following global constants: equals .EQU '=' ;“wild-card” meta-character star .EQU '*' ;“this zone” meta-character •••Refer to Figure 14.••• Figure 14–Names Table Entry The maximum number of tuples in an NBP packet is given by the following global constant: tupleMax .EQU 15 Entity names are mapped to sockets via the names table. Each entry in the names table has the structure shown in Figure 14. You can use the following global constants to access some of the elements of a names table entry: ntLink .EQU 0 ;pointer to next entry ntTuple .EQU 4 ;tuple ntSocket .EQU 7 ;socket number ntEntity .EQU 9 ;entity name The socket number of the names information socket is given by the following global constant: nis .EQU 2 »Using NBP On a Macintosh 128K, before calling any other NBP routines, call the LoadNBP function, which reads the NBP code from the system resource file into the application heap. (The NBP code is part of the .MPP driver, which has a driver reference number of –10.) When you’re finished with NBP and want to reclaim the space its code occupies, call UnloadNBP. On a Macintosh 512K or XL, the NBP code is read in when the .MPP driver is loaded. Warning: When an application starts up, the application heap is reinitialized; on a Macintosh 128K, this means that the NBP code is lost (and must be reloaded by the next application). When an entity wants to communicate via an AppleTalk network, it should call RegisterName to place its name and internet address in the names table. When an entity no longer wants to communicate on the network, or is being shut down, it should call RemoveName to remove its entry from the names table. To determine the address of an entity you know only by name, call LookupName, which returns a list of all entities with the name you specify. If you already know the address of an entity, and want only to confirm that it still exists, call ConfirmName. ConfirmName is more efficient than LookupName in terms of network traffic. »NBP Routines RegisterName function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always registerName --> 28 interval byte ;retry interval <-> 29 count byte ;retry count --> 30 ntQElPtr pointer ;names table element pointer --> 34 verifyFlag byte ;set if verify needed RegisterName adds the name and address of an entity to the node’s names table. NTQElPtr points to a names table entry containing the entity’s name and internet address (in the form shown in Figure 14 above). Meta-characters aren’t allowed in the object and type fields of the entity name; the zone field, however, must contain the meta-character “*”. If verifyFlag is TRUE, RegisterName checks on the network to see if the name is already in use, and returns a result code of nbpDuplicate if so. Interval and count contain the retry interval in eight-tick units and the retry count. When a retry is made, the count field is modified. •••Refer to Technical Note #225:••• Warning: The names table entry passed to RegisterName remains the property of NBP until removed from the names table. Don’t attempt to remove or modify it. If you’ve allocated memory using a NewHandle call, you must lock it as long as the name is registered. Warning: VerifyFlag should normally be set before calling RegisterName. Result codes noErr No error nbpDuplicate Duplicate name already exists nbpNISErr Error opening names information socket LookupName function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always lookupName --> 28 interval byte ;retry interval <-> 29 count byte ;retry count --> 30 entityPtr pointer ;pointer to entity name --> 34 retBuffPtr pointer ;pointer to buffer --> 38 retBuffSize word ;buffer size in bytes --> 40 maxToGet word ;matches to get <-- 42 numGotten word ;matches found LookupName returns the addresses of all entities with a specified name. EntityPtr points to the entity’s name (in the form shown in Figure 14 above). Meta-characters are allowed in the entity name. RetBuffPtr and retBuffSize contain the location and size of an area of memory in which the tuples describing the entity names and their corresponding addresses should be returned. MaxToGet indicates the maximum number of matching names to find addresses for; the actual number of addresses found is returned in numGotten. Interval and count contain the retry interval and the retry count. LookupName completes when either the number of matches is equal to or greater than maxToGet, or the retry count has been exceeded. The count field is decremented for each retransmission. Note: NumGotten is first set to 0 and then incremented with each match found. You can test the value in this field, and can start examining the received addresses in the buffer while the lookup continues. Result codes noErr No error nbpBuffOvr Buffer overflow ConfirmName function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always confirmName --> 28 interval byte ;retry interval <-> 29 count byte ;retry count --> 30 entityPtr pointer ;pointer to entity name --> 34 confirmAddr pointer ;entity address <-- 38 newSocket byte ;socket number ConfirmName confirms that an entity known by name and address still exists (is still entered in the names directory). EntityPtr points to the entity’s name (in the form shown in Figure 14 above). ConfirmAddr specifies the address to confirmed. No meta-characters are allowed in the entity name. Interval and count contain the retry interval and the retry count. The socket number of the entity is returned in newSocket. ConfirmName is more efficient than LookupName in terms of network traffic. Result codes noErr No error nbpConfDiff Name confirmed for different socket nbpNoConfirm Name not confirmed RemoveName function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always removeName --> 30 entityPtr pointer ;pointer to entity name RemoveName removes an entity name from the names table of the given entity’s node. Result codes noErr No error nbpNotFound Name not found LoadNBP function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always loadNBP On a Macintosh 128K, LoadNBP reads the NBP code from the system resource file into the application heap; on a Macintosh 512K or XL it has no effect. Result codes noErr No error UnloadNBP function Parameter block --> 26 csCode word ;always unloadNBP On a Macintosh 128K, UnloadNBP makes the NBP code purgeable; the space isn’t actually released by the Memory Manager until necessary. On a Macintosh 512K or XL, UnloadNBP has no effect. Result codes noErr No error _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Extended…Protocol…Package…Driver æC »EXTENDED PROTOCOL PACKAGE DRIVER AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ The Extended Protocol Package (XPP) driver is intended to implement several AppleTalk communication protocols in the same package for ease of use. The .XPP driver currently consists of two modules that operate on two levels: the low-level module implements the workstation side of AppleTalk Session Protocol, and the high-level module implements a small portion of the workstation side of the AppleTalk Filing Protocol. This driver adds functionality to the AppleTalk manager by providing services additional to those provided in the .MPP and .ATP drivers. Figure 2 shows the Macintosh AppleTalk drivers and the protocols accessible through each driver. The .XPP driver maps an AFP call from the client workstation into one or more ASP calls. .XPP provides one client-level call for AFP. The implementation of AFP in the .XPP driver is very limited. Most calls are a very simple one-to-one mapping from an AFP call to an ASP command without any interpretation of the syntax of the AFP command by the .XPP driver. Refer to the “Mapping AFP Commands” section of this chapter for further information. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Version The .XPP driver supports ASP Version (hex) $100, as described in Inside AppleTalk. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Error Reporting Errors are returned by the .XPP driver in the ioResult field of the Device Manager Control calls. The error conditions reported by the .XPP driver may represent the unsuccessful completion of a routine in more than just one process involved in the interaction of the session. System-level, .XPP driver, AppleTalk, and server errors can all turn up in the ioResult field. AFP calls return codes indicating the unsuccessful completion of AFP commands in the Command Result field of the parameter block (described below). An application using the .XPP driver should respond appropriately to error conditions reported from the different parts of the interaction. As shown in Figure 3, the following errors can be returned in the ioResult field: 1. System-level errors System errors returned by the .XPP driver indicate such conditions as the driver not being open or a specific system call not being supported. For a complete list of result codes returned by the Macintosh system software, refer to Appendix A. 2. XPP errors (for example, “Session not opened”) The .XPP driver can also return errors resulting from its own activity (for example, the referenced session isn’t open). The possible .XPP driver errors returned are listed in the .XPP driver results codes section with each function that can return the code. 3. AppleTalk Errors (returned from lower-level protocols) .XPP may also return errors from lower-level protocols (for example, “Socket not open”). Possible error conditions and codes are described elsewhere in this chapter. 4. An ASP-specific error could be returned from an ASP server in response to a failed OpenSession call. Errors of this type, returned by the server to the workstation, are documented both in Inside AppleTalk, section 11, “AppleTalk Session Protocol”, and in the .XPP driver results code section of this chapter. 5. The AppleTalk Filing Protocol defines errors that are returned from the server to the workstation client. These errors are returned in the cmdResult field of the parameter block (error type 5 in Figure 15). This field is valid if no system-level error is returned by the call. Note that at the ASP level, the cmdResult field is client-defined data and may not be an error code. •••Refer to Figure 15.••• Figure 15–Error Reporting _______________________________________________________________________________ ».XPP Driver Functions Overview The paragraphs below describe the implementation of ASP in the .XPP driver. For more detailed information about ASP, refer to Inside AppleTalk, Section 11, “AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP)”. »Using AppleTalk Name Binding Protocol A server wishing to advertise its service on the AppleTalk network calls ATP to open an ATP responding socket known as the session listening socket (SLS). The server then calls the Name Binding Protocol (NBP) to register a name on this socket. At this point, the server calls the server side of ASP to pass it the address of the SLS. Then, the server starts listening on the SLS for session opening requests coming over the network. »Opening and Closing Sessions When a workstation wishes to access a server, the workstation must call NBP to discover the SLS for that server. Then the workstation calls ASP to open a session with that server. After determining the SLS (address) of the server, the workstation client issues an OpenSession (or AFPLogin) call to open a session with that server. As a result of this call, ASP sends a special OpenSession packet (an ATP request) to the SLS; this packet carries the address of a workstation socket for use in the session. This socket is referred to as the workstation session socket (WSS). If the server is unable to set up the session, it returns an error. If the request is successful, the server returns no error, and the session is opened. The open session packet also contains a version number so that both ends can verify that they are speaking the same version of ASP. The AbortOS function can be used to abort an outstanding OpenSession request before it has completed. The workstation client closes the session by issuing a CloseSession (or AFPLogout). The CloseSession call aborts any calls that are active on the session and closes the session. The session can also be closed by the server or by ASP itself, such as when one end of the session fails. The CloseAll call (which should be used with care) aborts every session that the driver has active. »Session Maintenance A session will remain open until it is explicitly terminated by the ASP client at either end or until one of the sessions ends, fails, or becomes unreachable. »Commands on an Open Session Once a session has been opened, the workstation client can send a sequence of commands over the session to the server end. The commands are delivered in the same order as they are issued at the workstation end, and replies to the commands are returned to the workstation end. Three types of commands can be made on an open session. These commands are UserCommand, UserWrite, and AFPCall functions described in the following paragraphs. UserCommand calls are similar to ATP requests. The workstation client sends a command (included in a variable size command block) to the server client requesting it to perform a particular function and send back a variable size command reply. Examples of such commands vary from a request to open a particular file on a file server, to reading a certain range of bytes from a device. In the first case, a small amount of reply data is returned; in the second case a multiple-packet reply might be generated. The .XPP driver does not interpret the command block or in any way participate in executing the command’s function. It simply conveys the command block, included in a higher-level format, to the server end of the session, and returns the command reply to the workstation-end client. The command reply consists of a four-byte command result and a variable size command reply block. UserWrite allows the workstation to convey blocks of data to the server. UserWrite is used to transfer a variable size block of data to the server end of the session and to receive a reply. The AFPCall function provides a mechanism for passing an AFP command to the server end of an open session and receiving a reply. The first byte of the AFPCall command buffer contains the code for the AFP command that is to be passed to the server for execution. Most AFP calls are implemented through a very simple one-to-one mapping that takes the call and makes an ASP command out of it. The AFPCall function can have one of four different, but very similar, formats. »Getting Server Status Information ASP provides a service to allow its workstation clients to obtain a block of service status information from a server without the need for opening a session. The GetStatus function returns a status block from the server identified by the indicated address. ASP does not impose any structure on the status block. This structure is defined by the protocol above ASP. »Attention Mechanism Attentions are defined in ASP as a way for the server to alert the workstation of some event or critical piece of information. The ASP OpenSession and AFPLogin calls include a pointer to an attention routine in their parameter blocks. This attention routine is called by the .XPP driver when it receives an attention from the server and also when the session is closing as described below. In addition, upon receiving an OpenSession call or AFPLogin call, the .XPP driver sets the first two bytes of the session control block (SCB) to zero. When the .XPP driver receives an attention, the first two bytes of the SCB are set to the attention bytes from the packet (which are always nonzero). Note: A higher-level language such as Pascal may not wish to have a low-level attention routine called. A Pascal program can poll the attention bytes, and if they are ever nonzero, the program will know that an attention has come in. (It would then set the attention bytes back to zero.) Of course, two or more attentions could be received between successive polls, and only the last one would be recorded. The .XPP driver also calls the attention routine when the session is closed by either the server, workstation, or ASP itself (if the ASP session times out). In these cases, the attention bytes in the SCB are unchanged. »The Attention Routine The attention routine is called at interrupt level and must observe interrupt conventions. Specifically, the interrupt routine can change registers A0 through A3 and D0 through D3 and it must not make any Memory Manager calls. It will be called with • D0 (word) equal to the SessRefnum for that session (see OpenSession Function) • D1 (word) equal to the attention bytes passed by the server (or zero if the session is closing) Return with an RTS (return from subroutine) to resume normal execution. The next section describes the calls that can be made to the .XPP driver. _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Calling…the….XPP…Driver æC »CALLING THE .XPP DRIVER AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ This section describes how to use the .XPP driver and how to call the .XPP driver routines from assembly language and Pascal. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Using XPP The .XPP driver implements the workstation side of ASP and provides a mechanism for the workstation to send AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP) commands to the server. »Allocating Memory Every call to the .XPP driver requires the caller to pass in whatever memory is needed by the driver for the call, generally at the end of the queue element. When a session is opened, the memory required for maintenance of that session (that is, the Session Control Block) is also passed in. For standard Device Manager calls, a queue element of a specific size equal to IOQElSize is allocated. When issuing many calls to XPP, it is the caller’s responsibility to allocate a queue element that is large enough to accommodate the .XPP driver’s requirements for executing that call, as defined below. Once allocated, that memory can’t be modified until the call completes. »Opening the .XPP Driver To open the .XPP driver, issue a Device Manager Open call. (Refer to the Device Manager chapter.) The name of the .XPP driver is '.XPP'. The original Macintosh ROMs require that .XPP be opened only once. With new ROMs, the .XPP unit number can always be obtained through an Open call. With old ROMs only, the .XPP unit number must be hard coded to XPPUnitNum (40) since only one Open call can be issued to the driver. The .XPP driver cannot be opened unless AppleTalk is open. The application must ensure that the .MPP and .ATP drivers are opened, as described earlier in this chapter. The xppLoaded bit (bit 5) in the PortBUse byte in low memory indicates whether or not the .XPP driver is open. »Example The following is an example of the procedure an application might use to open the .XPP driver. ; Routine: OpenXPP ; ; Open the .XPP driver and return the driver refNum for it. ; ; Exit: D0 = error code (ccr's set) ; D1 = XPP driver refNum (if no errors) ; ; All other registers preserved ; xppUnitNum EQU 40 ;default XPP driver number xppTfRNum EQU -(xppUnitNum+1) ;default XPP driver refNum OpenXPP MOVE.L A0-A1/D2,-(SP) ;save registers MOVE ROM85,D0 ;check ROM type byte BPL.S @10 ;branch if >=128K ROMs BTST #xppLoadedBit,PortBUse ;is the XPP driver open already? BEQ.S @10 ;if not open, then branch to Open code MOVE #xppTfRNum,D1 ;else use this as driver refnum MOVEQ #0,D0 ;set noErr BRA.S @90 ;and exit ; ; XPP driver not open. Make an _Open call to it. If using a 128K ; ROM machine and the driver is already open, we will make another ; Open call to it just so we get the correct driver refNum. ; @10 SUB #ioQElSize,SP ;allocate temporary param block MOVE.L SP,A0 ;A0 -> param block LEA XPPName, A1 ;A1 -> XPP (ASP/AFP) driver name MOVE.L A1,ioFileName(A0) ;driver name into param block CLR.B ioPermssn(A0) ;clear permissions byte _Open MOVE ioRefNum(A0),D1 ;D1=driver refNum (invalid if error) ADD #ioQElSize,SP ;deallocate temp param block @90 MOVE.L (SP)+,A0-A1/D2 ;restore registers TST D0 ;error? (set ccr's) RTS XPPName DC.B 4 ;length of string DC.B '.XPP' ;driver name From Pascal, XPP can be opened through the OpenXPP call, which returns the driver’s reference number: FUNCTION OpenXPP (VAR xppRefnum: INTEGER) : OSErr; »Open Errors Errors returned when calling the Device Manager Open routine if the function does not execute properly include the following: • errors returned by System • portInUse is returned if the AppleTalk port is in use by a driver other than AppleTalk or if AppleTalk is not open. »Closing the .XPP Driver To close the .XPP driver, call the Device Manager Close routine. Warning: There is generally no reason to close the driver. Use this call sparingly, if at all. This call should generally be used only by system-level applications. »Close Errors Errors returned when calling the Device Manager Close routine if the function does not execute properly include the following: • errors returned by System • closeErr (new ROMs only) is returned if you try to close the driver and there are sessions active through that driver. When sessions are active, closeErr is returned and the driver remains open. • on old ROMs the driver is closed whether or not sessions are active and no error is returned. Results are unpredictable if sessions are still active. »Session Control Block The session control block (SCB) is a nonrelocatable block of data passed by the caller to XPP upon session opening. XPP reserves this block for use in maintaining an open session. The SCB size is defined by the constant scbMemSize. The SCB is a locked block, and as long as the session is open, the SCB cannot be modified in any way by the application. There is one SCB for each open session. This block can be reused once a CloseSess call is issued and completed for that session or when the session is indicated as closed. _______________________________________________________________________________ »How to Access the .XPP Driver This section contains information for programmers using Pascal and assembly-language routines. All .XPP driver routines can be executed either synchronously (meaning that the application can’t continue until the routine is completed) or asynchronously (meaning that the application is free to perform other tasks while the routine is executing). XPP calls are made from Pascal in the same manner as MPP and ATP calls, with the exception that when making XPP calls the caller must set the XPP driver’s refnum. This refnum is returned in the XPPOpen call’s parameter block. A Pascal variant record has been defined for all XPP calls. This parameter block is detailed in the “.XPP Driver Parameter Block Record” section below. The first four fields (which are the same for all calls) are automatically filled in by the device manager. The csCode field is automatically filled in by Pascal, depending on which call is being made. The caller must, however, set the ioRefnum field to XPP’s reference number, as returned in the OpenXPP call. The ioVRefnum field is unused. Note that the parameter block is defined so as to be the maximum size used by any call. Different calls take different size parameter blocks, each call requiring a certain minimum size. Callers are free to abbreviate the parameter block where appropriate. »General With each routine, a list of the parameter block fields used by the call is also given. All routines are invoked by Device Manager Control calls with the csCode field equal to the code corresponding to the function being called. The number next to each field name indicates the byte offset of the field from the start of the parameter block pointed to by A0; only assembly-language programmers need to be concerned with it. An arrow next to each parameter name indicates whether it’s an input, output, or input/output parameter: Arrow Meaning <-- Parameter is passed <-- Parameter is returned <-> Parameter is passed and returned All Device Manager Control calls return an integer result code in the ioResult field. Each routine description lists all the applicable result codes, along with a short description of what the result code means. Refer to the section “XPP Driver Result Codes” for an alphabetical list of result codes returned by the .XPP driver. Each routine description includes a Pascal form of the call. Pascal calls to the .XPP Driver are of the form: FUNCTION XPPCall (paramBlock: XPPParmBlkPtr,async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; XPPCall is the name of the routine. The parameter paramBlock points to the actual I/O queue element used in the _Control call, filled in by the caller with the parameters of the routine. The parameter async indicates whether or not the call should be made asynchronously. If async is TRUE, the call is executed asynchronously; otherwise the call is executed synchronously. The routine returns a result code of type OSErr. ».XPP Driver Parameter Block Record XPPParamBlock = PACKED RECORD qLink: QElemPtr; {next queue entry} qType: INTEGER; {queue type} ioTrap: INTEGER; {routine trap} ioCmdAddr: Ptr; {routine address} ioCompletion: ProcPtr; {completion routine} ioResult: OSErr; {result code} cmdResult: LONGINT; {command result (ATP user bytes) [long]} ioVRefNum: INTEGER; {volume reference or drive number) ioRefNum: INTEGER; {driver reference number) csCode: INTEGER; {Call command code} CASE XPPPrmBlkType OF ASPAbortPrm: (abortSCBPtr: Ptr); {SCB pointer for AbortOS [long]} ASPSizeBlk: (aspMaxCmdSize: INTEGER; {for SPGetParms [word] aspQuantumSize: INTEGER; {for SPGetParms [word]} numSesss: INTEGER); {for SPGetParms [word]} XPPPrmBlk: (sessRefnum: INTEGER; {offset to session refnum [word]} aspTimeout: Byte; {timeout for ATP [byte]} aspRetry: Byte; {retry count for ATP [byte]} CASE XPPSubPrmType OF ASPOpenPrm: (serverAddr: AddrBlock; {server address block [longword]} scbPointer: Ptr; {SCB pointer [longword]} attnRoutine: Ptr); {attention routine pointer [long]} ASPSubPrm: (cbSize: INTEGER; {command block size [word]} cbPtr: Ptr; {command block pointer [long]} rbSize: INTEGER; {reply buffer size [word]} rbPtr: Ptr; {reply buffer pointer [long]} CASE XPPEndPrmType OF AFPLoginPrm: (afpAddrBlock: AddrBlock; {address block in} { AFPlogin [long]} afpSCBPtr: Ptr; {SCB pointer in } { AFPlogin [long]} afpAttnRoutine: Ptr); {attn routine pointer } { in AFPlogin} ASPEndPrm: (wdSize: INTEGER; {write data size [word]} wdPtr: Ptr; {write data pointer [long]} ccbStart: ARRAY[0..295] OF Byte))); {CCB memory } { for driver} {Write max size(CCB) = 296; all other calls = 150} END; _______________________________________________________________________________ »AppleTalk Session Protocol Functions This section contains descriptions of the .XPP driver functions that you can call. Each function description shows the required parameter block fields, their offsets within the parameter block and a brief definition of the field. Possible result codes are also described. »Note on Result Codes An important distinction exists between the aspParamErr and aspSessClose result codes that may be returned by the .XPP driver. When the driver returns aspParamErr to a call that takes as an input a session reference number, the session reference number does not relate to a valid open session. There could be several reasons for this, such as the workstation or server end closed the session or the server end of the session died. The aspSessClosed result code indicates that even though the session reference number relates to a valid session, that particular session is in the process of closing down (although the session is not yet closed). FUNCTION ASPOpenSession (xParamBlock: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block --> 26 csCode word Always ASPOpenSess --> 28 sessRefnum word Session reference number --> 30 aspTimeout byte Retry interval in seconds --> 31 aspRetry byte Number of retries --> 32 serverAddr long word Server socket address --> 36 scbPointer pointer Pointer to session control block --> 40 attnRoutine pointer Pointer to attention routine ASPOpenSession initiates (opens) a session between the workstation and a server. The required parameter block is shown above. A brief definition of the fields follows. SessRefnum is a unique number identifying the open session between the workstation and the server. The SessRefnum is returned when the function completes successfully and is used in all calls to identify the session. ASPTimeOut is the interval in seconds between retries of the open session request. ASPRetry is the number of retries that will be attempted. ServerAddr is the network identifier or address of the socket on which the server is listening. SCBPointer points to a nonrelocatable block of data for the session control block (SCB) that the .XPP driver reserves for use in maintaining an open session. The SCB size is defined by the constant scbMemSize. The SCB is a locked block and as long as the session is open, the SCB cannot be modified in any way by the application. There is one SCB for each open session. This block can be reused when a CloseSess call is issued and completed for that session, or when the session is indicated as closed through return of aspParamErr as the result of a call for that session. AttnRoutine is a pointer to a routine that is invoked if an attention from the server is received, or upon session closing. If this pointer is equal to zero, no attention routine will be invoked. Result codes aspNoMoreSess Driver cannot support another session aspParamErr Server returned bad (positive) error code aspNoServers No servers at that address, or the server did not respond to the request reqAborted OpenSess was aborted by an AbortOS aspBadVersNum Server cannot support the offered version number aspServerBusy Server cannot open another session Note: The number of sessions that the driver is capable of supporting depends on the machine that the driver is running on. FUNCTION ASPCloseSession (xParamBlock: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block --> 26 csCode word Always ASPCloseSession --> 28 sessRefnum word Session reference number ASPCloseSession closes the session identified by the sessRefnum returned in the ASPOpenSession call. ASPCloseSession aborts any calls that are active on the session, closes the session, and calls the attention routine, if any, with an attention code of zero (zero is invalid as a real attention code). Result codes aspParamErr Parameter error, indicates an invalid session reference number aspSessClosed Session already in process of closing FUNCTION ASPAbortOS (xParamBlock: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block --> 26 csCode word Always ASPAbortOS --> 28 abortSCBPointer pointer Pointer to session control block ASPAbortOS aborts a pending (not yet completed) ASPOpenSession call. The aborted ASPOpenSession call will return a reqAborted error. AbortSCBPointer points to the original SCB used in the the pending ASPOpenSession call. Result codes cbNotFound SCB not found, no outstanding open session to be aborted. Pointer did not point to an open session SCB. FUNCTION ASPGetParms (xParamBlock: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN): OSErr; Parameter block --> 26 csCode word Always ASPGetParms --> 28 aspMaxCmdSize word Maximum size of command block --> 30 aspQuantumSize word Maximum data size --> 32 numSesss word Number of sessions ASPGetParms returns three ASP parameters. This call does not require an open session. ASPMaxCmdSize is the maximum size of a command that can be sent to the server. ASPQuantumSize is the maximum size of data that can be transferred to the server in a Write request or from the server in a command reply. NumSess is the number of concurrent sessions supported by the driver. FUNCTION ASPCloseAll (xParamBlock: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block --> 26 csCode word Always ASPCloseAll ASPCloseAll closes every session that the driver has active, aborting all active requests and invoking the attention routines where provided. This call should be used carefully. ASPCloseAll can be used as a system level resource for making sure all sessions are closed prior to closing the driver. FUNCTION ASPUserWrite (xParamBlock: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN): OSErr; Parameter block --> 18 cmdResult long word ASP command result --> 26 csCode word Always UserWrite --> 28 sessRefnum word Session reference number --> 30 aspTimeout byte Retry interval in seconds --> 32 cbSize word Command block size --> 34 cbPtr pointer Command block pointer <-> 38 rbSize word Reply buffer size and reply size --> 40 rbPtr pointer Reply buffer pointer <-> 44 wdSize word Write data size --> 46 wdPtr pointer Write data pointer --> 50 ccbStart record Start of memory for CCB ASPUserWrite transfers data on a session. ASPUserWrite is one of the two main calls that can be used to transfer data on an ASP session. The other call that performs a similar data transfer is ASPUserCommand described below. The ASPUserWrite command returns data in two different places. Four bytes of data are returned in the cmdResult field and a variable size reply buffer is also returned. CmdResult is four bytes of data returned by the server. SessRefnum is the session reference number returned in the ASPOpenSession call. ASPTimeOut is the interval in seconds between retries of the call. Notice that there is no aspRetry field (retries are infinite). The command will be retried at the prescribed interval until completion or the session is closed. CBSize is the size in bytes of the command data that is to be written on the session. The size of the command block must not exceed the value of aspMaxCmdSize returned by the ASPGetParms call. Note that this buffer is not the data to be written by the command but only the data of the command itself. CBPtr points to the command data. RBSize is passed and indicates the size of the reply buffer in bytes expected by the command. RBSize is also returned and indicates the size of the reply that was actually returned. RBPtr points to the reply buffer. WDSize is passed and indicates the size of the write data in bytes to be sent by the command. WDSize is also returned and indicates the size of the write data that was actually written. WDPointer points to the write data buffer. CCBStart is the start of the memory to be used by the .XPP driver for the command control block. The size of this block is equal to a maximum of 296 bytes. To determine the exact requirement, refer to the CCB Sizes section of this document. Result codes aspParamErr Invalid session number, session has been closed aspSizeErr Command block size is bigger than MaxCmdSize aspSessClosed Session is closing aspBufTooSmall Reply is bigger than response buffer; the buffer will be filled, data will be truncated FUNCTION ASPUserCommand (xParamBlock: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block --> 18 cmdResult long word ASP command result --> 26 csCode word Always ASPUserCommand --> 28 sessRefnum word Session number --> 30 aspTimeout byte Retry interval in seconds --> 32 cbSize word Command block size --> 34 cbPtr pointer Command block pointer <-> 38 rbSize word Reply buffer and reply size --> 40 rbPtr pointer Reply buffer pointer --> 50 ccbStart record Start of memory for CCB ASPUserCommand is used to send a command to the server on a session. SessRefnum is the session reference number returned in the ASPOpenSession call. ASPTimeOut is the interval in seconds between retries of the call. Notice that there is no aspRetry field (retries are infinite). The command will be retried at the prescribed interval until completion or the session is closed. CBSize is the size in bytes of the block of data that contains the command to be sent to the server on the session. The size of the command block must not exceed the value of aspMaxCmdSize returned by the ASPGetParms call. CBPointer points to the block of data containing the command that is to be sent to the server on the session. RBSize is passed and indicates the size of the reply buffer in bytes expected by the command. RBSize is also returned and indicates the size of the reply that was actually returned. RBPtr points to the reply buffer. CCBStart is the start of the memory to be used by the .XPP driver for the command control block. The size of this block is equal to a maximum of 150 bytes. To determine the exact requirement refer to the CCB Sizes section of this document. Result codes aspParamErr Invalid session number, session has been closed aspSizeErr Command block size is bigger than MaxCmdSize aspSessClosed Session is closing aspBufTooSmall Reply is bigger than response buffer; the buffer will be filled, data will be truncated FUNCTION ASPGetStatus (xParamBlock: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block --> 26 csCode word Always ASPGetStatus --> 30 aspTimeout byte Retry interval in seconds --> 31 aspRetry byte Number of retries --> 32 serverAddr long word Server socket address <-> 38 rbSize word Reply buffer and reply size --> 40 rbPtr pointer Reply buffer pointer --> 50 ccbStart record Start of memory for CCB ASPGetStatus returns server status. This call is also used as GetServerInfo at the AFP level. This call is unique in that it transfers data over the network without having a session open. This call does not pass any data but requests that server status be returned. ASPTimeOut is the interval in seconds between retries of the call. ASPRetry is the number of retries that will be attempted. ServerAddr is the network identifier or address of the socket on which the server is listening. RBSize is passed and indicates the size of the reply buffer in bytes expected by the command. RBSize is also returned and indicates the size of the reply that was actually returned. RBPtr points to the reply buffer. CCBStart is the start of the memory to be used by the .XPP driver for the command control block. The size of this block is equal to a maximum of 150 bytes. To determine the exact requirement refer to the CCB Sizes section of this document. Result codes aspBufTooSmall Reply is bigger than response buffer, or Replysize is bigger than ReplyBuffsize aspNoServer No response from server at address used in call _______________________________________________________________________________ »AFP Implementation The AFPCall function (called AFPCommand in Pascal) passes a command to an AFP server. The first byte of the AFPCall command buffer (the AFP command byte) must contain a valid AFP command code. Note: Server information should be gotten through an ASPGetStatus call (described above). ASPGetStatus is equivalent to the AFPGetSrvrInfo. Making an AFP GetSrvrInfo call using AFPCommand results in an error. »Mapping AFP Commands Most AFP calls are implemented by XPP through a very simple one-to-one mapping of an AFP call to an ASP call without interpretation or verification of the data. The .XPP driver maps AFP command codes to ASP commands according to the following conventions: AFP Command Code Comment $00 Invalid AFP command $01–$BE (1–190) Mapped to UserCommand (with the exceptions listed below) $BF (191) Mapped to UserCommand (Reserved for developers; will never be used by Apple) $C0–$FD (192–253) Mapped to UserWrite $FE (254) Mapped to UserWrite (will never be used by Apple) $FF (255) Invalid AFP command The following AFP calls are exceptions to the above conventions: AFP Command (Code/Decimal) Comment getSrvrInfo (15) Mapped to ASPGetStatus (Use ASPGetStatus to make this call) login (18) Mapped to appropriate log-in dialog including ASPOpenSession call loginCont (19) Mapped to appropriate log-in dialog logout (20) Mapped to ASPCloseSession write (33) Mapped to ASPUserWrite The following AFP calls can pass or return more data than can fit in quantumSize bytes (eight ATP response packets) and may be broken up by XPP into multiple ASP calls. AFP Command (Code/Decimal) Comment read (27) Can return up to the number of bytes indicated in reqCount write (33) Can pass up to the number of bytes indicated in reqCount »AFPCall Function The AFPCall function can have one of the following command formats. • General • Login • AFPWrite • AFPRead »General Command Format FUNCTION AFPCommand (xParamBlock: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block --> 18 cmdResult long word AFP command result --> 26 csCode word Always AFPCall --> 28 sessRefnum word Session reference number --> 30 aspTimeout byte Retry interval in seconds --> 32 cbSize word Command buffer size --> 34 cbPtr pointer Command buffer <-> 38 rbSize word Reply buffer size and reply size --> 40 rbPtr pointer Reply buffer pointer <-> 44 wdSize word Write data size --> 46 wdPtr pointer Write data pointer --> 50 ccbStart record Start of memory for CCB The general command format for the AFPCall function passes an AFP command to the server. This format is used for all AFP calls except AFPLogin, AFPRead, and AFPWrite. Note that from Pascal this call is referred to as AFPCommand. CmdResult is four bytes of data returned from the server containing an indication of the result of the AFP command. SessRefnum is the session reference number returned in the AFPLogin call. ASPTimeOut is the interval in seconds between retries of the call by the driver. CBSize is the size in bytes of the block of data that contains the command to be sent to the server on the session. The size of the command block must not exceed the value of aspMaxCmdSize returned by the ASPGetParms call. CBPtr points to start of the block of data (command block) containing the command that is to be sent to the server on the session. The first byte of the command block must contain the AFP command byte. Subsequent bytes in the command buffer contain the parameters associated with the command as defined in the AFP document. RBSize is passed and indicates the size of the reply buffer in bytes expected by the command. RBSize is also returned and indicates the size of the reply that was actually returned. RBPtr points to the reply buffer. WDSize is the size of data to be written to the server (only used if the command is one that is mapped to an ASPUserWrite). WDPtr points to the write data buffer (only used if the command is one that is mapped to an ASPUserWrite). CCBStart is the start of the memory to be used by the .XPP driver for the command control block. The size of this block is equal to a maximum of 296 bytes. To determine the exact requirement refer to the CCB Sizes section of this document. Result codes aspParamErr Invalid session number; session has been closed aspSizeErr Command block size is bigger than MaxCmdSize aspSessClosed Session is closing aspBufTooSmall Reply is bigger than response buffer or buffer will be filled, data will be truncated afpParmError AFP command block size is equal to zero. This error will also be returned if the command byte in the command block is equal to 0 or $FF (255) or GetSrvrStatus (15). »Login Command Format The AFP login command executes a series of AFP operations as defined in the AFP Draft Proposal. For further information, refer to the AFP document. FUNCTION AFPCommand (xParamBlock: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN): OSErr; Parameter block --> 18 cmdResult long word AFP command result --> 26 csCode word Always AFPCall --> 28 sessRefnum word Session reference number --> 30 aspTimeout byte Retry interval in seconds --> 31 aspRetry byte Number of retries --> 32 cbSize word Command buffer size --> 34 cbPtr pointer Command buffer <-> 38 rbSize word Reply buffer size and reply size --> 40 rbPtr pointer Reply buffer pointer --> 44 afpAddrBlock long word Server address block <-> 48 afpSCBPtr pointer SCB pointer <-> 52 afpAttnRoutine pointer Attention routine pointer --> 50 ccbStart record Start of command control block CmdResult is four bytes of data returned from the server containing an indication of the result of the AFP command. SessRefnum is the session reference number (returned by the AFPLogin call). ASPTimeOut is the interval in seconds between retries of the call. ASPRetry is the number of retries that will be attempted. CBSize is the size in bytes of the block data that contains the command to be sent to the server on the session. The size of the command block must not exceed the value of aspMaxCmdSize returned by the ASPGetParms call. CBPtr points to the block of data (command block) containing the AFP login command that is to be sent to the server on the session. The first byte of the command block must be the AFP login command byte. Subsequent bytes in the command buffer contain the parameters associated with the command. RBSize is passed and indicates the size of the reply buffer in bytes expected by the command. RBSize is also returned and indicates the size of the reply that was actually returned. RBPtr points to the reply buffer. AFPServerAddr is the network identifier or address of the socket on which the server is listening. AFPSCBPointer points to a locked block of data for the session control block (SCB). The SCB size is defined by scbMemSize. The SCB is a locked block, and as long as the session is open, the SCB cannot be modified in any way by the application. There is one SCB for each open session. AFPAttnRoutine is a pointer to a routine that is invoked if an attention from the server is received. When afpAttnRoutine is equal to zero, no attention routine will be invoked. CCBStart is the start of the memory to be used by the .XPP driver for the command control block. The size of this block is equal to a maximum of 150 bytes. To determine the exact requirement refer to the CCB Sizes section later in this chapter. Note: In the parameter block, the afpSCBPointer and the afpAttnRoutine fields overlap with the start of the CCB and are modified by the call. Result codes aspSizeErr Command block size is bigger than MaxCmdSize aspBufTooSmall Reply is bigger than response buffer or buffer will be filled, data will be truncated aspNoServer Server not responding aspServerBusy Server cannot open another session aspBadVersNum Server cannot support the offered ASP version number aspNoMoreSess Driver cannot support another session. »AFPWrite Command Format The AFPWrite and AFPRead command formats allow the calling application to make AFP-level calls that read or write a data block that is larger than a single ASP-level call is capable of reading or writing. The maximum number of bytes of data that can be read or written at the ASP level is equal to quantumSize. FUNCTION AFPCommand (xParamBlock: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block --> 18 cmdResult long word AFP command result --> 26 csCode word Always AFPCall --> 28 sessRefnum word Session number --> 30 aspTimeout byte Retry interval in seconds --> 32 cbSize word Command buffer size --> 34 cbPtr pointer Command buffer <-> 38 rbSize word Reply buffer size and reply size --> 40 rbPtr pointer Reply buffer pointer --> 44 wdSize word (used internally) <-> 46 wdPtr pointer Write data pointer (updated) --> 50 ccbStart record Start of memory for CCB CmdResult is four bytes of data returned from the server containing an indication of the result of the AFP command. SessRefnum is the session reference number returned in the AFPLogin call. ASPTimeOut is the interval in seconds between retries of the call. CBSize is the size in bytes of the block data that contains the command to be sent to the server on the session. The size of the command block must not exceed the value of aspMaxCmdSize returned by the aspGetParms call. CBPtr points to the block of data (see command block structure below) containing the AFP write command that is to be sent to the server on the session. The first byte of the Command Block must contain the AFP write command byte. RBSize is passed and indicates the size of the reply buffer in bytes expected by the command. RBSize is also returned and indicates the size of the reply that was actually returned. RBPtr points to the reply buffer. WDSize is used internally. Note: This command does not pass the write data size in the queue element but in the command buffer. XPP will look for the size in that buffer. WDPtr is a pointer to the block of data to be written. Note that this field will be updated by XPP as it proceeds and will always point to that section of the data which XPP is currently writing. CCBStart is the start of the memory to be used by the XPP driver for the command control block. The size of this block is equal to a maximum of 296 bytes. To determine the exact requirement refer to the CCB Sizes section later in this chapter. Command Block Structure: The AFP write command passes several arguments to XPP in the command buffer itself. The byte offsets are relative to the location pointed to by cbPtr. --> 0 cmdByte byte AFP call command byte --> 1 startEndFlag byte Start/end Flag <-> 4 rwOffset long word Offset within fork to write <-> 8 reqCount long word Requested count CmdByte is the AFP call command byte and must contain the AFP write command code. StartEndFlag is a one-bit flag (the high bit of the byte) indicating whether the rwOffset field is relative to the beginning or the end of the fork (all other bits are zero). 0 = relative to the beginning of the fork 1 = relative to the end of the fork RWOffset is the byte offset within the fork at which the write is to begin. ReqCount indicates the size of the data to be written and is returned as the actual size written. The rwOffset and reqCount fields are modified by XPP as the write proceeds and will always indicate the current value of these fields. The Pascal structure of the AFP command buffer follows: AFPCommandBlock = PACKED RECORD cmdByte: Byte; startEndFlag: Byte; forkRefNum: INTEGER; {used by server} rwOffset: LONGINT; reqCount: LONGINT; newLineFlag: Byte; {unused by write} newLineChar: CHAR; {unused by write} END; Result codes aspParamErr Invalid session number aspSizeErr Command block size is bigger than MaxCmdSize aspSessClosed Session is closing aspBufTooSmall Reply is bigger than response buffer »AFPRead Command Format The AFPWrite and AFPRead command formats allow the calling application to make AFP-level calls that read or write a data block that is larger than a single ASP-level call is capable of reading or writing. The maximum number of bytes of data that can be read or written at the ASP level is equal to quantumSize. FUNCTION AFPCommand (xParamBlock: XPPParmBlkPtr; async: BOOLEAN) : OSErr; Parameter block --> 18 cmdResult long word ASP command result --> 26 csCode word Always AFPCall --> 28 sessRefnum word Session number --> 30 aspTimeout byte Retry interval in seconds --> 32 cbSize word Command buffer size --> 34 cbPtr pointer Command buffer --> 38 rbSize word Used internally <-> 40 rbPtr pointer Reply buffer pointer (updated) --> 50 ccbStart record Start of memory for CCB CmdResult is four bytes of data returned from the server containing an indication of the result of the AFP command. SessRefnum is the session reference number returned in the AFPLogin call. ASPTimeOut is the interval in seconds between retries of the call. CBSize is the size in bytes of the block data that contains the command to be sent to the server on the session. The size of the command block must not exceed the value of aspMaxCmdSize returned by the GetParms call. CBPtr points to the block of data (command block) containing the AFP read command that is to be sent to the server on the session. The first byte of the command block must contain the AFP read command byte. The command block structure is shown below. RBSize is used internally. Note: This command does not pass the read size in the queue element but in the command buffer. XPP will look for the size in that buffer. RBPtr points to the reply buffer. Note that this field will be updated by XPP as it proceeds and will always point to that section of the buffer that XPP is currently reading into. CCBStart is the start of the memory to be used by the .XPP driver for the command control block. The size of this block is equal to a maximum of 150 bytes. To determine the exact requirement refer to The CCB Sizes section later in this chapter. Command Block Structure: The AFP read command passes several arguments to XPP in the command buffer itself. The byte offsets are relative to the location pointed to by cbPointer. --> 0 cmdByte byte AFP call command byte <-> 4 rwOffset long word Offset within fork to read <-> 8 reqCount long word Requested count --> 12 newLineFlag byte Newline Flag --> 13 newLineChar byte Newline Character CmdByte is the AFP call command byte and must contain the AFP read command code. RWOffset is the byte offset within the fork at which the read is to begin. ReqCount indicates the size of the read data buffer and is returned as the actual size read. The rwOffset and reqCount fields are modified by XPP as the read proceeds and will always indicate the current value of these fields. NewLineFlag is a one-bit flag (the high bit of the byte) indicating whether or not the read is to terminate at a specified character (all other bits are zero). 0 = no Newline Character is specified 1 = a Newline Character is specified NewLineChar is any character from $00 to $FF (inclusive) that, when encountered in reading the fork, causes the read operation to terminate. The Pascal structure of the AFPCommand follows: AFPCommandBlock = PACKED RECORD cmdByte: Byte; startEndFlag: Byte; {unused for read} forkRefNum: INTEGER; {used by server} rwOffset: LONGINT; reqCount: LONGINT; newLineFlag: Byte; newLineChar: CHAR; END; Result codes aspParamErr Invalid session number aspSizeErr Command block size is bigger than MaxCmdSize aspSessClosed Session is closing aspBufTooSmall Reply is bigger than response buffer _______________________________________________________________________________ »CCB Sizes The .XPP driver uses the memory provided at the end of the UserWrite, UserCommand, and GetStatus functions parameter blocks as an internal command control block (CCB). Using the maximum block sizes specified in the call descriptions will provide adequate space for the call to execute successfully. However, this section is provided for developers who wish to minimize the amount of memory taken up by the CCB in the queue element. Specifically, this memory is used for building data structures to be used in making calls to the ATP driver. This includes parameter blocks and buffer data structures (BDS). The structure of the BDS is detailed in elsewhere in this chapter. The exact size of this memory depends on the size of the response expected, and, in the case of UserWrite, on the size of data to be written. In the UserCommand and GetStatus cases (along with all AFP calls which map to UserCommand), a BDS must be set up to hold the response information. The number of entries in this BDS is equal to the size of the response buffer divided by the maximum number of data bytes per ATP response packet (578), rounded up. As described in the ASP chapter in Inside AppleTalk, ASP must ask for an extra response in the case where the response buffer is an exact multiple of 578. Of course, no BDS can be larger than eight elements. XPP also needs bytes for the queue element to call ATP with, so the minimum size of a CCB, as a function of the response buffer size (rbSize) is bdsSize = MIN (((rbSize DIV 578) + 1),8) * bdsEntrySz ccbSize = ioQElSize + 4 + bdsSize With UserWrite (and AFP calls mapping to UserWrite), XPP must create an additional BDS and queue element to use in sending the write data to the server. Therefore the minimum size of a UserWrite CCB, as a function of the response buffer and write data sizes (rbSize and wdSize) is: wrBDSSize = MIN (((wdSize DIV 578) + 1),8) * bdsEntrySz wrCCBSize = (2 * ioQElSize) + 4 + bdsSize + wrBDSSize Note: BDSEntrySz is equal to 12; ioQelSize is equal to 50. _______________________________________________________________________________ ».XPP Driver Result Codes Result Code Comment Returned by aspBadVersNum Server cannot support the offered version ASPOpenSession number. AFPCall (Login) aspBufTooSmall Reply is bigger than response buffer. ASPUserWrite Buffer will be filled, data may be ASPUserCommand truncated. ASPGetStatus AFPCall aspNoMoreSess Driver cannot support another session. ASPOpenSessION AFPCall (Login) aspNoServers No servers at that address. ASPGetStatus The server did not respond to the request. ASPOpenSession AFPCall (Login) aspParamErr Parameter error, server returned bad ASPOpenSession (positive) error code. ASPCloseSess Invalid Session Reference Number. ASPUserWrite ASPUserCommand AFPCall aspServerBusy Server cannot open another session. ASPOpenSession AFPCall (Login) aspSessClosed Session already in process of closing. ASPCloseSession ASPUserWrite ASPUserCommand AFPCall aspSizeErr Command block size is bigger than ASPUserWrite maxParamSize. ASPUserCommand AFPCall cbNotFound SCB not found, no outstanding ASPAbortOS open session to be aborted. Pointer did not point to an open session SCB. afpParmError AFP Command Block size is less than or AFPCall equal to zero. Command byte in the Command block is equal to 0 or $FF (255) or GetSrvrStatus (15). reqAborted Open session was aborted by an ASPOpenSession Abort Open Session. AFPCall (Login) _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Protocol…Handlers…and…Socket…Listeners æC »PROTOCOL HANDLERS AND SOCKET LISTENERS AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ This section describes how to write your own protocol handlers and socket listeners. If you’re only interested in using the default protocol handlers and socket listeners provided by the Pascal interface, you can skip this section. Protocol handlers and socket listeners must be written in assembly language because they’ll be called by the .MPP driver with parameters in various registers not directly accessible from Pascal. The .MPP and .ATP drivers have been designed to maximize overall throughput while minimizing code size. Two principal sources of loss of throughput are unnecessary buffer copying and inefficient mechanisms for dispatching (routing) packets between the various layers of the network protocol architecture. The AppleTalk Manager completely eliminates buffer copying by using simple, efficient dispatching mechanisms at two important points of the data reception path: protocol handlers and socket listeners. To write your own, you should understand the flow of control in this path. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Data Reception in the AppleTalk Manager When the SCC detects an ALAP frame addressed to the particular node (or a broadcast frame), it interrupts the Macintosh’s MC68000. An interrupt handler built into the .MPP driver gets control and begins servicing the interrupt. Meanwhile, the frame’s ALAP header bytes are coming into the SCC’s data reception buffer; this is a three-byte FIFO buffer. The interrupt handler must remove these bytes from the SCC’s buffer to make room for the bytes right behind; for this purpose, MPP has an internal buffer, known as the Read Header Area (RHA), into which it places these three bytes. The third byte of the frame contains the ALAP protocol type field. If the most significant bit of this field is set (that is, ALAP protocol types 128 to 255), the frame is an ALAP control frame. Since ALAP control frames are only three bytes long (plus two CRC bytes), for such frames the interrupt handler simply confirms that the CRC bytes indicate an error-free frame and then performs the specified action. If, however, the frame being received is a data frame (that is, ALAP protocol types 1 to 127), intended for a higher layer of the protocol architecture implemented on that Macintosh, this means that additional data bytes are coming right behind. The interrupt handler must immediately pass control to the protocol handler corresponding to the protocol type specified in the third byte of the ALAP frame for continued reception of the frame. To allow for such a dispatching mechanism, the ALAP code in MPP maintains a protocol table. This consists of a list of currently used ALAP protocol types with the memory addresses of their corresponding protocol handlers. To allow MPP to transfer control to a protocol handler you’ve written, you must make an appropriate entry in the protocol table with a valid ALAP protocol type and the memory address of your code module. To enter your protocol handler into the protocol table, issue the LAPOpenProtocol call from Pascal or an AttachPH call from assembly language. Thereafter, whenever an ALAP header with your ALAP protocol type is received, MPP will call your protocol handler. When you no longer wish to receive packets of that ALAP protocol type, call LAPCloseProtocol from Pascal or DetachPH from assembly language. Warning: Remember that ALAP protocol types 1 and 2 are reserved by DDP for the default protocol handler and that types 128 to 255 are used by ALAP for its control frames. A protocol handler is a piece of assembly-language code that controls the reception of AppleTalk packets of a given ALAP protocol type. More specifically, a protocol handler must carry out the reception of the rest of the frame following the ALAP header. The nature of a particular protocol handler depends on the characteristics of the protocol for which it was written. In the simplest case, the protocol handler simply reads the entire packet into an internal buffer. A more sophisticated protocol handler might read in the header of its protocol, and on the basis of information contained in it, decide where to put the rest of the packet’s data. In certain cases, the protocol handler might, after examining the header corresponding to its own protocol, in turn transfer control to a similar piece of code at the next-higher level of the protocol architecture (for example, in the case of DDP, its protocol handler must call the socket listener of the datagram’s destination socket). In this way, protocol handlers are used to allow “on the fly” decisions regarding the intended recipient of the packets’s data, and thus avoid buffer copying. By using protocol handlers and their counterparts in higher layers (for instance, socket listeners), data sent over the AppleTalk network is read directly from the network into the destination’s buffer. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Writing Protocol Handlers When the .MPP driver calls your protocol handler, it has already read the first five bytes of the packet into the RHA. These are the three-byte ALAP header and the next two bytes of the packet. The two bytes following the header must contain the length in bytes of the data in the packet, including these two bytes themselves, but excluding the ALAP header. Note: Since ALAP packets can have at most 600 data bytes, only the lower ten bits of this length value are significant. After determining how many bytes to read and where to put them, the protocol handler must call one or both of two functions that perform all the low-level manipulation of the SCC required to read bytes from the network. ReadPacket can be called repeatedly to read in the packet piecemeal or ReadRest can be called to read the rest of the packet. Any number of ReadPacket calls can be used, as long as a ReadRest call is made to read the final piece of the packet. This is necessary because ReadRest restores state information and verifies that the hardware-generated CRC is correct. An error will be returned if the protocol handler attempts to use ReadPacket to read more bytes than remain in the packet. When MPP passes control to your protocol handler, it passes various parameters and pointers in the processor’s registers: Register(s) Contents A0-A1 SCC addresses used by MPP A2 Pointer to MPP’s local variables (discussed below) A3 Pointer to next free byte in RHA A4 Pointer to ReadPacket and ReadRest jump table D1 (word) Number of bytes left to read in packet These registers, with the exception of A3, must be preserved until ReadRest is called. A3 is used as an input parameter to ReadPacket and ReadRest, so its contents may be changed. D0, D2, and D3 are free for your use. In addition, register A5 has been saved by MPP and may be used by the protocol handler until ReadRest is called. When control returns to the protocol handler from ReadRest, MPP no longer needs the data in these registers. At that point, standard interrupt routine conventions apply and the protocol handler can freely use A0-A3 and D0-D3 (they’re restored by the interrupt handler). D1 contains the number of bytes left to be read in the packet as derived from the packet’s length field. A transmission error could corrupt the length field or some bytes in the packet might be lost, but this won’t be discovered until the end of the packet is reached and the CRC checked. When the protocol handler is first called, the first five bytes of the packet (ALAP destination node ID, source node ID, ALAP protocol type, and length) can be read from the RHA. Since A3 is pointing to the next free position in the RHA, these bytes can be read using negative offsets from A3. For instance, the ALAP source node ID is at –4(A3), the packet’s data length (given in D1) is also pointed to by –2(A3), and so on. Alternatively, they can be accessed as positive offsets from the top of the RHA. The effective address of the top of the RHA is toRHA(A2), so the following code could be used to obtain the ALAP type field: LEA toRHA(A2),A5 ;A5 points to top of RHA MOVE.B lapType(A5),D2 ;load D2 with type field These methods are valid only as long as SCC interrupts remain locked out (which they are when the protocol handler is first called). If the protocol handler lowers the interrupt level, another packet could arrive over the network and invalidate the contents of the RHA. •••Refer to Technical Note #201:••• You can call ReadPacket by jumping through the jump table in the following way: JSR (A4) On entry D3: number of bytes to be read (word) A3: pointer to a buffer to hold the bytes On exit D0: modified D1: number of bytes left to read in packet (word) D2: preserved D3: = 0 if requested number of bytes were read <> 0 if error A0-A2: preserved A3: pointer to one byte past the last byte read ReadPacket reads the number of bytes specified in D3 into the buffer pointed to by A3. The number of bytes remaining to be read in the packet is returned in D1. A3 points to the byte following the last byte read. You can call ReadRest by jumping through the jump table in the following way: JSR 2(A4) On entry A3: pointer to a buffer to hold the bytes D3: size of the buffer (word) On exit D0-D1: modified D2: preserved D3: = 0 if packet was exactly the size of the buffer < 0 if packet was (–D3) bytes too large to fit in buffer and was truncated > 0 if D3 bytes weren't read (packet is smaller than buffer) A0-A2: preserved A3: pointer to one byte past the last byte read ReadRest reads the remaining bytes of the packet into the buffer whose size is given in D3 and whose location is pointed to by A3. The result of the operation is returned in D3. ReadRest can be called with D3 set to a buffer size greater than the packet size; ReadPacket cannot (it will return an error). Warning: Remember to always call ReadRest to read the last part of a packet; otherwise the system will eventually crash. If at any point before it has read the last byte of a packet, the protocol handler wants to discard the remaining data, it should terminate by calling ReadRest as follows: MOVEQ #0,D3 ;byte count of 0 JSR 2(A4) ;call ReadRest RTS Or, equivalently: MOVEQ #0,D3 ;byte count of 0 JMP 2(A4) ;JMP to ReadRest, not JSR In all other cases, the protocol handler should end with an RTS, even if errors were detected. If MPP returns an error from a ReadPacket call, the protocol handler must quit via an RTS without calling ReadRest at all (in this case it has already been called by MPP). The Z (Zero) condition code is set upon return from these routines to indicate the presence of errors (CRC, overrun, and so on). Zero bit set means no error was detected; a nonzero condition code implies an error of some kind. Up to 24 bytes of temporary storage are available in MPP’s RHA. When the protocol handler is called, 19 of these bytes are free for its use. It may read several bytes (at least four are suggested) into this area to empty the SCC’s buffer and buy some time for further processing. MPP’s globals include some variables that you may find useful. They’re allocated as a block of memory pointed to by the contents of the global variable ABusVars, but a protocol handler can access them by offsets from A2: Name Contents sysLAPAddr This node’s node ID (byte) toRHA Top of the Read Header Area (24 bytes) sysABridge Node ID of a bridge (byte) sysNetNum This node’s network number (word) vSCCEnable Status Register (SR) value to re-enable SCC interrupts (word) Warning: Under no circumstances should your protocol handler modify these variables. It can read them to find the node’s ID, its network number, and the node ID of a bridge on the AppleTalk internet. If, after reading the entire packet from the network and using the data in the RHA, the protocol handler needs to do extensive post-processing, it can load the value in vSCCEnable into the SR to enable interrupts. To allow your programs to run transparently on any Macintosh, use the value in vSCCEnable rather than directly manipulating the interrupt level by changing specific bits in the SR. Additional information, such as the driver’s version number or reference number and a pointer (or handle) to the driver itself, may be obtained from MPP’s device control entry. This can be found by dereferencing the handle in the unit table’s entry corresponding to unit number 9; for more information, see the section “The Structure of a Device Driver” in the Device Manager chapter. »Timing Considerations Once it’s been called by MPP, your protocol handler has complete responsibility for receiving the rest of the packet. The operation of your protocol handler is time-critical. Since it’s called just after MPP has emptied the SCC’s three-byte buffer, the protocol handler has approximately 95 microseconds (best case) before it must call ReadPacket or ReadRest. Failure to do so will result in an overrun of the SCC’s buffer and loss of packet information. If, within that time, the protocol handler can’t determine where to put the entire incoming packet, it should call ReadPacket to read at least four bytes into some private buffer (possibly the RHA). Doing this will again empty the SCC’s buffer and buy another 95 microseconds. You can do this as often as necessary, as long as the processing time between successive calls to ReadPacket doesn’t exceed 95 microseconds. _______________________________________________________________________________ »Writing Socket Listeners A socket listener is a piece of assembly-language code that receives datagrams delivered by the DDP built-in protocol handler and delivers them to the client owning that socket. When a datagram (a packet with ALAP protocol type 1 or 2) is received by the ALAP, DDP’s built-in protocol handler is called. This handler reads the DDP header into the RHA, examines the destination socket number, and determines whether this socket is open by searching DDP’s socket table. This table lists the socket number and corresponding socket listener address for each open socket. If an entry is found matching the destination socket, the protocol handler immediately transfers control to the appropriate socket listener. (To allow DDP to recognize and branch to a socket listener you’ve written, call DDPOpenSocket from Pascal or OpenSkt from assembly language.) At this point, the registers are set up as follows: Register(s) Contents A0-A1 SCC addresses used by MPP A2 Pointer to MPP’s local variables (discussed above) A3 Pointer to next free byte in RHA A4 Pointer to ReadPacket and ReadRest jump table D0 This packet’s destination socket number (byte) D1 Number of bytes left to read in packet (word) The entire ALAP and DDP headers are in the RHA; these are the only bytes of the packet that have been read in from the SCC’s buffer. The socket listener can get the destination socket number from D0 to select a buffer into which the packet can be read. The listener then calls ReadPacket and ReadRest as described under “Writing Protocol Handlers” above. The timing considerations discussed in that section apply as well, as do the issues related to accessing the MPP local variables. The socket listener may examine the ALAP and DDP headers to extract the various fields relevant to its particular client’s needs. To do so, it must first examine the ALAP protocol type field (three bytes from the beginning of the RHA) to decide whether a short (ALAP protocol type=1) or long (ALAP protocol type=2) header has been received. A long DDP header containing a nonzero checksum field implies that the datagram was checksummed at the source. In this case, the listener can recalculate the checksum using the received datagram, and compare it with the checksum value. The following subroutine can be used for this purpose: DoChksum ; ; D1 (word) = number of bytes to checksum ; D3 (word) = current checksum ; A1 points to the bytes to checksum ; CLR.W D0 ;clear high byte SUBQ.W #1,D1 ;decrement count for DBRA Loop MOVE.B (A1)+,D0 ;read a byte into D0 ADD.W D0,D3 ;accumulate checksum ROL.W #1,D3 ;rotate left one bit DBRA D1,Loop ;loop if more bytes RTS Note: D0 is modified by DoChksum. The checksum must be computed for all bytes starting with the DDP header byte following the checksum field up to the last data byte (not including the CRC bytes). The socket listener must start by first computing the checksum for the DDP header fields in the RHA. This is done as follows: CLR.W D3 ;set checksum to 0 MOVEQ #ddpHSzLong-ddpDstNet,D1 ;length of header part to checksum LEA toRHA+lapHdSz+ddpDstNet(A2),A1 ;point to destination network number JSR DoChksum ; D3 = accumulated checksum of DDP header part The socket listener must now continue to set up D1 and A1 for each subsequent portion of the datagram, and call DoChksum for each. It must not alter the value in D3. The situation of the calculated checksum being equal to 0 requires special attention. For such packets, the source sends a value of –1 to distinguish them from unchecksummed packets. At the end of its checksum computation, the socket listener must examine the value in D3 to see if it’s 0. If so, it’s converted to –1 and compared with the received checksum to determine whether there was a checksum error: TST.W D3 ;is calculated value 0? BNE.S @1 ;no -- go and use it SUBQ.W #1,D3 ;it is 0; make it -1 @1 CMP.W toRHA+lapHdSz+ddpChecksum(A2),D3 BNE ChksumError _______________________________________________________________________________ æKY Summary…of…the…AppleTalk…Manager æC »SUMMARY OF THE APPLETALK MANAGER AppleTalkManager _______________________________________________________________________________ Constants CONST lapSize = 20; {ABusRecord size for ALAP} ddpSize = 26; {ABusRecord size for DDP} nbpSize = 26; {ABusRecord size for NBP} atpSize = 56; {ABusRecord size for ATP} _______________________________________________________________________________ Data Types TYPE ABProtoType = (lapProto,ddpProto,nbpProto,atpProto); ABRecHandle = ^ABRecPtr; ABRecPtr = ^ABusRecord; ABusRecord = RECORD abOpcode: ABCallType; {type of call} abResult: INTEGER; {result code} abUserReference: LONGINT; {for your use} CASE ABProtoType OF lapProto: (lapAddress: LAPAdrBlock; {destination or source node ID} lapReqCount: INTEGER; {length of frame data or buffer size in } { bytes} lapActCount INTEGER; {number of frame data bytes actually } { received} lapDataPtr: Ptr); {pointer to frame data or pointer to } { buffer} ddpProto: (ddpType: Byte; {DDP protocol type} ddpSocket: Byte; {source or listening socket number} ddpAddress: AddrBlock; {destination or source socket address} ddpReqCount: INTEGER; {length of datagram data or buffer size } { in bytes} ddpActCount: INTEGER; {number of bytes actually received} ddpDataPtr: Ptr; {pointer to buffer} ddpNodeID: Byte); {original destination node ID} nbpProto: (nbpEntityPtr: EntityPtr; {pointer to entity name} nbpBufPtr: Ptr; {pointer to buffer} nbpBufSize: INTEGER; {buffer size in bytes} nbpDataField: INTEGER; {number of addresses or socket } { number} nbpAddress: AddrBlock; {socket address} nbpRetransmitInfo:RetransType); {retransmission information} atpProto: (atpSocket: Byte; {listening or responding socket number} atpAddress: AddrBlock; {destination or source socket address} atpReqCount: INTEGER; {request size or buffer size} atpDataPtr Ptr; {pointer to buffer} atpRspBDSPtr: BDSPtr; {pointer to response BDS} atpBitMap: BitMapType; {transaction bit map} atpTransID: INTEGER; {transaction ID} atpActCount: INTEGER; {number of bytes actually received} atpUserData: LONGINT; {user bytes} atpXO: BOOLEAN; {exactly-once flag} atpEOM: BOOLEAN; {end-of-message flag} atpTimeOut: Byte; {retry timeout interval in seconds} atpRetries: Byte; {maximum number of retries} atpNumBufs: Byte; {number of elements in response BDS or } { number of response packets sent} atpNumRsp: Byte; {number of response packets received or } { sequence number} atpBDSSize: Byte; {number of elements in response BDS} atpRspUData: LONGINT; {user bytes sent or received in } { transaction response} atpRspBuf: Ptr; {pointer to response message buffer} atpRspSize: INTEGER); {size of response message buffer} END; ABCallType = (tLAPRead,tLAPWrite,tDDPRead,tDDPWrite,tNBPLookup,tNBPConfirm, tNBPRegister,tATPSndRequest,tATPGetRequest,tATPSdRsp,tATPAddRsp, tATPRequest,tATPResponse); LAPAdrBlock = PACKED RECORD dstNodeID: Byte; {destination node ID} srcNodeID: Byte; {source node ID} lapProtType: ABByte {ALAP protocol type} END; ABByte = 1..127; {ALAP protocol type} AddrBlock = PACKED RECORD aNet: INTEGER; {network number} aNode: Byte; {node ID} aSocket: Byte {socket number} END; BDSPtr = ^BDSType; BDSType = ARRAY[0..7] OF BDSElement; {response BDS} BDSElement = RECORD buffSize: INTEGER; {buffer size in bytes} buffPtr: Ptr; {pointer to buffer} dataSize: INTEGER; {number of bytes actually received} userBytes: LONGINT {user bytes} END; BitMapType = PACKED ARRAY[0..7] OF BOOLEAN; EntityPtr = ^EntityName; EntityName = RECORD objStr: Str32; {object} typeStr: Str32; {type} zoneStr: Str32 {zone} END; Str32 = STRING[32]; RetransType = PACKED RECORD retransInterval: Byte; {retransmit interval in 8-tick units} retransCount: Byte {total number of attempts} END; MPPParamBlock = PACKED RECORD qLink: QElemPtr; {next queue entry} qType: INTEGER; {queue type} ioTrap: INTEGER; {routine trap} ioCmdAddr: Ptr; {routine address} ioCompletion: ProcPtr; {completion routine} ioResult: OSErr; {result code} ioNamePtr: StringPtr; {command result (ATP user bytes) [long]} ioVRefNum: INTEGER; {volume reference or drive number} ioRefNum: INTEGER; {driver reference number} csCode: INTEGER; {call command code AUTOMATICALLY SET} CASE MPPParmType OF LAPWriteParm: (filler0:INTEGER; wdsPointer:Ptr); {->Write Data Structure} AttachPHParm,DetachPHParm: (protType:Byte; {ALAP Protocol Type} filler1:Byte; handler:Ptr); {->protocol handler routine} OpenSktParm,CloseSktParm,WriteDDPParm: (socket:Byte; {socket number} checksumFlag:Byte; {checksum flag} listener:Ptr); {->socket listener routine} RegisterNameParm,LookupNameParm,ConfirmNameParm,RemoveNameParm: (interval:Byte; {retry interval} count:Byte; {retry count} entityPtr:Ptr; {->names table element or } { ->entity name} CASE MPPParmType OF RegisterNameParm: (verifyFlag:Byte; {set if verify needed} filler3:Byte); LookupNameParm: (retBuffPtr:Ptr; {->return buffer} retBuffSize:INTEGER; {return buffer size} maxToGet:INTEGER; {matches to get} numGotten:INTEGER); {matched gotten} ConfirmNameParm: (confirmAddr:AddrBlock; {->entity} newSocket:Byte; {socket number} filler4:Byte)); SetSelfSendParm: (newSelfFlag:Byte; {self-send toggle flag} oldSelfFlag:Byte); {previous self-send state} KillNBPParm: (nKillQEl:Ptr); {ptr to Q element to cancel} END; ATPParamBlock = PACKED RECORD qLink: QElemPtr; {next queue entry} qType: INTEGER; {queue type} ioTrap: INTEGER; {routine trap} ioCmdAddr: Ptr; {routine address} ioCompletion: ProcPtr; {completion routine} ioResult: OSErr; {result code} userData: LONGINT; {ATP user bytes [long]} reqTID: INTEGER; {request transaction ID} ioRefNum: INTEGER; {driver reference number csCode: INTEGER; {Call command code } { AUTOMATICALLY SET} atpSocket: Byte; {currBitMap or socket number} atpFlags: Byte; {control information} addrBlock: AddrBlock; {source/dest. socket address} reqLength: INTEGER; {request/response length} reqPointer: Ptr; {-> request/response data} bdsPointer: Ptr; {-> response BDS} CASE MPPParmType OF SendRequestParm,NSendRequestParm: (numOfBuffs:Byte; {numOfBuffs} timeOutVal:Byte; {timeout interval} numOfResps:Byte; {number responses actually received} retryCount:Byte; {number of retries} intBuff:INTEGER); {used internally for NSendRequest} SendResponseParm: (filler0:Byte; {number of responses being sent} bdsSize:Byte; {number of BDS elements} transID:INTEGER); {transaction ID} GetRequestParm: (bitMap:Byte; {bit map} filler1:Byte); AddResponseParm: (rspNum:Byte; {sequence number} filler2:Byte); KillSendReqParm,KillGetReqParm: (aKillQEl:Ptr); {ptr to Q element to cancel} END; XPPParamBlock = PACKED RECORD qLink: QElemPtr; {next queue entry} qType: INTEGER; {queue type} ioTrap: INTEGER; {routine trap} ioCmdAddr: Ptr; {routine address} ioCompletion: ProcPtr; {completion routine} ioResult: OSErr; {result code} cmdResult: LONGINT; {command result (ATP user bytes) [long]} ioVRefNum: INTEGER; {volume reference or drive number) ioRefNum: INTEGER; {driver reference number) csCode: INTEGER; {Call command code} CASE XPPPrmBlkType OF ASPAbortPrm: (abortSCBPtr: Ptr); {SCB pointer for AbortOS [long]} ASPSizeBlk: (aspMaxCmdSize: INTEGER; {for SPGetParms [word] aspQuantumSize: INTEGER; {for SPGetParms [word]} numSesss: INTEGER); {for SPGetParms [word]} XPPPrmBlk: (sessRefnum: INTEGER; {offset to session refnum [word]} aspTimeout: Byte; {timeout for ATP [byte]} aspRetry: Byte; {retry count for ATP [byte]} CASE XPPSubPrmType OF ASPOpenPrm: (serverAddr: AddrBlock; {server address block [longword]} scbPointer: Ptr; {SCB pointer [longword]} attnRoutine: Ptr); {attention routine pointer [long]} ASPSubPrm: (cbSize: INTEGER; {command block size [word]} cbPtr: Ptr; {command block pointer [long]} rbSize: INTEGER; {reply buffer size [word]} rbPtr: Ptr; {reply buffer pointer [long]} CASE XPPEndPrmType OF AFPLoginPrm: (afpAddrBlock: AddrBlock; {address block in} { AFPlogin [long]} afpSCBPtr: Ptr; {SCB pointer in } { AFPlogin [long]} afpAttnRoutine: Ptr); {attn routine pointer } { in AFPlogin} ASPEndPrm: (wdSize: INTEGER; {write data size [word]} wdPtr: Ptr; {write data pointer [long]} ccbStart: ARRAY[0..295] OF Byte))); {CCB memory } { for driver} {Write max size(CCB) = 296; all other calls = 150} END; AFPCommandBlock = PACKED RECORD cmdByte: Byte; startEndFlag: Byte; forkRefNum: INTEGER; {used by server} rwOf